.lO 


THE    UNIVERSITY 

OF    ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY 


lUUiOIS  HICTOllCAl  SURVn 


h'l^  IZJ^^ 


/ 


f 


DANIEL  BOONE, 


AVD 


IHE  HUNTERS  OF  KENTUCKY. 


By    W.    H.    bog  art. 


ILLUSTRATED. 


Where  ro«e  the  mounteins,  there  to  him  were  fHeo^Bt 
The  desert  —  torert  —  cavern  — 
Were  uiito  him  eou)panii.iiitii\ip. 

CaiLUU    llAKoUD. 


BOSTON : 
LEE   AND   SHEPARD,    PUBLISHERS. 

NEW  YORK: 
CHARLES  T.  DILLINGHAM. 


tn  Aflt  of  OoBfTHa,  In  the  jfr  om  thooMuxl  eight  bai  Ired  ami 

HlLLKK.   OK  TON    A    M  U  L  L  I  O  A  > 
U  lU  I3«fc's  OfU9>  >  / '  be  r''«t7lct  OMirt  of  tbe  Noittern  DiMneC  cf  Nf«  York 


^'\XA\> 


? 


PREFACE. 


^ 


t7- 


Ikterwoven  -with  the  history  of  the  entrance  of  the  Gicat 
West  into  the  family  of  civilized  nations,  is  the  career  of 
Daniel  Boone.  It  has  been  the  obiect  of  the  compiler  of  thig 
volume  to  present  the  narrative  of  that  career  in  fidelity,  and 
in  such  light  as  would  rescue  the  memory  of  this  great  man 
from  the  common  judgment  passed  upon  him,  of  being  only 
an  Indian  fighter  and  a  bold  hunter. 

To  Daniel  Boone,  the  Great  Pioneer  of  the  West — having 
ever  a  purpose  and  a  destiny  before  him — this  volume  in- 
vites the  reader. 

The  compiler  has  been  greatly  aided  by  the  admirable 
work  of  Mr.  Peck — so  accurate  and  impartial — preserved 
in  the  collection  of  American  Biographies  by  Jared  Sparks; 
\>y  McClung's  Sketches  of  Western  Adventure ;  by  the  ex 
client  local  Histories  of  Kentucky,  collated  with  such  Indus 
try  and  care  by  Mr.  Lewis  Collins ;  and  by  the  admirable 
Address  of  Gov.  Morehead,  delivered  at  Boonesborough. 

If  the  perusal  of  this  volume  shall  elicit  a  deeper  and  a 


fT  PBBFACK. 

<»rc  dinWd  gratitude  for  the  memorj  of  the  Man  who^ 
wbeo  he  wis  master  of  a  vast  territory  committed  uo  op. 
pression,  aiid  when  he  was  deprived  of  every  acre  uttered 
DO  murmur — who  fought  only  to  defend,  and  subdued  onlj 
to  yield  up  to  his  country — it  will  have  accomplished  the 
cb|ect  of  its  compiler 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 


Iltroduction. — ^Ancestry  of  Daniel  Boone  the  pioneer. — Heme 
of  his  ancestors. — Emigration  of  George  Boone  froir  England 
and  settlement  in  Pennsylvania. — Birth  of  Daniel.— Lineage. 
— School-boy  days. —  His  love  for  forest  life. —  The  boy 
hunter. — Removal  of  Squire  Boone,  the  father  of  Daniel, 
to  North  Carolina II 


CHAPTER  II. 

C^ew  home  in  the  old  North  State. — Marriage  of  Daniel 
Boone  to  Rebecca  Bryan. — Boone,  with  his  bride  crosses 
the  valley  of  the  Yadkin,  and  builds  his  cabin. — Other 
settlers. — Boone  shuns  society. — Determined  to  remove 
■west  of  the  mountains. — De  Soto — Indian  tribes. — Prevail- 
ing ignorance  of  the  country  west  of  the  mountains. — 
Character  of  Boone. — An  incident  of  his  old  age. — The 
Colonial  system. — Its  results, 81 


CHAPTER  ra. 

«ohn  Finley*8  visit  to  Tennessee  in  176*7. — Dr.  Walker's  ex- 
pedition.— Boone's  visit  to  the  Holston  River. — Boone  and 
five  others  move  west  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains,— 


M  OOjrTENTS. 

Boone's  wife, — Fibon'a  .ife  of  Boune, — Boone  ai  d  Stewart 
taken  pri*oner»  b}'  the  Indiana. — E«ca|H;. — They  find  their 
companiuoA  gone. —  Boone  and  Stewart  remain  alone. — The 
narrative  — Indian  trvatica. — Kateuf  Finlej. — S«juire  Boone 
arrivea. — Death  of  Stewart. — Boone  and  his  brother  pas* 
the  winter  alone  io  the  wooda. — Squire  Boone  returns  to 
North  Carolina  for  tuppliefli 44 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Boone  alone  in  the  wilderness. — Deprivation- — His  own  nar- 
rative.— His  brother  returns  with  supplies  and  horses. — 
News  from  his  family. — Extract  from  Governor  Morehead's 
address. — The  two  brothers  explore  the  countr}-,  and  de- 
termine to  lurate  upon  the  Kentucky  River. — ^Tliey  return 
borne. — Wonder  of  his  neighbors  at  seeing  DanieL — They 
are  detvricd  from  eiuigrutiug  by  fear  of  the  Indians. — 
Daniel  and  Squire  Boone,  with  their  families  remove  to 
Kentucky U 


CHAPTER  V. 

fhe  jouniey. — Five  families  and  fort}*  men  join  the  Boonea 
at  Powell's  Valley. — A  party  of  the  emigrants  are  attacked 
by  Indians. — Boone's  son  and  five  others  killed. — The  com- 
pany turn  back  to  the  settlements  on  the  Clinch  Kiver.— 
The  Long  Hunters,- -Virginia  grants  land  in  Kentucky  to 
the  soldiers  of  the  French  War. — They  Uarn  the  rharao- 
ter  of  the  land  from  Booue, — lx)rd  Dunmore  orders  a  sur- 
rey.— The  expedition. — Boone's  reports  confirmed. — Herds 
of  buffalo. — Surveyors  reach  the  present  location  of  Har- 
rodsburg  and  Ixiuisville. — Lord  Dunmore  sends  for  Boone 
— Reecue  of  the  surveyors, 


CONTENTS.  VB 


CHAPTER  VL 

Boone  and  Stoner  penetrate  the  wilderness  eight  hnndrsd 
miles,  to  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio. — Thej  find  the  party  of 
James  Harrod,  and  warn  them  of  Indian  hostilities. — Lord 
Dunmore  assigns  Boone  to  a  military  command. — Battle  oi 
Point  Pleasant — ^Boone  returns  to  his  family. — Fertility 
and  beauty  of  the  "West — Richard  Henderson. — His  project 
of  a  colony. — Boone  is  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Indians  by 
Lord  Dunmore. — His  success. — Boone  employed  to  open  a 
road  from  the  Holston  to  the  Kentucky  River. — Hostility 
of  the  Indians. — Letter  to  Colonel  Henderson, Ofi 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

Boone  and  his  company  build  a  fort — He  removes  his  fam- 
ily to  it — Other  families  remove  to  the  fort — Arrival  of 
Henderson. — Boonesborough. — Transylvania  Land  Com- 
pany.— Other  settlements. — The  first  Legislature. — Boone 
a  Delegate. — John  Floyd. — Henderson's  address. — Boone  as 
a  Legislator. — Divine  service. — Colonel  Callaway's  family 
arrives. — The  Indians  capture  three  girls. — The  pursuit  and 
the  rescue. — ^The  Indians  attack  other  posts. — Indian  mode 
of  warfare. — The  war  with  Great  Britain. — Alarm  of  the 
settlers. — Return  of  many  of  them, 12S 


CHAPTER  Vm. 

rhe  revolutionary  war. — Harassed  by  the  Indians. — General 
Clarke's  journal. — MUitary  force  of  the  settlements. — Hen- 
derson's land  titles. — The  compromise. — The  settlers'  peti- 
tion to  be  taken  under  the  protection  of  Virginia. — The  In- 
dians attack  Boonesborough  fort  and  are  repulsed. — Attack 
renewed  by  greater  numbers. — ^The  whites  again  success- 
ful— Reinforcements  arrive. — Kews  arrives  of  "Washing- 
ton's victory  over  Howe 14J 


vrn  ooNTFjrre. 


OTAPTER  IX. 

Ocneral  O»orge  R.  CUrke. — Virginia  gninU  {^om  der  to  tL« 
Colony. — The  British  garrisons  at  Detroit,  Vincennee  and 
KaAkaxkio. — General  Clarke  securea  the  aid  of  Boone. — 
Sirnun  Kenton. — Ilia  captivity  and  cruel  treatment  by  the 
Tndiann — His  rescue. — The  anticipated  reunion  of  the  Bur- 
Tivor<k — The  old  a^e  of  Kenton. — An  Indian  attack.^ 
Boone  is  wounded  and  narrowly  escapes. — Boone's  daring, 
and  services  to  the  eniigranta. — Boone,  with  thirty  men, 
plans  an  expedition  to  tlie  Blue  Licks, 1 M 


CHAPTER  X. 

The  Blue  Licks. — Tlie  expedition. — Boone's  adventure  with 
two  Indians. — The  Indians  jdan  an  attack. — Boone  is  taken 
prisoner  while  hunting. — His  ['arty  surrender  and  are 
•pared  through  his  influence. — Boone  is  afterwards  tried 
by  a  court-martial  and  honorably  acquitted. — Boone  and 
his  companions  are  taken  to  Old  Chillicothe. — Thence  to 
Detroit — Regard  of  the  English  for  Boone. — The  Indians 
refuse  a  large  ransom. — They  return  to  Old  Chillicothe 
with  Boone  alone. — They  adopt  him  into  their  tribe. — 
They  set  him  to  making  salt,  and  permit  him  to  hunt,  ....       17l 


CIIAPTEU  XI. 

AfTairs  at  Booncshorouglx. — Boone's  wife  retunis  to  North 
Carolina. — Boone  returns  from  the  Salt  Licks  to  Chillico- 
tl»e. — He  finds  the  Indians  preparing  an  expedition  against 
Boonesborough. — Boone  makoH  his  escape,  and  arrives  at 
the  fort. — He  hastily  repairs  the  foru — Boone's  expedition 
to  Paint  Creek. — Defeat  of  the  Indians. — Return  of  the 
party. — Arrival  of  a  large  body  of  In<liaiiH,  led  by  Captain 
Du  Quesne. — The  garrinon  summoned  to  surrender, 191 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  Xn. 


PAOK 


Boone  obtains  two  days  to  consider  the  summons  to  surren- 
der.— He  refuses  to  surrender. — Further  negotiations  out- 
side the  fort. — Treachery  of  the  Indians. — Squire  Boone 
wounded. — Nine  days'  siege  commences. — ^The  Indians 
retreat. — Boone's  great  shot — His  daughter. — The  siege 
and  the  defence.- — Cause  of  Kenton's  absence. — Boone  is 
tried  by  a  court-martial,  and  honorably  acquitted, 214 


CHAPTER  Xin. 

Results  of  the  "war. — A  retrospect. — Boone  visits  his  family 
in  North  Carolina, — Emigration  to  the  "West  increases. — 
Land  office  established. — Commissioners  to  settle  soldiers' 
land  claims. — Governor  Shelby. — Great  activity  in  the  sur- 
veying of  land. — Boone  is  robbed  of  a  large  sxmi  of  money. 
—Its  effect  on  Boone.— The  land  law, 28i 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

Boone  returns  to  Boonesborough  with  his  family. — ^The  Bri- 
tish and  Indians  contemplate  a  bold  attack  on  Kentucky. 
— Anecdote  of  Randolph. — Governor  Morehead's  history 
of  Boonesborough — Boone  and  his  brother  go  to  the  Blue 
Licks. — His  brother  is  shot  by  Indians. — Boone  is  pursued 
and  escapes. — The  cold  winter  of  1780. — Organization  of 
counties. — Indian  hostilities  renewed. — The  British  Gov- 
ernment and  the  Indians. — The  renegades  Girty  and  Mc- 
Kee. — Constant  alarms  of  the  settlers. — ^The  confederated 
Indians. — Boone  again  afflicted  in  the  death  of  Bryant,. .       241 


CHAPTER  X\ 

The  attack  on  Bryant's  Station. — ^The  retreat  of  the  Indians. 
— Rally  of  the  settlers. — ^The  council — ^The  pursuit. — ^The 

A* 


coxTK^'^^. 

ambuscade. — Battle  of  the  Blue  Lioka. — TeriiMe  islaughler 
and  retreat  of  the  settlers — Anotlier  of  Boone'fl  eons  slain. 
—Todd,  Trigg,  Harlan,  and  sixty-seven  others  slain. — 
Boone's  account — A  thrilling  incident. — Boone's  rej>ort  of 
the  battle.— CoL  Thomaa  Marshall  and  Girly's  brother, 271 


CHAPTER  XVL 

General  Clarke. — His  campaign  against  the  Indians  at  Old 
Chillicothe. — Narrative  of  Boone's  escape  from  four  In- 
dians.— Tlxe  paper  currency. — Courts  of  law  instituted.— 
Boone  establishes  himself  on  a  farm. — ^I'he  return  of  peace. 
— Increase  of  emigration. — The  Indians. — Their  love  for 
rum.*  -Their  petition. — ^Tlie  Indians  at  the  present  day, . . .       iM 


CHAPTER  XVIL 

Indian  hostilities  renewed. — ^The  numerous  Conventions  rela- 
tive to  the  formation  of  a  !Stat«. — John  Marehall — Ken- 
tucky admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State  in  1791. — Boone'a 
difficulties  relative  to  the  title  to  his  lands. — He  loses  hi* 
farm. — Narrative  of  the  escape  of  Downing  and  Yates  from 
tlie  Indians. — The  brave  Keutuckians. — E8cai)e  of  Mr. 
Rowan  and  family. — Boone's  visit  to  his  birth-place, — His 
hardships  in  the  loss  of  his  landa, 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

Boone's  influence  over  the  Indians. — Services  in  procuring  an 
exchange  of  prisoners. — He  removes  to  Virginia. — Resume* 
hunting. — His  habits. — His  residence  in  Virginia — He  con- 
templates removing  to  Upper  Louisiana. — Gen.  Wayne'i 
rictories  over  the  Indiana. — Boone  looks  to  the  WesU  ....       8M 


CONTENTR, 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

PAam 
Boone  emigratea  with  his  family  to  Missouri. — ^The  Journey. 

— Spanish  possession  of  the  territory. — Injustice  to  Boone's 

social  character. — Boone  is  welcomed  to  Missouri  by  the 

Lieutenant  Gorernor.— Arrival  at  St.  Louis  of  Laclede  and 

Choteau. — Boone  receives  an  appointment  from  the  author- 

■  ities. — He  is  presented  with  a  large  tract  of  land  by  the 

Lieutenant  Governor. — He  neglects  to  go  to  New  Orleans 

to  get  his  grant  confirmed, 841 


CHAPTER  XX. 

The  vicissitudes  of  Boone's  life. — Sale  of  Louisiana  to  the 
United  States. — Boone  revisits  Kentucky. — He  pays  off 
his  creditors. — Returns  home. — The  solitary  hunter. — Ex- 
posure to  danger  as  a  trapper. — His  hxmting  excursion  to 
the  Osage  River. — He  is  again  deprived  of  his  land  by  land 
commissioners. — His  education. — His  children, 869 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

Kentucky  as  a  Commonwealth. — Boone's  memorial  to  the 
Legislature  and  to  Congress. — The  just  response  of  Ken- 
tucky.— Death  of  Mrs.  Boone. — Boone's  treatment  at  the 
hands  of  Congress. — General  Lafayette's  reception. — ^The 
contrast. — The  old  age  of  Boone. — His  children. — Boone  a 
hunter  at  eighty-two. — Anecdote. — Harding's  portrait. — 
Sickness  of  Boone. — His  death. — A  retrospect, 8^1 


CHAPTER  XXn. 

Kentucky  then  and  now. — "Washington,  Lafayette,  Boone, 
and  Harrison. — ^The  Legislature  of  Kentucky  cause  the  re- 
mains of  Boone  to  be  removed  to  Frankfort. — The  public 
honors. — John  J.  Crittendei  —Conclusion, 884 


XII 


Tin:  riuNTEiis  of  Kentucky. 

tAGn 
Simon  Kenton,  .....  S'Jl 

Jo  Doriesa,  .  .  .  4"i*. 

niand  Ballanl,  ,  .  .  .417 

J-.lin  Hardin,      ......  426 

n<»njarain  Logan,  .  .  .  4S4 

William  Ru88«U,  .  .  «8 

RMaa  Ilarlaa,  ,.,,..  6J5 


LIFE  OF  DANIEL  BOOIfE 


CHAPTEE   I. 

DTTOODUCTION ANCESTRY  OF  DANIEL  BOONE,  THE  PIONEER HOMi    itt  WOk 

ANCESTORS EMIGRATION  OF   GEORGE    BOONE    FROM   ENGLAND,    A^D   SXT* 

TLEMENT  IN  PENNSYLVANIA BIRTH  OF  DANIEL LINEAGE SCliOOL-BOt 

DAYS HIS  LOVE  FOR   FOREST   LIFE THE    BOY-HUNTER REMOVAL   Of 

SQUIRE  BOONE,  THE  FATHER  OF  DANIEL,  TO  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

If  it  be  fame,  that  in  the  progress  of  a  great  empire, 
one  name  above  all  others  shall  be  associated  with 
its  deliverance  from  the  dominion  of  the  savage  — 
with  the  first  step  of  enterprise  —  with  the  grasp  of 
civilization  upon  the  domain  before  it  —  then  this  in- 
heritance is  that  of  the  subject  of  this  memoir — 
Daniel  Boone.  It  was  hin  to  lead  a  nation  to  its 
place  of  power,  and  the  memories  of  that  nation  can- 
not find  more  grateful  use,  than  in  the  treasuring  to- 
gether of  the  incidents  of  his  career.  He  knew  no 
tame  or  commonplace  existence,  but  lived  on,  in  a 
series  of  wild  and  vivid  experienced.  His  life  is  in 
the  annals  of  the  forest  chivalry  that  only  America 
has  placed  before  the  observation  of  mankiad,— and 
in  all  the  stirring  records  of  the  bold  and  daring— 


14  LITE   OF   DANIEL   BOONE. 

the  determined  and  the  adventurous,  the  first  place  is 
his  by  the  consent  of  the  historian. 

It  is  ever  to  those  who  seek  to  ilhistnite  the  career 
of  such  men,  a  thouglit  of  regret,  tliat  tliemsclvea 
were  careless  of  their  own  biography  —  not  dreaming, 
wliile  they  performed  great  deeds,  that  to  the  world 
that  wjis  to  come  after  them,  every  incident  would  be, 
in  all  its  detail,  of  value.  They  were  more  solicitous 
to  make  the  present  a  distinct  and  determined  reality, 
than  to  take  care  of  the  future  —  and  thus  they  deem- 
ed the  deed  done  in  its  own  doing,  and  cared  not  who 
heard,  or  admired,  or  recorded. 

Especially  is  tliis  true  of  men  of  the  Border.  They 
torik  the  powder  horn  and  left  the  ink  horn  at  home  — 
ani!  like  all  men  of  true  courage,  they  cared  not  to  be 
the  historians  of  their  own  exploits.  It  is  such  charac- 
teristics of  the  western  rover  —  above  all  of  Daniel 
Boone — that  imposes  upon  their  annalist  the  most 
difficult,  as  it  must  be  the  most  discriminating  of  du- 
ties, in  weaving  a  narrative  of  facts  and  not  of  fancies. 

The  home  of  his  immediate  ancestor  was  in  one  of 
the  fairest  and  pleasantest  of  the  gentle  garden-landa 
of  England.  Devonshire,  in  its  richness  of  cultiva- 
tion, its  crowded  population,  its  immediate  contiguity 
to  the  comforts  and  advantages  of  an  old  society  —  in 
itfl  peaceful  exem})tion  from  the  sound  or  alarm  of 
war  —  was  in  singular  contrast  to  the  scenes  to  which 
*iie  emigration  from  Bradninch,  near  Exeter,  of  George 


SETTLEMENT   IN    PENNSYLVANIA.  15 

B:one  was  to  introduce  his  descendants.  It  was  "a 
Bchool,  of  all  others,  least  adapted  to  furnish  material 
for  the  formation  of  character  of  the  adventurous 
borderer ;  and  when  the  gentle  slopes  and  rich  pas- 
lures  and  quiet  and  cultured  farms  and  fields  of  Dev- 
onshire sent  to  America  this  group  of  emigrants,  the 
keenest  prophet  of  future  destiny  could  not  have 
imagined  a  change  more  extraordinary  than  was  to 
be  wrought  in  the  future  of  this  family. 

Arriving  in  this  country,  he  selected  as  his  home, 
that  part  of  Pennsylvania  which  is  now  the  county 
of  Berks,  and  became  a  large  landholder.  The  honors 
of  the  possession  of  a  great  area  of  territory,  which 
in  his  own  country  he  could  not  acquire,  the  circum- 
stances of  the  new  land  to  which  he  had  come,  made 
it  easy,  and  he  availed  himself  of  the  position,  by  pur- 
chasing a  large  estate  in  the  locality  where  he  had 
settled,  and  in  the  neighboring  States  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia.  He  had  need  of  all  these  possessions, 
for  he  brought  with  him  from  Devonshire  a  family 
cf  nine  sons  and  ten  daughters. 

There  was  a  touch  of  the  character  of  his  famous 
grandson  about  him,  in  considering  England  too 
crowded  for  the  comfort  of  such  a  family  as  that 
/^hich  clustered  about  him.  In  that  day,  1717,  the 
colonies  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  and  Yirginia 
were  a  field  with  space  and  verge  enough  for  all  those 
who  sought  to  give  their  children  a  capacious  hc<me. 


16  LIFE    OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

i  me  of  the  children  of  George  Boone  bore  the  very 
American  name  of  "  Squire,"  so  often  affixed  in  the 
progress  of  judicial  honor,  but  seldom,  even  in  tho 
ftmciful  variety  of  our  nomenclature,  finding  its  way 
to  the  baptismal  font.  He  settled  in  Bucks  county 
in  the  same  State,  and  married  Sarah  Morgan.  Like 
his  father,  he  raised  a  very  large  family ;  and  it  is 
curious  to  observe  that  it  was  not  till  he  had,  in  Israel 
and  Jonathan,  and  Samuel  and  Daniel,  and  George 
and  Edward,  drawn  extensively  upon  the  scriptural 
and  fanciful  designations  of  mankind,  that  he  invest- 
ed his  seventh  and  last  son  with  his  own  quaint  title 
of  Squire. 

He  became  a  resident  of  Bucks  county.  The  vi- 
cinity of  the  Delaware  was  attractive  to  the  emigrant, 
who  had  that  richest  country  "  all  before  him  where 
to  choose."  It  had  been  selected  by  Penn  as  one  of 
the  great  avenues  to  the  ocean,  on  which  enterprise 
must  be  successful.  Tlie  observation  of  each  hour  in 
this  day  shows  how  true  was  the  sagacity  of  those 
fathei-s  of  the  country,  who  distinctly  felt  that  the  homes 
they  secured  would  soon  be  surrounded  by  busy  men. 

Daniel  Bo(»ne  was  born  11th  February,  1735,  while 
his  father  resided  near  Bristol,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Delaware,  about  twenty  miles  from  Philadelphia 
—  inheriting  from  his  parents  that,  in  comparison 
with  wliich  all  other  inheritances  are  faint  and  feeble 
in  worth  —a  constitution  insuring  longevity,  a  frame 


LINEAGE.  11 

fitted  for  the  long  career  of  toil  and  exertion  and  des- 
perate adventure,  and  sad  suffering  which  awaited  it 
And  that  this  physical  good  was  a  characteristic  of 
this  remarkable  family,  it  is  a  record  of  value  to  ob- 
serve that  while  Boone's  father  attained  the  a^-e  of  sev- 
euty-six  years,  the  united  ages  of  his  six  brothers  and 
sisters  amounted  to  the  great  aggregate  of  five  hundred 
and  sixteen  years.  Three  years  the  junior  of  George 
Washington,  his  destiny  in  the  formation  of  a  country 
for  the  future  development  of  free  institutions,  had 
kindred  features. 

When  he  was  at  the  age  of  three,  his  father  re- 
moved to  Reading,  in  Berks  county.  It  is  difficult 
to  realize  that  the  important  and  flourishing  city,  the 
centre  of  one  of  the  richest  and  most  thickly  settled 
counties  of  the  great  Commonwealth,  was  at  a  period 
which  is  yet  imperfectly  passing  into  history,  a  frontier 
border  settlement,  where  the  watchfulness  and  vigil- 
ance of  the  inhabitants  were  keenly  exercised  in 
guarding  their  homes  against  the  attacks  of  the  ma- 
rauding Indian.  It  was  a  revelation  to  the  hoy  Boone, 
of  the  future  of  his  life.  The  conversations  of  his 
childhood  were  the  strategy  of  the  savage  —  and  the 
development  of  his  mind  was  formed  into  the  pattern 
in  which  its  boldest  pursuit  was  moulded.  It  is  doubt- 
less literally  true,  that  the  Indian  and  his  ircidenta 
were  the  household  words  his  tongue  earliest  formed. 

Concerning  his  lineage,  whether  he  was  of  descend 

2 


18  LIFE   OF    DAXIKL    BOONE. 

frnin  the  Boones  who  were  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
an  ingenious  aiul  able  genealogical  controversy  liaa 
been  had  ;  and  the  arguments  on  either  side  have  beeD 
80  clear,  so  fortified  with  array  of  name  and  date, 
that  it  has  been  most  difficult  to  decide.*  It  is  very 
Bingular  that  of  one  almost  contemporaneous  with  the 
seniors  of  this  generation,  so  mucli  doubt  should  e.\ 
ist  It  arises  from  tlie  complete  seclusion  and  obscu 
rity  in  which  his  earlier  years,  from  youth  to  manhood, 
were  passed,  and  from  the  cause  that  he  was  utterly 
unconscious,  except  at  last,  of  the  value  of  his  own 
biography.  One  of  the  most  elaborate  reviews  of 
this  question  has  been  made  by  John  F.  Watson,  of 
Philadelphia,  whose  contributions  to  the  historical 
annals  of  Pennsylvania  and  New-York  have  been 
very  valuable.     A  note  from  him  is  subjoined.        It 

•  At  a  meeting  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  held 
at  Philadelj>liia  on  the  6th  instant,  Mr.  Thomas  Biddle,  Jr.,  the  See- 
retaiy,  read  a  letter  in  relation  to  the  Boone  family.  Ue  stated 
that  a  nunil>er  of  early  records  of  that  family  recently  came  into 
Lis  hands,  one  of  which  gives  an  account  of  the  Boone  family.  It 
states  they  left  a  town  eight  miles  from  Exeter,  England,  in  1717. 
It  names  Squire  Boone  as  a  son  of  the  immigrant,  and  father  of  Daniel. 
The  letter  of  Mr.  Biddle  further  states,  that  it  is  an  entire  mistake 
that  the  family  originally  belonged  to  the  Society  of  Friends;  that 
the  papers  prove  they  were  Episcopalians;  that  he  (Mr.  B.)  learned 
r<rbally  from  his  half-sister.  Miss  Boone,  who  died  in  1846,  aged 
76,  that  (Jeorge  Boone,  on  his  arrival  in  1717,  purchased  and  settled 
in  what  was  tlien  Berks  county,  and  laii  out  a  tuwii,  uaniiug  ii 
Exeter.  He  also  purchased  land  in  dilferent  phucs  si  mc  as  farsHitb 
AS  North  Carolina,  and  that  he  purchased  ai.d  laid  out  Georgetown 


LINEAGE.  19 

may  well  be,  judging  from  the  tone  of  calmness  and 
placidity  which  were  so  marked  in  the  character  of 
Boone,  that  he,  by  association  or  education,  had  known 
the  peaceful  associations  of  the  domestic  life  of  the 
Friends.  He  may  have  found  these  traits  of  the  ut- 
most service.  Indeed,  though  this  is  anticipating,  it 
will  most  impress  the  close  student  of  the  simple  an- 
nals of  the  great  man,  that  in  the  midst  of  a  border 
life  of  commingling  in  and  exposure  to  scenes  of  pred- 
atory warfare,  he  seemed  to  have  possessed  no  desire 
whatever  to  stir  up  strife  or  provoke  a  contest.  The 
subjoined  extract  throws  light  on  it : 

"  The  first  of  the  family  of  he  Boone's  were  Friends,  en- 
rolled and  recorded  in  the  re  ord  of  the  monthly  meetings 
at  Gwynne  meeting, —  then  (  died  North  Wales,  in  Mont- 
gomery Co.,  Pemi.,  to  wit,  11 17,  31st  of  10th  mo.,  George 
Boone,  senior,  (the  grandfath  jr  of  Col.  Daniel  Boone)  pro- 
duced a  certificate  of  his  gooc  life  and  conversation,  from  the 
monthly  meeting  in  Great  Br  tain,  '  which  was  read  and  well 
received.'  He  was  born  in  1  666.  George  2d,  son  of  the 
above  George,  had  one  son  and  four  daughters,  born  and  re- 
corded from  1714  to  '22.  'Squire  Boone,'  on  the  23d  of 
7th  mo.  1720,  (was  son  of  the  1st  George  Boone,)  was  uni- 
ted in  marriage  to  Sarah  Morgan,  and  the  records  of  the 

*).  C.  Mr.  Biddle,  looking  over  i  \e  papers  one  day,  remarked  that 
*  these  Boones  all  appeared  to  ha'  e  been  Episcopalians."  "Oh,  jes," 
replied  Miss  Boone,  "they  were  all  High  Church  people,"  adding 
that  "most  of  them  became  Qua'  )r8  out  of  compliment  to  Peru 
tnd  his  successors." 


90  LIFE   OF    DANIKL    B<V>N'E. 

meeting  show,  that  they  had  the  following  children,  to  wit 
Banih,  lK»rn  1724,  Israel  in  1720,  Samuel  in  1728,  Jonathan 
in  1730,  Elizabeth  in  1732,  Daniel,  the  22d  of  8th  mo.,  1734. 
Mary,  bom  in  1730,  George  in  1739,  and  Edward  in  1740. 
These  last  alone  are  taken  from  the  rec^>rds  of  monthly 
meetings  at  Exeter  in  Berks  Co.,  about  9  miles  south  from 
Reading,  Pcnn.  The  above  Daniel,  is  the  Col.  Daniel. 
James  Buone  was  a  distinguished  mathematician,  about  the 
year  1770,  as  some  of  his  professional  papers  still  show. 
He  wrote  some  family  pedigree,  which  is  now  with  that  last 
Bon  in  Missouri.  Richard,  a  large  iron  master,  (and  his 
brother  Samuel)  now  live  near  Reading,  and  their  sister 
Sally  lives  in  Exeter.  Ruppe's  History  of  Berks  and  Leb- 
anon, says  several  families  of  Friends  settled  in  this  town- 
ship, (Oley)  as  early  as  1713  or  1715,  and  that  George 
Boone,  a  native  of  England,  took  out  a  warrant  of  400  acres 
of  land  in  1718  in  this  township,  (meaning  Oley.)  The  re- 
cords of  Friends  concerning  Boone,  stop  with  the  year  1748, 
as  being  about  that  time  pretty  much  out  of  meeting. 
In  1747,  Israel  Boone,  eldest  son  of  Squire  Boone,  was  dis- 
owned for  marrying  out  of  meeting,  and  on  26th  of  3d  mo., 
1748,  Squire  Boone  himself  is  disowned  for  countenancing 
such  marriage.  About  this  time  he  must  have  emigrated 
with  his  family  to  Ilolomant  Ford,  on  the  Yadkin  River, 
North  Carolina  ;  because  the  North  Carolinian  history  of 
Boone  C^).,  talks  of  Daniel  as  coming  there  a  child,  but  I 
infer  rat h*'r  a  lad  of  13  or  14  years.  The  name 'Squire' 
is  in  all  places  given  in  place  of  baptismal  name,  and  I  saw 
nothing  to  indicate  him  as  in  the  magistracy." 

The  evidence  from  the  compositions  of  the  Forest 
Statesman,  when  he   had  occasion  to  resort  to  the 


SCHOOL-BOY    DATS.  21 

written  language,  in  which  to  communicate  his  ideas 
to  his  fellow-men,  is  that  his  education,  in  the  techni 
cal  and  school  sense  of  the  term,  was  very  simple 
and  incomplete.  Grammar  and  orthography  were 
not  his  household  deities.  He  expressed  his  meaning, 
taking  his  road  to  it  over  every  obstacle  of  spelling 
or  sentence  that  chanced  in  his  way.  The  school  was 
just  such  an  one  as  the  frontier  settlements  would  be 
likely  to  possess.  Logs  were  the  material  most  avail- 
able for  dwelling,  fort,  or  school,  and  the  order  of  ar- 
chitecture was  severe  in  its  simplicity.  It  was  but 
one  of  the  seven  lamps  of  architecture  that  blazed  in 
the  forest.  The  right-angle  was  to  the  settler  pos- 
sessed of  the  beauty  which  Hogarth  ascribed  to  the 
curve,  for  it  had  simplicity,  convenience  and  strength. 
The  school-house  at  which  Daniel  Boone  was  an  at- 
tendant was  of  the  square  form  —  the  windows,  a  mere 
hole  cut  in  the  logs  to  admit  the  licrht  —  a  chimney, 
huge  in  utter  disproportion,  on  one  oide,  and  the  art 
of  the  rude  mason  evinced  only  in  the  alternate  lay- 
ers of  log  and  clay,  l^o  luxury  ol  cushions,  or  pa- 
tent seats,  or  easy-angled  desks,  favored  the  children 
of  that  time.  Their  minds  were  taught  in  the  midst 
of  privation  ;  and  to  submit  to  the  roughness  and  in- 
convenience of  life  was  the  discipline  which  prepared 
those  who  attended  them  to  go  out  and  "  make  the 
rough  places  smooth."  All  that  education  set  before 
its  guests,  were  the  great  dishes  of  the  feast  of  learn- 


22  LIFE   OF    DANIEL    UO<.>NE. 

in«;  —  but  the  artist  had  no  skill  in  their  preparation 
The  school  was  to  be  passed  through  as  an  ordeal,  ra 
thei  than  lingered  in  as  a  privilege. 

To  read  was  taught,  but  it  was  more  as  the  mechau 
ical  utterance  of  the  words  —  to  write,  but  with  char- 
acters whose  size,  more  than  grace,  was  consulted  — 
to  cypher,  the  problems  as  simple  as  for  which  a  ru- 
ral trade  could  furnish  the  example.  But  they  who 
graduated  at  such  chairs,  went  thence  to  write  with 
glittering  axe  and  sword  their  names  and  history  and 
purposes  in  forests  —  to  read  the  emotions  and  pas- 
sions and  will  of  crafty  and  dangerous  foes,  or  the 
true  destinies  of  an  advancing  country  —  to  use  their 
arithmetic  in  estimating  the  resources  of  arms,  the 
chances  of  battle,  the  results  of  harvest.  The  schol- 
ar and  the  merchant  were  always  behind  them,  wait- 
ing the  time  of  safe  adventure. 

But  among  the  brief  library  of  that  school,  their 
text  books  were  few  indeed.  There  was  one  in  which, 
in  all  probability,  as  it  was  part  of  the  routine  of 
study,  Boone  was  taught,  whose  lessons  came  to  him 
*n  the  mighty  solitudes  of  his  after  years.  A  lonely 
man  —  a  companion  of  the  stately  trees  —  away  from 
home  and  tlie  vices  of  the  race,  the  heavens  above 
him  seemed  nearer  than  to  us,  who  are  forever  at- 
tracted ]>y  the  crowd  around  us  ;  i:A  the  })rompting8 
of  admiration,  of  veneration,  and  of  simple  faith, 
may  liave  come  up  wo  his  memory  from  the  teachingi 


SCHOOL-BOY   DAYS.  23 

of  the  simple  lessons  of  tlie  school-house,  with  cheer- 
ing and  consoling  power.  Boone's  "  schooling  "  wa? 
Boon  over.  The  times  left  astute  scholarship  to  the 
far-off  cities  of  the  Old  World.  The  frontier  men 
had  other  and  bolder  pursuits. 

Around  the  schcol-house  was  the  material  for  learn 
ing  to  an  illimitable  extent.  The  woods  opened  their 
recesses  to  the  hunter,  in  which  he  could  acquiie  all 
the  mysteries  of  forest  craft ;  and  Boone  found  in 
these  scenes  pursuits  most  congenial.  Pennsylvania, 
in  the  policy  pursued  by  its  founder,  had  not  fought 
its  dominion  inch  by  inch,  from  the  savage ;  but  his 
doctrines  had  not  quite  as  successfully  reached  the 
frontier,  as  they  had  been  prevalent  at  the  seat  of 
government.  The  Indian  was  regarded,  even  by  the 
most  sensible  and  best  judging  of  the  settlers,  as  an 
incumbrance  —  as  of  a  class  of  men  who  occupied 
land,  the  value  of  which  they  did  not  realize,  and  of 
which  they  made  most  imperfect  use.  But  those  who 
looked  thus  upon  them  were  the  few.  The  many  con- 
sidered the  Indian  as  a  foe  —  as  treacherous  —  never 
to  be  trusted,  and  ready  to  destroy  whenever  oppor- 
tunity offered  ;  and  thus  a  fitting  subject  for  tlie 
[)rowess  and  might  of  the  white  man.  The  woods 
were  common  ground  to  each.  As  the  Indian  eithei 
could  not  or  would  not  acquire  the  habit  of  the  set- 
tier,  the  latter  applied  himself  to  acquire  the  cun- 
ning and  the  strategy  of  the  forest  men.     The  settlei 


24  LIFE   OF    DANIliL    BOONE. 

watched  tlio  movements  of  the  savages,  to  learn  the 
means  by  which  such  accurate  knowledge  of  pathwa/ 
and  retreat,  and  fastness  and  cave  and  glen  —  of  the 
most  minute  habits  of  the  wild  beast — of  all  that 
i»ertained  to  forest  life,  was  obtained;  —  and  in  this 
school,  Daniel  Boone  sprung  at  once  to  superior  schol- 
arship. The  riflo  was,  in  his  hand,  unerring  as  the 
bow  of  liobin  Hood.  He  learned  less'jns  of  the  snow 
and  the  leaves  and  the  moss,  and  to  detect,  with  quick 
eye,  the  tread  of  foot  —  to  rival  the  sagacity  of  the 
hound,  or  what  was  as  intense  in  its  accuracy  —  the 
cunning  of  the  Indian  warrior. 

It  has  been  professed  by  some  who  have  written  of 
the  bold  Boone,  to  invest  his  childhood  and  school 
days  with  incidents  of  strange  interest.  Ic  would  be 
gratifying  to  be  able,  with  a  regard  to  that  without 
which  a  biography  is  but  a  fable,  so  to  do.  But 
Boone's  heroic  character  was  made  by  circumstances. 
The  strong  workings  of  after  life  developed  the  man. 
The  training  for  that  life  began  in  the  rough  expe- 
riences of  the  border.  Above  all,  the  life  of  the  wood- 
man taught  the  boy  self-reliance.  It  gave  him  to 
know  what  a  treasure  he  held  in  his  own  energies, 
and  showed  him  that  when  he  had  a  work  lO  do,  him- 
self was,  of  all  others,  the  best  craftsman.  A  better 
ech(x>l,  a  more  varied  learning,  would  have  been  in- 
consistent with  the  i)ioneer  destiny  that  was  in  store 
for  him.     He  wiis  to  see  the  State,  while  aa  yet  it  had 


THE    BOY-HrNTEK.  2ft 

J  it  ilie  physical  material  of  its  greatness,  and  he  Lad 
t«.  do  with  the  realities  of  life,  unaffected  and  uncol- 
ored  by  such  impulses  as  law  and  civilization  were  to 
bring.  The  mighty  hunter  has  been  the  founder  of  a 
great  city.  The  power  of  using  to  the  best  advantage 
all  that  is  around  us,  can  be  brought  into  use,  not 
alone  for  the  things  of  every-day  life,  but  for  the  pro- 
duction of  the  strong  features  of  the  incidents  of  ex- 
istence. 

Boone  was  soon  a  hunter.  The  stories  of  his  prow- 
ess m  this  department  of  action  are  many.  It  is  re- 
lated of  him,  that  he  soon  deserted  the  farm-house  of 
his  father,  and  established  for  himself  a  cabin  in  the 
woods,  decorated  with  the  spoils  of  the  chase  —  that 
he  faced  fearlessly  the  fiercer  wild  beasts  that  prowled 
around  —  and  that  men  stepped  back  to  contemplate, 
with  more  than  ordinary  wonder,  the  daring  of  a  boy, 
who  had  so  soon  in  life  won  a  name  among  his  peo- 
ple, by  acts  of  skill  and  courage.  The  school  of  the 
forest  found  him  a  proficient,  and  he  had  attained  a 
reputation  fitting  him  for  leadership,  when  he  was 
called  to  that  characteristic  American  experience  — 
the  seeking  out  a  new  home. 

Squire  Boone  had  determined  upon  removing  from 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  probaL>le  that  he  was  influenced 
to  his  destination,  by  reports  of  the  region  of  moun- 
tain land  in  North  Carolina,  which  reached  him  while 
on  a  visit  to  his  relatives  in  Maryland,  p^'s  krgo 
B 


26  LIFE    OF    DANIEL    BOOXE. 

family  would  find,  in  a  State  still  more  spai*sely  set 
tied  than  Pennsylvania,  greater  facilities  for  acquinnji 
the  means  of  support ;  nor  is  it  likely  that  the  teach- 
ings and  example  of  the  adventurer,  who  was  one  of 
his  own  sous,  was  without  eflect.  The  country  aroun  J 
Reading  had  become  familiar  to  young  Boone^  and 
lie,  in  all  probability,  gladly  seconded  the  proposal  to 
seek  a  larger  sphere  of  action.  From  his  friends  in 
Maryland,  he  might  obtain  the  information  of  the 
pleasaiiter  climate  and  richer  land  of  the  Old  ]S'orth 
State. 

Boone  had  now  arrived  at  the  age  when  reflection 
often  comes  to  give  new  value  to  the  vigor  and  joyous 
character  of  the  boy.  Eighteen  is  one  of  the  eras  in 
life.  He  had  been  already  inured  to  hunger  and  toil, 
and  was  of  all  his  father's  good  company  of  boys, 
likely  to  be  the  most  useful. 

The  pilgrimage  of  the  family  must  have  been  one 
of  vivid  interest.  Traversing  Maryland  and  Virginia, 
the  scenes  which  opened  to  the  mind  of  young  Boone 
gave  him  deep  thought  of  what  was  open  to  the  bold 
and  adventurous.  lie  realized  in  every  stage  of  the 
journey,  what  value  his  knowledge  of  the  woodman's 
life  was  to  him,  anu  how  strong  it  made  liim  in  ser- 
vice to  his  father;  but  it  never  presented  itself,  even 
to  his  fancy,  with  what  avidity  a  great  nation  would, 
in  after  years,  read  the  most  minute  details  of  thia 
progress,  if  it  could  be  gathered  up  with  accuracy. 


CHAPTEE    ir. 

irtW  HOME    IS    THE  OLD  NORTH   STATE MARRIAGE    OF    DANIEL  B03N1:   TO 

BEBBCCA  BETAX BOOXE,  WITH  HIS  BRIDE,   CROSSES  THE  VALLEY  OF  THl 

YADKIN,   AND  BUILDS    HIS    CABIN OTHER  SETTLERS BOONE    SHUNS  SO 

CTETT DETERMINES  TO  REMOTE  WEST  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS DE  SOTO 

INDIAN  TRIBES PREVAILING  IGNORANCE    OF  THE    COUNTRY  WEST  OF  THB 

MOUNTAINS CHARACTER  OF   BOONE AN  INCIDENT  OF   HIS    OLD  AGE  — 

TflE  COLONIAL  SYSTEM ITS  RESULTS. 

As  Ms  first  home  had  been  on  the  head-waters  of 
the  Schuylkill,  his  new  residence  was  found  near  the 
South  Yadkin,  a  river  which,  taking  its  rise  among 
the  mountains  that  form  the  western  country  of  i^orth 
Carolina,  runs  in  a  south-east  direction,  cutting  the 
State,  and  thence  through  ^outh  Carolina,  finds  its 
way  to  the  ocean,  a  little  to  the  northward  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Santee. 

He  became  a  citizen  of  North  Carolina  about  the 
year  1753.  This  was  a  period  in  the  history  of  our 
country  when  a  character  was  forming  wliose  influ- 
ences were  to  affect  the  welfare  of  the  forthcom- 
ing Kepublic  with  a  power  which,  in  its  force, 
we  can  never  estimate  rightly.  With  Braddock, 
Washington  was  learning  the  art  of  war,  and  acqui- 
ring that  great  military  knowledge  which  intelligent 


28  LIFE   OF   DAIOEL   BOONT. 

historians  now  concede  belong  to  liim,  in  a  degree  fit* 
ting  his  greatness.  Had  it  been  Boone's  lot  to  have 
been  by  his  side  in  that  campaign,  with  the  rifle  bg 
unerring  in  its  aim,  familiar  with  the  battle  rather 
than  with  the  chase,  upon  a  mind  so  resolute,  wliat 
might  not  such  an  evont  have  graven  I  But  it  was  his  to 
be  the  master  in  another  strife,  and  to  accomplish  for 
his  country  results  following,  in  their  fullness  of  suc- 
cess, most  properly  upon  the  victories  won  and.  peace 
established,  to  which  Washington  gave  his  strength. 
The  journey  which  Washington,  acting  under  the 
orders  of  Lord  Dunmore,  the  Governor  of  Virginia, 
was  at  this  time  pursuing  —  passing  as  it  did  through 
a  wild  and  weary  land  —  a  wilderness,  and  one  where 
danger  tlireiulcd  each  footstep  —  was  coincident  with 
that  which  the  family  of  Boone  made.  Both  marked 
the  noon  of  the  century,  by  the  keen  and  scrutinizing 
observation  of  a  bold  mind,  upon  the  characteristics 
and  incidents  of  a  new  country.  The  emigrant  fam- 
ily, bound  to  the  mountain  land  of  North  Carolina, 
an<l  tlie  galhiut  young  Virginian,  were  serving  the 
yet  unknown  Kepublic,  and  the  results  of  tlieir  mem- 
orable journeys  are  with  us. 

In  this  home  of  his  father,  Boone  grow  to  man- 
hood, and  pursuing  the  life  which  belonged  to  bold 
men  —  fur  he  could  pu'-sue  no  other.  He  .vas  yet  a 
private  citizen,  filling  lo  place  which  brought  his 
name  into  record  or  a  jhive.     The  fiir-ott  stir  of  the 


MARRIAGE    OF    BOONE.  2ft 

conflict  of  England  and  France,  died  awaj  before  it 
reached  that  mountain  land.  It  was  not  jet  the  time 
for  the  pulses  of  the  Old  E'orth  State  to  be  aroused 
When,  in  after  years,  that  time  came,  history  tells 
with  what  patriotic  strength  the  Carolinian  avouched 
his  love  for  freedom  by  daring  deeds.  Boone  had  the 
pursuit  of  farmer  and  hunter  to  combine.  In  all 
probability,  he  had  his  chief  acquaintance  with  wood 
craft,  and  while  he  pursued  the  labor  of  the  agricul* 
turist,  found  in  the  wild  chase  of  the  mountain  a  pur- 
suit to  which  his  heart  beat  in  quick  response.  The 
country  around  his  father's  house  found  other  occu- 
pants, and  among  them  was  the  family  of  Mr.  Bryan 
-  -  even  to  this  day  an  honored  name  in  Carolina. 
With  all  his  disposition  to  rove  about,  Boone  found 
that  his  affections  had  susceptibility  kindred  to  those 
of  other  men,  and  in  a  daughter  of  his  father's  neigh- 
bor— Rebecca  Bryan — he  won  a  bride,  and  hence- 
forth is  to  be  considered  as  separating  his  history  from 
that  of  his  father. 

There  is  a  very  clever  romance  told  about  an  ad- 
venture of  the  wooing  of  Boone,  in  which  he  came 
most  unluckily  near  to  a  very  sudden  termination  of 
his  fair  Hebecca's  existence,  by  mistaking  her  bright 
eyes  for  those  of  a  deer.  The  error  was  fortunately 
discovered  in  time,  probably,  to  allow  him  to  assure 
her  that  she  was  a  dear —  the  orthography  making  all 
the  difference  in  the  world.     Unfortunately,  the  inci 


30  LIFE    OF    DANIEL    BOCNE. 

dent  never  occurred  —  nor  was  it  likely  to  occur.  A 
good  hunter,  such  as  Boone,  would  make  no  such  er 
ror.  Eebecca,  in  those  days,  would  have  been  far 
more  likely  to  have  deemed  her  lover  very  absurd,  to 
have  thus  been  deceived,  ^ud  to  have  doubted  hia 
Bkill. 

In  tracing  out  Boone's  history,  such  romances  aie 
to  be  thrown  aside  at  every  step.  It  has  been  of  ma- 
ny of  the  yeai-s  of  his  life,  that  the  biographer  seems 
to  have  taken  the  couree  of  Scott.  On  one  occasion, 
G.  P.  Jx.  James,  on  a  visit  to- Abbotsford,  was  by  the 
depth  of  snow  detained  for  a  number  of  days.  In 
all  that  period.  Sir  Walter's  powers  of  anecdote  and 
reminiscence  seemed  inexhaustible.  Mr.  James  could 
not  at  last  restrain  his  amazement,  and  asked  the  nov- 
elist where  he  possibly  could  find  all  the  incidents  he 
was  relating.  "  Oh,"  said  Scott,  archly,  "  my  mem- 
ory is  pretty  good,  and  when  that  fails  me  in  a  story, 
why,  then  I  just  male'  o?ie.^^  The  life  of  Boone,  till 
he  left  his  home,  has  needed  the  imagination  rather 
than  the  archive.  And  yet,  peaceful  and  regular  as 
the  farmer-hunter  passed  his  days,  all  this  time  was 
occupied  in  the  formation  of  character,  in  acquiring 
the  patient  energy  which,  having  calculated  the  cost, 
builds  its  edifice  throughout.  He  was  in  the  pursuits 
of  life  for  himself  and  the  being  that  had  left  her 
home  to  share  life  with  him.  It  would  be  an  inter 
acting  stiid'^   in  the  philosophy  of  action,  to  inve:»ti 


mS    HOME    ON    THE    YADKIN.  »        3l 

gate  the  probability  of  the  plans  formed  by  him,  while 
he  was  a  farmer  on  the  Yadkin  —  for  in  the  progress 
of  the  movement  which  the  rule  so  excellent  in  the 
formation  of  a  country  prescribed,  that  towards  a 
separate  home,  he  traversed  the  Yadkin  valley,  at  a 
locality  still  more  remote  from  the  seaboard  and  near- 
er the  mountain — thus  indicating,  in  renewed  in- 
stance, his  attachment  for  the  wild  and  forest  side  of 
nature.  ,Here  he  placed  his  cabin.  Its  fire-light 
Bhone  in  welcome  to  the  rare  stranger  who  found  that 
river  side.  This  rude  home  was  his,  to  whom  a  na- 
tion was  to  rear  marble  memorial.  It  was  a  true 
home  for  him.  In  its  solitudes  he  could  find  the  voice 
of  the  wood  speaking  to  him  in  the  language  of 
the  seasons,  of  which  he  had  been  so  long  a  success- 
ful scholar. 

He  was  not  to  remain  always  thus  solitary.  The 
same  causes  which  sent  him  from  his  childhood's 
home,  urged  many  other  young  men  to  the  new  land 
and  fresh  air  —  to  the  game  and  the  hunt  —  and  the 
population  around  him  soon  increased.  The  lands 
along  the  Yadkin  attracted  the  notice  of  other  se^ 
tiers,  and  young  Boone  found  the  smoke  of  his  cabit. 
tire  no  longer  the  only  one  that  floated  into  the  air 
of  the  valley.  His  fields  were  bounded  and  meas- 
ured and  determined,  and  the  inconveniences  of  civ 
ilization  and  of  society  presented  themselves.  Thes^i 
accessions  of  companionship,  however  congenial  ti 


?52  LTFE    OF    DANTTIL    r.oONR. 

the  greatest  part  of  mankind,  who  rather  rnsli  to 
gether  than  keep  aloof  from  each  other,  did  not  suit 
Boone.  All  his  subsequent  history  shows  that  he  had 
no  attachment  for  the  perpetual  society  of  humanity. 
lie  had  left  his  ffither  because  there  was  not  room  and 
verge  enough  for  him  where  Squire  Boone  gathered 
each  day  his  numerous  family,  and  he  could  not  fail 
to  discover  that  men  each  day  the  more  disputed  his 
sole  tenancy  of  the  valley.  Most  men  would  have 
seen  eacli  neighbor  with  satisfaction,  and  watched 
the  progress  of  the  "settlement"  towards  that  period 
when  it  should  enjoy  the  full  measure  of  learning  and 
law  that  the  thronged  population  brings,  with  delight. 
The  heart  of  man,  answering  each  to  the  other,  is  to 
the  great  material  of  which  mankind  are  made  up,  a 
comfort  and  a  solace.  Tlie  bolder  spirit  of  Boone  was 
destined  for  other  uses.  He  had  in  him  the  desire  to 
wield  the  power  of  governing,  though  his  mind  might 
not  have  itself  framed  such  purpose  or  plan  ;  —  but 
there  is  power  in  loneliness,  for  the  man  is  then  no- 
bler than  all  else  around  him.  Boone  was  soon  con 
scions  that  his  time  on  the  Yadkin  was  to  be  limited. 
Tlie  circumstances  defining  that  limitation  soon  man 
ifested  themselves. 

The  fields  for  adventure  lay  within  his  reach.  The 
mountains  were  to  be  crossed,  and  a  new  and  unex- 
plored country  was  all  before  the  hunter  where  to 
choose.     Of  all  this  country,  the  wildest  stories  wero 


THE   "WTLDEENESS   WEST.  3^ 

related.  It  was  invested  with  every  beauty,  every 
danger,  every  incident  that  could  amuse  the  imagina- 
tion or  quicken  action.  It  was  easy  to  do  this,  be- 
cause nothing  whatever  was  known  of  it.  There  rose 
the  mountain,  high  and  difficult  in  itself,  a  barrier  to 
every  other  progress  than  such  as  might  belong  to  the 
boldest  enterprise.  The  population  of  the  seaboard 
region  were  content  for  a  long  series  of  years  to  be- 
lieve all  that  an  utter  ignorance  created,  of  the  wild 
peril  of  the  wilderness.  The  only  traveler  there  was 
the  Indian,  and  in  his  reputation  was  sufficient  cer- 
tificate for  the  timid  to  rest  at  the  distance.  Of  no- 
ble rivers  and  tremendous  forests,  the  Indian  gave  a 
brief  mention  —  enough  only  to  be  the  theme  of  the 
story  of  the  winter  for  the  settler  on  the  frontier. 
The  Indian  invited  no  visitor,  except  by  the  promise 
of  life  worn  out  by  an  imprisonment  among  tribes, 
who  bore  no  pleasant  promise  of  much  kindness  in 
their  ferocity.  Beyond  the  mountain  was  the  indefi- 
nite world  for  the  future.  Some  of  the  frontier  men 
knew  that  its  discovery  and  exploration  and  subjuga- 
tion would  assuredly  come,  but  the  difficulty  and 
danger  seemed  more  abundant  than  the  good  to  be 
realized,  even  by  success.  They  waited  with  impa- 
tience the  movement  that  should  lead  the  way  —  and 
the  day  for  that  movement  approached  steadily  and 
surely. 

"When  De  Soto  was  called  to  finish  his  wonderfii, 
9*  !? 


J»i  LTFE   OF   DANIEL    IK>ONE. 

car(s^  --  when  tlKit  great  man,  alter  trarersir  g  with  a 
zl:i1  uiai  was  illustrious  by  all  its  qualities,  the  lauds  of 
the  South,  came  to  his  death,  it  is  of  record  that  lest  this 
sad  ereiit  thuuld  prostrate  the  completion  of  his  great 
plans  ot  enterprise,  "  his  body  was  wrapped  in  a  man 
tie,  and  In  the  stillness  of  midnight,  was  silently  sunk 
in  the  middle  of  the  stream.  The  discoverer  of  the 
Mississippi  «lept  beneath  its  waters.  He  crossed  the 
continent  \u  search  of  gold,  and  found  nothing  so  re- 
markable aa  his  burial  place."  The  Mississippi  was 
his  monumenc. 

And  lie  was  but  one  of  a  band  of  noble-hearted 
men  who,  with  resistless  energy,  gave  pathways  to 
the  wilderness,  and  passed  through  all  the  fearful  ad- 
ventures of  savage  life,  with  a  courage  which  wiis 
more  tlian  tliat  ot  the  warrior,  who  in  the  excitements 
of  fierce  battle  forgets  danger.  Marquette  and  La 
Salle  have  left  their  traces  on  the  history  of  the  land, 
and  will  never  be  furgotten. 

We  approach  the  period  wlien  Boone's  life  really 
began  —  tliat  life  which  is  forming  a  page  of  useful- 
"f^s  in  his  country's  annals — a  fame  which  will  bear 
to  be  heralded  when  others,  more  notorious,  and  far 
less  worthy,  will  bo  silenced. 

In  the  developments  of  the  age,  the  mi^mtain 
ridge  was  to  cease  to  be  a  barrier,  and  tlie  long  em- 
pire r»f  the  savage  over  the  rich  West  came  to  its  last 
yeai*8, —  and  if  their  old  wise-men  had  possessed  but 


THE    WILDERNESS    WEST.  35 

a  titlie  of  the  skill  they  boasted,  there  won!  d  have 
been  signs  of  blood  and  disaster  in  their  prophetic 
Bkj. 

Even  at  this  hour,  there  are  portions  of  our  conti- 
nent, the  state  of  public  knowledge  in  respect  to 
which  will  allow  us  to  realize  fully  what  was  the 
shadowy  information,  the  conjecture,  not  the  result, 
which  the  Carolinians  possessed  of  the  West,  as  that 
comprehensive  term  was  in  use  at  that  time.  What 
do  we  know  of  the  far-off  and  cold  lands  that  form 
that  empire,  so  vast  in  mere  territory  —  British  Amer- 
ica !  The  hunter  and  the  fur  trader  give  the  statistics 
of  trails  and  scattered  lodges,  but  of  its  topography, 
the  map  and  the  history  are  content  to  give  the  most 
vague  and  general  statements.  Beyond  the  mountain, 
all  was  of  the  same  uncertain  pattern. 

Indeed,  it  was  a  bold  and  daring  deed  to  reach  that 
mountain,  even  on  its  eastern  side.  The  hunters,  of 
whom  unquestionably  Boone  was  one,  and  probably 
the  boldest  and  the  most  acute  in  his  pursuit,  ven- 
tured each  season  deeper  into  the  forest.  The  step  of 
the  white  man  was  following  fast  on  that  of  the  In- 
dian, and  it  left  no  uncertain  tread.  Along  the  Clinch 
Kiver  and  the  Holston  Kiver,  hunting  parties  pursued 
their  way ;  and  as  they  went,  the  mysteries  of  forest 
life  grew  more  familiar,  Boone  learned,  even  better 
than  before,  that  neither  roof  nor  house  nor  bed  were 
the  necessaries  of  life.    The  forest  could  be  made  tc 


M  ltft:  of  dantel  boont:. 

give  all  these.  The  forest  found  food  also  ;  and  thes* 
great  points  ascertained,  the  conviction  of  safety  set- 
tled in  the  mind,  the  courage  and  the  resolution  were 
there  also,  and  their  practical  workings  made  them- 
selves every  day  more  and  more  manifest. 

In  the  way  of  all  far  exploration,  however,  a  great 
difficulty  presented  itself,  in  effect  much  more  formi- 
dable than  was  the  peril  of  the  forest,  or  the  barrier 
of  the  mountain.  The  frontier  men  knew  what  it 
was  to  dread  the  predatory  warfare  of  the  Indian. 
The  homes  of  the  mountain  land  of  North  Carolina, 
now  the  abode  of  peaceful  and  industrious  farmers, 
quiet  and  unmoved,  and  far  remote  from  the  perils  of 
savage  life,  were  not  always  thus.  Tlie  inhabitants 
along  the  Yadkin,  and  scattered  up  to  the  region  of 
the  Ilolston  and  Clinch,  were  compelled  to  exercise 
due  caution  against  the  incursions  of  the  Cherokee. 
The  paths  of  the  forest  they  could  tread  successfully, 
where  the  white  man  could  only  find  an  uncertain 
journeying.  To  them  the  woods  were  the  home  of 
a  lifetime,  and  they  used  their  knowledge  to  the  pur- 
poses of  warfare  for  a  series  of  years.  The  people  of 
those  days  have  long  since  found  their  graves,  but  il 
the  traditions  of  Ashe,  and  Wilkes,  and  Yancey,  and 
Surrey,  and  Caldwell,  and  Haywood  were  thoroughly 
brought  to  light,  it  might  be  found  that  the  eventful 
era  which  just  preceded  the  opening  of  the  West  to 
the  wanderings  of  the  settlers,  was  thronged  with  ail 


EXTRACT  FROM  JDDGE  MAESHAXL.         37 

the  inoiJents  of  Indian  foray  and  Indian  border  war 
This  disturbed  condition  of  the  country  kept  back  en 
terprise.  It  was  one  thing  to  go  out  with  the  expec- 
tation of  meeting  one's  worst  foe  in  the  wild  beast 
and  quite  another  to  risk  the  encounter  with  the  sav 
age,  whose  every  pastuon  was  excited  by  the  fact 
which  even  his  immature  mind  received,  that  the 
men  who  had  made  a  home  for  themselves  in  this  wild 
part  of  the  Carolinas,  would  not  always  regard  the 
mountain  as  an  insurmountable  barrier. 

The  language  of  John  Marshall  has  faithfully  de- 
lineated the  impression  cherished  by  the  people  of  the 
frontier,  in  resj^ect  to  the  country  that  lay  beyond. 
To  them  it  was  a  perpetual  desire  to  go  in  and  possess 
it,  but  they  were  deterred  by  their  want  of  any  know 
ledge  of  what  it  really  was.  The  change  to  us,  who 
view  that  country  in  these  days,  when  not  a  century 
has  elapsed,  is  wonderful.  It  is  the  contrast  between 
a  wilderness  and  an  empire.  Traversed  by  all  possi- 
ble modes  of  conveyance  —  the  wild  beast  a  specta- 
cle and  a  show  —  the  comforts  and  luxuries  of  civili- 
zation on  all  sides  —  it  is  hard  to  credit  the  annals  of 
obscurity,  of  caution,  of  doubt  and  difficulty  that  are 
before  us,  in  the  histories  of  the  period  when  Boone 
»vas  preparing  to  become  the  first  successful  and  per- 
severing occupant  of  the  new  country.  Judge  Mar 
sliall  says : 


38  LIFE   OF   DANIKL    B<X)XE. 

"  The  country  beyond  the  Cumberland  mountain,  still  (in 
1707)  appeared  to  the  dusky  view  ot*  the  generality  of  the 
people  of  Virginia,  almost  as  obscure  and  doubtful,  as  Amei 
iea  itself  to  the  people  of  Europe,  before  the  voyage  of  Co- 
lumbus. A  country  tliere  was  —  of  this  none  could  doubt, 
who  thought  at  all ;  but  whether  land  or  water,  mountain  or 
plain,  fertility  or  barrenness,  preponderated  —  whether  in- 
habited by  men  or  beasts,  or  both,  or  neither,  they  knew 
not.  If  inhabited  by  men,  they  were  supposed  to  be  In- 
dians,—for  such  had  always  infested  the  frontiers.  And 
this  had  been  a  powerful  reason  for  not  exploring  the  re^non 
west  of  the  great  mountain,  wliich  concealed  Kentucky  from 
heir  sight." 

In  tlie  movements  of  men,  it  is  very  rarely  that 
even  those  actions  which,  by  their  consequences,  and 
the  ma^niitude  to  which,  when  once  begun,  they  grow, 
a'-e  the  result  of  a  design  "  to  do  some  great  thing  " 
—  but  arising  from  some  cause  connected  with  the 
personal  relation,  either  in  the  desire  to  render  the 
condition  in  life  more  agreeable,  or  to  give  stren"-th 
or  pleasure  to  the  social  tie,  their  beginning, beino-  in 
the  ordinary  routine  of  affair,  is  forgotten. 

It  may  be  doubted  whether,  if  the  opinions  o-ener- 
allly  received  of  Daniel  Loone  were  true,  he  would 
have  been  the  pioneer  of  Kentucky.  Until  his  his- 
tory was  closely  investigated,  he  was  classed  with  tlie 
wild  huntsman  —  the  Indian  fighter  —  the  man  of 
border  foraj  —  a  link  between  the  savage  and  the  set 


39 

'ler.  His  real  character  was  not  this.  Mild  and 
Bimple-hearted  —  steady,  not  impulsive  in  courage — • 
bold  and  determined,  but  always  rather  inclined  to 
defend  than  attack  —  he  stood  immeasurably  above 
that  wretched  class  of  men,  who  are  so  often  the  pre- 
(iminaries  of  civilization.  Boone  deliberately  chose 
the  peace  of  solitude,  rather  than  to  mingle  in  the 
wild  wranglings  and  disputings  of  the  society  around 
him.  This  is  the  key  to  his  movement  in  quitting  the 
Yadkin  and  his  home  thereon.  He  had  his  distinc- 
tive character.  It  was  plain  and  simple  —  not  so, 
alone  when  the  depths  of  a  forest  home  made  such 
regimen  but  a  necessity,  but  when  he  was  surrounded 
by  kind  and  ministering  friends,  the  same  habit  con- 
tinued. He  had  the  great  habit  of  simplicity  within 
him  —  a  quality  of  mind  which  seems  most  easy  to 
maintain,  and  yet  in  its  purity  is  among  the  most  ex- 
traordinary and  difficult. 

This  concentration,  within  a  small  limit  of  his  de- 
sires, remained  to  old  age  —  and  it  is  but  illustrating 
his  life  on  the  borders  of  Carolina,  to  allude  to  the 
incident  which  an  eminent  artist  narrates,  that  when 
he  visited  the  great  pioneer,  the  very  year  of  hia 
death,  when  the  decrepitude  of  old  age  was  upon  him, 
tlie  veteran,  swinging  in  his  cot,  toasted  on  his  ram- 
rod a  slice  of  venison  —  his  long  life  not  teaching  him 
to  forego  the  simplicity  of  his  earlier  habit.  He 
found  in  the  forest  and  in  the  chase,  scenes  and  ad- 


40  LIFE    OF   DANIEL    LOONE. 

vei\tnre9  that  talked  with  him,  in  a  language  unsii*. 
lied  by  the  wretchedness  of  duj)licity,  and  fraud,  an<\ 
petty  scheming,  or  successful  cunning,  that  soon  made 
their  aj)pearanco  in  the  region  about  him  ;  and  ho 
could  not  reconcile  himself  to  the  manner  in  which 
human  law  determined  the  variances.  There  seemed 
to  be  too  much  of  form,  and  not  enough  of  the  dis 
linct  and  j)lain  equities  of  a  just  judgment,  aboi.t  it 
all.  Boone  was  a  reformer,  just  so  far  as  to  discover 
errors  in  the  framework  of  society  around  him  ;  but 
he  was  disposed  rather  to  avoid  than  to  correct  them. 
Tliose  who  perpetrated  the  wrong,  were  not  inclined 
to  regard  him  as  the  man  who  was  to  remodel  their 
ways,  and  he  sought  no  authority.  The  adventures 
of  the  forest  would  at  once  give  field  to  his  energies, 
and  take  him  away  from  scenes  which  he  felt  to  be 
advei*se  to  his  own  simple-hearted  desire  to  do  kindly 
to  his  fellow  men. 

There  were  circumstances  in  tlie  situation  of  that 
part  of  North  Carolina  in  which  Boone  resided,  which 
led  to  his  departure  for  that  life  of  adventure  which 
has  made  his  name  memorable,  and  which  is  now  a 
precious  chai)tcr  in  the  history  of  the  country. 

The  increasing  wealth  of  the  Scotch  settlers,  ac^ 
quired  by  their  uni'iring  sagacity,  soon  made  its  mirk, 
and  the  desire  to  outrival  each  other  in  the  luxuriee 
of  life  was  everywhere  ])revalcnt.  The  peaceful  (juiet 
of  domestic  life  waa  invaded  by  the  foe  within,  in  th« 


GKIEVAJS'CES    OF   THE   C0L0N1S1"S.  41 

gnise  of  a  passion  for  tlie  same  ornament  and  dis« 
plaj  which  were  to  be  found  in  the  older  society  of 
the  seaboard.  The  mark  was  set  npon  those  who 
either  declined  to  follow  the  path  of  advancing  for- 
time,  or  were  nnable  to  do  it  —  and  this  could  not  but 
make  its  impression  upon  society  ;  nor  could  it  fail  ol 
remark  from  Boone.  K  he  could  scarcely  bear  the 
artificial  restraints  of  custom  and  rule  in  ordinary 
times,  to  a  man  of  the  severe  simplicity,  which  was 
so  eminently  the  case  with  him,  the  fight  of  fashion 
was  too  sinfuU.  It  made  him  uneasy  in  his  river- 
Ride  home,  and  he  looked  impatiently  beyond  the  hills 
for  a  refuge. 

There  were  circumstances  in  the  government  which 
rendered  this  more  unendurable.  The  parent  country 
sent  out  to  the  important  and  responsible  position  of 
governor  of  the  colony,  those  whose  sympathies  and 
associations  at  once  linked  in  with  those  who  afiected 
a  tendency  towards  aristocratic  living,  and  this  only 
made  the  separation  of  the  two  classes  more  evident. 

But  the  grievance  was  destined  to  reach  the  people 
in  a  more  direct  manner.  The  officers  of  the  courts 
soon  found  a  way  in  which  to  raise  their  fortunes,  by 
following  the  increase  in  the  cost  of  living  by  an 
augmentation  of  their  fees  and  perquisites.  Perhaps 
Qo  better  device  could  have  been  originated  to  arouse 
the  great  mass  of  the  people. 

To  authorize  the  collection  of  all  sums  over  fortj 


49  LIFE    OF    DANTKL    BOONE. 

shillings  ir  a  court  of  record,  was  to  open  widely  the 
path  to  a  taost  extensive  litigation,  and  the  probable 
results  soon  followed.  It  was  a  harvest  for  the  law- 
yer and  the  clerk, — the  sheriff,  the  speculator,  and  the 
tax  gatherer  followed  with  ready  and  unrelenting 
footsteps. 

At  first  the  people  doubted  whether  their  wrongs 
could  last  for  any  other  period  than  as  a  brief  and 
rapidly  passing  trouble.  But  the  gloom  increased. 
The  people  petitioned  to  their  rulers,  but  the  sympa- 
thy of  these  was  all  with  those  who  were  far  more 
ready  to  seek  occasion  still  deeper  to  oppress  the  peo- 
ple, than  to  lighten  their  calamity.  Tlie  petitioners 
and  the  petitions  were  alike  treated  with  scorn. 

Tlie  colonial  system  was  realizing  the  climax  of  its 
errors.  The  government  was  too  far  removed  from 
the  people,  and  the  open  rebellion  which  followed 
was  a  significant  type  of  the  more  extended  grasp  of 
power  by  the  people  themselves,  which  was  witnessed 
in  all  parts  of  the  colonies  but  few  years  afterwards. 

Taxation  is  a  power,  which,  even  in  its  wise  exercise, 
is  regarded  as  an  oppressive  necessity  ;  but  when  the 
avails  go  directly  to  the  benefit  of  all,  the  greater  good 
of  the  result  heals  all  the  trouble.  But  in  Carolina, 
the  taxes  emanated  from  a  class  of  men  who  were  in- 
imical by  position  and  circumstance  to  those  who 
were  compelled  to  pay,  and  to  whom  the  payment 
was  so  much  subtracted  from  the  necessities  of  lifo 


RESULTS  OF  THE  COLONIAL  SYSTEM. 


43 


indeed,  to  make  a  climax,  the  very  collecting  sher 
iffs  augmented  the  taxes,  and  collecting,  rather  what 
they  chose  than  what  the  law  exacted,  plundered  the 
people  and  made  aram  of  their  necessity. 


CHAPTER    Hi. 

OIIN   nXLKY's  VISIT  TO  TENNESSEE    IN    1767 DR.    WALKEr's    RJP»  •«•«•# 

—  »OOJrK'8  VISIT  TO  TOE  DOLSTON  BIVEB BOONE  AND  FIVE  OTHERS  fcOri 

WB9T  OF  TUE  CUMBERLAND    MOUNTAINS BOONe's  WIFE FILSON's    UTM 

OF  BOONE BOONE  AND  STEWART  TAKEN  PRISONERS    BY    TUE    INDIANS  — 

ESCAPE THEY    FIND    TUEIR    COMPANIONS    GONE BOONE    AND  STEWARt 

REMAIN  ALONE TUE  NARRATIVE INDIAN  TREATIES FATE  OF  FINLET 

SQUIRE     BOONE  ARRIVES  DEATH     OF     STEWART  BOONE     AND     HII 

BEOTUER  PASS  THE  WINTER   ALONE    IN    THE   WOODS SQUIRK   BOONS    RB 

TURKS  TO  NORTH  CAROLINA  FOR  SUPPLIES. 

In  1767,  John  Findlay,  or  Finlej,  formed  one  of  a 
party  of  hunters,  who  determined  to  enlarge  the  usuai 
bounds  of  their  foray  upon  the  wild  game,  and  daring 
more  than  those  who  had  gone  before  him,  he  found 
himself  upon  the  waters  of  the  Kentucky  River.  Tlie 
Indians  roamed  the  land  undisturbed,  and  ignorant 
of  the  tremendous  power  that  existed  in  the  pale-foced 
neio^hborhood  over  the  mountain,  disdained  to  harass, 
these  hunters,  the  first  who  had  made  themselvea 
known  to  them.  Tliey  traversed  a  portion  of  Tonnes- 
see.  Its  valleys  in  all  the  wealth  of  vegetation,  and 
.ts  scenery  of  bold  type  —  its  mountain  forests,  and 
above  all  —  for  these  were  practical  men,  who  rather 
looked  upon  what  was  to  be  acquired  than  at  tlie 
beautiful — there  was  a  variety  and  a  sufficiency  of 
game.     Forest   and  cane-brake  were  explored,  and 


there  was  a  glowing  consciousness  that  a  rare  land 
had  been  discovered,  and  that  thej  had  been  the  first 
to  enjoy  it. 

It  is  easy  to  imagine,  in  some  degree,  the  delight 
which  he  and  his  party  experienced  in  once  getting  be- 
yond the  bounds  of  their  former  chase.  Evidently, 
from  the  history  of  Finley,  and  of  all  those  who,  like 
him,  "  extended  the  area  of  civilization,"  to  them, 
whatever  other  pursuit  was  in  their  village,  or  from 
home,  forced  upon  them,  that  in  which  they  reveled  was 
the  open  and  free  life  of  the  hunter  —  a  pursuit  where 
they  feared  no  enemy  whose  craft  and  cunning  was 
superior  to  the  roving  animal,  whose  strength  and  en- 
durance gave  him  almost  equality  in  the  contests  of 
the  forests.  In  relation  to  the  visit  of  Finley,  Gov- 
ernor Morehead,  in  his  admirable  address  at  Boones- 
borough,  (May  25, 1840,)  uses  the  following  language, 
which  would  not  be  characteristic  of  himself,  were  it 
not  eloquent  and  graceful : 

"  Of  Finley  and  his  comrades,  and  of  the  course  and  ex- 
tent of  their  journey,  little  is  now  known.  That  they  were 
of  the  pure  blood,  and  endowed  with  the  genuine  qualities 
of  the  pioneers,  is  manifestly  undeniable.  That  they  passed 
over  the  Cumberland,  and  through  the  intermediate  country 
to  the  Kentucky  River,  and  penetrated  the  beautiful  valley 
of  the  Elkhorn,  there  are  no  sufficient  reasons  to  doubt.  Ii 
is  enough,  however,  to  embalm  their  memory  in  our  hearts, 
and  to  connect  their  names  with  the  imperishable  memorials 
of  our  early  history,  that  they  were  the  first  adveiit»rers  that 


46  LIFE   OF   DANIEL    BOO>rE. 

plunged  into  the  dark  and  enchanted  wilderness  of  Kentucl  y 
—  that  of  all  their  cotemporaries  they  saw  her  first,  —  and 
fiaw  her  in  the  pride  of  her  virgin  beauty  —  at  the  dawn  of 
summer  —  in  the  fullness  of  her  vegetation — her  soil  in 
stinct  with  fertility,  covered  with  the  most  luxuriant  ver- 
dure—  the  air  perfumed  with  the  fragrance  of  flowers,  and 
her  tall  forests  looming  in  all  their  primeval  magnificence 
How  long  Finley  lived,  or  where  he  died,  the  silence  of  hia 
tory  does  not  enable  us  to  know.  That  his  remains  are  not 
mingled  with  the  soil  that  he  discovered,  there  is  some  rea 
son  to  hope,  for  he  conducted  Boone  to  Kentucky  in  1TG9— 
and  there  the  curtain  drops  upon  him  forever." 

So  early  as  1750,  according  to  some  acconnta, 
though  by  others  fixed  in  17:1:7,  and  17:tS,  Dr.  Walker, 
with  a  party,  had  attempted  an  exploration  beyond 
the  mountain.  lie  crossed  from  Powell's  Valley  ovei 
to  Cumberland,  and  traversed  with  rapidity  along  the 
north-eastern  portion  of  Kentucky  ;  but  his  task 
seemed  to  be  ended  with  the  country  which  borders 
on  the  Sandy  River,  now  one  of  the  frontier  lines  of 
Kentucky  and  Virginia.  Tliis  expedition  seems,  by 
all  historians,  to  have  been  considered  as  a  failure. 
It  must  have  been  so,  for  its  results  were  so  trifling, 
leaving  no  monument  in  history,  and  valuable  only, 
it  may  be,  in  fixing  the  fact  in  the  intercourse  of  the 
people,  that  the  mountain  barrier  could  be  overcome. 
Had  he  possessed  the  vigor  of  the  famous  men  who 
had  directed  their  zeal  to  the  southwest,  his  name 
w?uld  have  been  of  record,  as  that  of  him  who  had 


been  worthy  of  companionship  with  De  Sot  j  and  La 
Salle  and  Marquette.  Those  who  contend  that  Dr. 
Walker  made  his  \4sit  in  1747,  say  that  he  visited  the 
eastern  and  south-eastern  portions  of  Kentucky.  The 
truth  is  scarcely  worth  the  labor  of  excavation  from 
the  mass  of  conjecture,  since  he  does  not  seem  to  have 
looked  upon  what  was  around  him  as  worthy  of  tha 
record,  which  he  certainly  ought  to  have  given  it. 

This  is  but  one  of  the  many  instances,  which,  to  the 
reader  of  history,  become  so  painfully  apparent,  that 
those  who  are  by  circumstances  placed  in  the  position 
of  all  others  best  to  give  to  the  world  the  true  causes 
of  a  nation's  formation,  either  are  incapable  of  the 
duty,  or  neglectful,  or  careless  of  it.  When  they  and 
their  knowledge  are  forever  past  away,  posterity  be- 
comes painfully  cognizant  of  the  great  loss  their  ab- 
sence has  occasioned. 

Finley  returned,  and  with  those  who  are  familiar 
with  the  free  intercourse  of  rural  life,  and  how  much 
the  oral  relation  is  preferred  to  the  graver  narrative,  it 
will  not  be  considered  strange  that  the  stories  which 
he  spread,  of  what  he  had  seen,  at  once  awakened 
the  keen  attention  of  his  neighbors  and  friends  to  a 
glorious  new  country,  where  the  intricacies  of  the 
cunning  of  the  law  were  unknown  —  where  fashion 
had  no  other  rules  than  such  as  comfort  declared  it  wa8 
a  luxury  to  have  —  in  that  day  when  the  hard  grasp 
of  oppression  in  various  forms  was  on  so  mary.     They 


48  LIFE   OF   DANIKI.    BOOWi;^ 

talked  loud  and  long  of  the  beauty  and  the  fertilit^f 
of  tlie  country  —  that  the  sport  of  the  hunter  was  the 
unvarying  prelude  to  his  full  success  —  that  forest 
and  field  and  river  waited  but  to  be  possessed. 

Danit'l  Boone  was  soon  eagerly  a  listener.  It 
tjnched  the  great  key  note  of  his  character,  and  the 
hour  and  the  Man  had  come.  He  had  before  this 
ranged  fiir  beyond  his  habitation.  The  valleys  on  the 
head  waters  of  the  Ilolston,  in  the  south-western  part 
of  Virginia,  became  fiimiliar  to  him,  and  in  1TC4:  he 
had  entered  within  the  present  limits  of  Kentucky, 
being  with  a  party  of  hunters  on  the  Rock  Castle,  a 
branch  of  the  Cumberland  River.  He  looked  around 
in  nn  examination  of  the  country — not  so  much  for 
hiA  own  purposes,  as  to  fulfil  a  duty  imposed  on  him 
by  rt  company  of  land  speculators,  who  probably  se 
lecieJ  him  as  a  determined  and  quiet  man,  who  would 
fearlessly  discover  and  with  integrity  relate  the  truth, 
concerning  the  acquisitions  they  had  designed  to  make 
—  and  this  incident  illustrates  his  character  and  his- 
tory. Thti  record  of  their  speculation  had  passed 
away,  but  their  agent  soon  made  himself  memorable. 

It  is  remarkable  and  significant  that,  notwithstand- 
ing all  the  glowing  narrations  of  Finley,  and  of  those 
who  had  accompanied  him,  a  number  of  months 
elapsed  before  a  party  could  be  made  up,  to  take  np 
the  exploration  thus  begun.  The  people  to  whom 
these  hunters  gave  their  wild  histories,  were  cool  and 


BOONE   AXD   HIS    FIVE   CC  MP  ANIONS.  4S 

reflecting.  It  was  one  thing  to  hear  of  a  land  whose 
resources  and  treasures  were  so  abundant,  and  q^uite 
another  affair  to  risk  life  and  liberty  in  its  acquisition. 
The  power  of  the  Indian  was  well  known  bj  these 
border  men.  Thej  knew  that  while  Finley  and  his 
party,  perhaps  from  the  very  novelty  of  the  enter- 
prise, had  been  allowed  to  go  through  and  to  re- 
turn unmolested,  it  was  the  more  probable  that  the 
news  that  the  palo-face  had  come  across  the  moun- 
tain would  be  spread  all  over  the  tribes,  and  there 
were  those,  it  was  well  known,  among  the  Indians, 
who  would  not  allow  a  second  invasion  without  some 
severer  scrutiny.  To  none  of  those  who  gathered 
arouni.  Finley,  were  all  his  facts  more  interesting 
than  to  Boone.  He  had  his  deep  discontents,  and 
chafed  in  the  toils  to  which  society,  as  then  constitu- 
ted, guided  him.  But  he  had  with  him  a  wife,  who 
had,  for  him,  severed  herself  from  her  father's  home, 
and  exchanged  the  quiet  of  William  Penn's  colony 
for  the  wilder  frontier  life  of  the  Yadkin.  There  were 
considerations  impelling  him  on  all  sides,  and,  as  he 
was  chosen  the  master-man  of  the  forming  expedition, 
it  is  quite  likely  that  his  delay  was  that  of  the  wise 
observer  of  all  the  perils  before  him.  At  last  six  men 
were  organized  —  Daniel  Boone,  John  Finley,  John 
Stewart,  Joseph  Holden,  James  Monay,  William  Cool, 
—  and  these  commenced  the  great  movement,  in 
the  result  of  which  the  wide,  and  wealthy,  and 
C  4 


50  LIFE    OF   DANTEL   BOONT!. 

prosperous  commonwealth  of  Kentucky  so  much  re 
joices. 

Boone  found,  in  the  good  judgment  and  excellent 
conduct  of  his  worthy  wife,  a  comfort  in  his  proposed 
separation  from  home.  The  fiction,  that  when  he  was  a 
lover  of  his  Rebecca,  he  nearly  mistook  the  brilliancy 
of  her  eye  for  that  of  a  wild  animal,  found  its  eluci- 
dation in  the  better  fact,  that  in  the  light  of  that  eye, 
he  could  see  that  which  would  guide  his  home  kindly 
and  well,  while  he  pushed  the  strong  arm  of  enter- 
prise into  the  fastnesses  of  the  forest.  He  had  reared 
a  family,  and  his  sons  had  sufficient  age  to  begin  to 
assist  their  father. 

It  is  of  the  things  most  to  be  regretted,  by  all  who 
examine  the  record  of  events  v>xth  a  view  to  the  por- 
traiture of  history,  that  so  few  of  the  great  actors  in 
the  stirring  event*  of  life,  prepare  their  own  relation 
of  the  scenes  themselves  have  nioulded  or  witnessed. 
Under  all  the  prejudices,  and,  notwithstanding  the  gen- 
eral self-laudation  and  the  special  pleading  with  which 
such  statements  would  be  written,  they  would  yet  be 
nvaluable,  for  we  should  often  arrive  at  the  precisiion 
of  facts,  and  know  the  story  of  the  life  as  it  really  was. 

John  Filson,  who  claimed  to  have  been  an  early 
witness  of  the  settlement  of  Kentucky,  wrote,  ostensi- 
bly from  Boone's  dictation,  a  life  of  the  great  Pioneer, 
but  its  style  of  language  is  so  ornate  and  ambitious, 
as  greatly  to  lessen  its  value.     Evidently,  FilsoF  r©. 


51 

celved  the  leading  facts  from  Boone,  and,  disdaining 
the  simple  words  of  the  Pioneer,  preferred  the  use  of 
a  diction  far  beyond  good  taste  or  probability.  Jun- 
lay,  the  editor  of  the  book,  calls  it,  curiously,  "  a  nar- 
rative, written  in  a  style  of  the  iitmost  simjplicity^  by 
a  man  who  was  one  of  the  hunters  who  first  penetra- 
ted into  the  bosom  of  that  delectable  reofion." 

Strange  enough,  with  this  narrative,  in  all  its  over- 
wrought diction,  the  old  Hunter  was  greatly  pleased, 
and  it  gratified  him  to  have  it  read  before  him.  It 
has  a  prefatory  page,  which  begins  with  the  announce- 
ment that,  ''  Curiosity  is  natural  to  the  soul  of  man, 
and  interesting  objects  have  a  powerful  influence  on 
our  affections"  —  a  platitude  which  does  not  follow 
very  vigorously,  after  the  statement  in  the  title  that  the 
work  is  a  narrative  of  "  The  Adventures  of  Colonel 
Daniel  Boone,  formerly  a  hunter — containing  a  nar- 
rative of  the  Wars  of  Kentucky." 

And  yet,  with  all  its  large  sounding  sentences,  it  ia 
pleasant  to  trace  through  this  autobiography,  when 
the  calmness  of  ntaturer  age  had  given  the  judgment 
firmness  —  what  the  man  really  intended.  It  cannot 
be  doubted  that  he  felt  it,  when  he  said  —  "Here, 
where  the  hand  of  violence  shed  the  blood  of  the  in- 
nocent —  where  the  horrid  yells  of  savages,  and  the 
groans  of  the  distressed,  sounded  in  our  ears  —  we 
now  hear  the  praises  and  adorations  of  our  Creator  ; 
where  wretched  wigwams  stood,  the  miserable  abode 


52  LIFE   OF   DANIEL    BuONE. 

of  savages,  we  behold  the  foundations  of  cities  aid^ 
that  in  all  probability  will  equal  the  glory  of  the  great- 
est upon  eiirtli,  —  and  we  view  Kentucky,  situated  on 
tlie  fertile  banks  of  the  great  Ohio,  rising  from  obscu- 
rity to  shine  with  splendor." 

The  prophet  is  here.  The  voice  of  Boone  in  this 
utterance  was  a  truthful  one  —  and  memorable  was 
it,  that  he  who  had  been  once  tlfb  only  white  man 
within  the  whole  extent  of  the  rich  and  far-spread 
land,  should  have  lived  to  see  the  great  State,  in  all 
its  advancing  power  and  prosperity. 

Tlie  narrative  is  here  best  continued  in  the  words 
of  Boone,  as  given- by  Filson.  Tlie  details  which  he 
but  sketches,  can  l)e  gatliered  up  more  interestingly 
when  we  have  just  listened  to  his  own  story. 

"  It  was  on  the  first  of  May,  in  the  year  17G9,  that  I  re- 
signed  my  domestic  happiness  for  a  time,  and  left  my  flmiily 
and  peaceable  habitation  on  the  Yadkin  River,  in  North  Car- 
olina, to  wander  through  the  wilderness  of  America,  in  quest 
of  the  country  of  Kentucky,  in  company  with  John  Finley, 
John  Stewart,  Joseph  Holden,  James  ^Monay,  and  William 
Cool.  We  proceeded  successfully,  and  after  a  long  and  fa- 
tiguing journey  through  a  mountainous  wilderness,  in  a  west- 
ward  direct' on,  on  the  seventh  day  of  June  following,  we 
found  ourselves  on  Red  River,  where  John  Finley  had  for- 
merly  been  trading  with  the  Indians,  and,  from  the  top  of  an 
eminence,  saw  with  pleasure  the  beautiful  level  of  Kentucky. 
Here  let  me  observe  that,  for  some  time,  we  had  experienced 
the  most  uncomfortable  weather,  as  a  prelibation  of  our  fu 
lure  suflerings.     At  this   place  we  encamped,  and  made  a 


THE   FORESTS   OF   KENTUCKY.  53 

shelter  to  defend  us  from  the  inclement  season,  and  began  to 
nunt,  and  reconnoiter  the  country.  We  found  everywhere 
abundance  of  wild  beasts  of  all  sorts,  through  this  vast  for 
est.  The  buffalo  were  more  frequent  than  I  have  seen  cattle 
in  the  settlements,  browsing  on  the  leaves  of  the  cane,  or 
cropping  the  herbage  on  those  extensive  plains,  fearless,  be- 
cause ignorant  of  the  violence  of  man.  Sometimes  we  saw 
hundreds  in  a  drove  ;  and  the  numbers  about  the  salt  springs 
were  amazing.  In  this  forest  —  the  habitation  of  beasts  of 
every  kind  natural  to  America  —  we  practiced  hunting  with 
great  success  until  the  22d  day  of  December  following.  This 
day  John  Stewart  and  I  had  a  pleasing  ramble  ;  but  fortune 
changed  the  scene  in  the  close  of  it.  We  had  passed  through 
a  great  forest,  on  which  stood  myriads  of  trees,  some  gay 
with  blossoms,  others  rich  with  fruits.  Nature  was  here  a 
series  of  wonders  and  a  fund  of  delight.  Here  she  displayed 
ner  ingenuity  and  industry  in  a  variety  of  flowers  and  fruits, 
beautifully  colored,  elegantly  shaped  and  charmingly  flavored; 
and  we  were  diverted  with  innumerable  animals  present- 
ing themselves  perpetually  to  our  view.  In  the  decline  of 
the  day,  near  Kentucky  River,  as  we  ascended  the  brow  of  a 
small  hill,  a  number  of  Indians  rushed  out  of  a  thick  cane- 
brake  upon  us,  and  made  us  prisoners.  The  time  of  our  sor 
row  was  now  arrived,  and  the  scene  fully  opened.  The  In- 
dians  plundered  us  of  what  we  had,  and  kept  us  in  confinement 
seven  days,  treating  us  with  common  savage  usage. 

"  During  this  time  we  discovered  no  uneasiness,  or  desire 
to  escape,  which  made  them  less  suspicious  of  us  ;  but  in  the 
dead  of  night,  as  we  lay  in  a  thick  cane-brake  by  a  large  fire, 
when  sleep  had  locked  up  their  senses,  my  situation  not  dis- 
posing  me  for  rest,  I  touched  my  companion,  and  gently 
awoke  him.  We  improved  this  favorable  opportunity,  an/ 
departed,  leaving  them  to  take  their  rest,  and  speedily  d' 


54  Ln-'E    OF    DA  MIX   BOONE. 

rected  our  course  towards  our  old  camp,  but  found  it  pliir 
dered,  and  the  company  dispersed  and  gone  home.  About 
this  i;ime  my  brotlicr.  Squire  Boone,  w  ith  another  adventurer 
who  came  to  exj)lore  the  country  shortly  after  us,  was  wan- 
dering through  the  forest,  determined  to  find  me  if  possiole, 
and  accidentally  found  our  camp.  NotwitL«>tanding  the  un- 
fortunate circumstances  of  our  company,  and  our  dangerous 
situation,  as  surrounded  with  hostile  savages,  our  meeting  so 
fortunately  in  the  wilderness  made  us  reciprocally  sensible 
of  the  utmost  satisfaction.  Soon  after  this  my  companion 
in  captivity,  John  Stewart,  was  killed  by  the  savages,  and 
the  man  that  came  with  my  brother  returned  home  by  him- 
self. We  were  then  in  a  dangerous,  helpless  situation,  ex- 
posed daily  to  perils  and  death  amongst  the  savioges  and  wild 
beasts  —  not  a  white  man  in  the  country  but  ourselves. 
Thus  situated,  many  hundred  miles  from  our  families,  in  the 
howling  wilderness,  I  believe  few  would  have  equally  enjoyed 
the  hai)piness  we  experienced.  We  continued  not  in  a  state 
of  indolence,  but  hunted  every  day,  ajid  prepared  a  little 
cottage  to  defend  us  from  the  winter  storms.  We  remained 
there  undisturbed  during  the  winter. 

"  On  the  first  day  of  May,  1770,  my  brother  returned 
home  to  the  settlement  by  himself,  for  a  new  recruit  of  hor- 
ses and  ammunition,  leaving  me  by  myself,  without  bread, 
salt  or  sugar,  without  company  of  my  fellow-creatures,  or 
even  a  horse  or  dog." 

Thus  it  was  that  in  17C9  Daniel  Boone  began  the 
great  work  which  may  so  truthfully  be  called,  in  the 
close  language  of  this  day,  his  mission.  A  memora- 
ble year  all  over  civilization,  was  17C9.  It  produced 
more  of  the  distil  guished  among  mankind  —  of  tho8« 


BOONE   AND   HIS    PAETT.  55 

wlio  wrote  tlieir  name  in  famous  deed  — than  almost 
any  other  one  year  of  ages.  It  was  but  fitting  ita 
annals  that  it  should  include  the  movement  which  leci 
to  the  formation  of  a  great  State  —  so  eminent  for  its 
men,  who  have  bj  voice  and  pen  made  history  illus- 
trious. Some  of  the  great  ones  of  that  year  devasta- 
ted the  earth ;  and  if  they  produced  ultimate  reforms, 
they  were  purchased  at  a  vast  price.  Boone  gave  to 
enterprise  the  means  of  furnishing  a  home  for  millions, 
where  the  arts  of  peace  can  illustrate  the  true  destiny 
of  mankind.  "  From  the  top  of  an  eminence  we  saw 
with  pleasure  the  beautiful  level  of  Kentucky."  Such 
is  the  simple  sentence,  fortunately  preserved  by  his 
amanuensis  in  language  like  that  in  which  the  hunter 
spoke  it,  in  which  Boone  relates  his  view  of  the  great 
country  himself  was  to  develop. 

These  six  hunters,  on  the  Tth  of  June,  a  month  and 
seven  days  after  Boone  left  his  home  on  the  Yadkin, 
were  found,  as  the  scene  is  delineated  by  the  interest- 
ing narrative  of  Mr.  Peck,  whose  zealous  regard  for 
accuracy  gives  him  high  place  among  biographers, — 

"  Winding  their  way  up  the  steep  side  of  a  rugged  moun 
tain,  in  the  wilderness  of  Kentucky.  Their  dress  was  of  the 
description  usually  worn  at  that  period  by  all  forest  rangers. 
The  outside  garment  was  a  hunting  shirt,  or  loose,  open 
frock,  made  of  dressed  deer  skins.  Leggins  or  drawers,  of 
the  same  material,  co'^ered  the  lower  extremities,  to  which 
Bva**  appended  a  pair  of  moccasins  for  the  feet.     The  cape  oj 


66  LIFE   OF   DANTKL    BOONE. 

ooUai-  of  the  hunting  bliirt,  and  the  seams  of '.he  legginswer« 
adorned  with  fringes.  The  under  garments  wtre  of  coarse 
cotton.  A  leathern  belt  encircled  the  body ;  on  the  right 
side  was  suspended  the  tomahawk,  to  be  used  as  a  hatchet ; 
on  the  left  side  was  the  hunting-knife,  powder-horn,  bullet- 
pouch,  and  other  appendages  indispensable  for  a  hunter 
t^h  person  bore  his  trusty  rifle ;  and  as  the  party  slowly 
made  their  toilsome  way  amid  the  shrubs,  and  over  the  logs 
8nd  loose  rocks,  that  accident  had  thrown  into  the  obscure 
trail  which  they  were  following,  each  man  kept  a  sharp  look 
out,  as  though  danger  or  a  lurking  enemy  was  near.  Their 
garments  were  soiled  and  rent,  the  unavoidable  result  of 
long  traveling,  and  exposure  to  the  heavy  rains  that  had  fall- 
en ;  for  the  weather  had  been  stormy  and  most  uncomforta 
ble,  and  they  had  traversed  a  mountainous  wilderness  for 
several  miles. 

"  Towards  the  time  of  the  setting  sun,  the  party  had  reached 
the  summit  of  the  mountain  range,  up  which  they  had  toiled 
for  some  three  or  four  hours,  and  which  had  bounded  their 
prospect  to  the  west  during  the  day.  Here  new  and  inde- 
scribable scenery  opened  to  their  view.  Before  them,  for  an 
immense  distance,  as  if  spread  out  on  a  map,  lay  the  rich  and 
beautiful  vales,  watered  by  the  Kentucky  River ;  for  they 
had  now  reached  one  of  its  northern  branches.  The  country 
immediately  before  them,  to  use  a  western  phrase,  was 
'  rolling,'  and  in  places  abruptly  hilly ;  ])ut  far  in  the  vista 
was  seen  a  beautiful  expanse  of  level  cjuntry,  over  which 
the  bufialo,  deer,  and  other  forest  animals,  roamed  unmo 
lested  ;  while  they  fed  on  the  luxuriant  herbage  of  the  forest 
The  countenances  of  the  party  lighted  up  with  pleasure,  con 
gratulations  were  exchanged,  the  romantic  tales  of  Finle} 
were  confirmed  by  ocular  demonstration,  and  orders  wen 
pivcn  to  encamp  for  the  night  in  a  neighboring  ravine,     h 


BOONE  8   ENCAMPMENT   ON    RED   RIYEK.  57 

a  deep  gorge  of  the  mountain,  a  large  tree  had  fallei ,  sur 
rounded  with  a  dense  thicket,  and  hidden  from  observation 
by  the  abrupt  and  precipitous  hills.  This  tree  lay  in  a  con 
venient  position  for  the  back  of  their  camp.  Logs  were 
placed  on  the  right  and  left,  leaving  the  front  open,  where 
fire  might  be  kindled  against  another  log ;  and  for  sheltei 
from  the  rains  and  heavy  dews,  bark  was  peeled  from  the 
linden  tree." 


The  extract  we  have  given  from  the  narration  of 
Boone  is  too  general.  It  embraces  a  time  in  which 
many  incidents  of  great  interest  occurred,  and  which 
could  not  be  omitted  with  fidelity  to  the  history. 

From  the  position  which  they  had  taken,  which  was 
on  the  Eed  River  —  a  name  which,  in  the  poverty  of 
invention,  so  peculiar  to  j^ioneers,  was  bestowed  on 
many  streams,  from  some  real  or  fancied  hue  of  its 
waters  —  they  went  at  their  hunting  and  observation 
of  the  country.  This  river  is  one  of  the  principal 
branches  of  the  Kentucky.  It  is  thought  that  this 
locality  is  in  the  territory  now  known  as  Morgan 
County — receiving  its  name,  by  a  pleasant  coinci- 
dence, from  the  celebrated  partisan  ofiicer,  who,  with 
his  three  rifle  companies,  led  the  forlorn  hope  under 
Arnold  at  Quebec,  and  to  whom  Virginia  presented, 
for  his  gallantry  at  the  bead  of  his  riflemen  when  at 
the  victorious  battle  of  Saratoga,  an  horse,  pistols,  and 
a  sword.  The  buffalo  thronged  the  region,  as  it  no\y 
does  the  plains  of  the  far  west. 
C* 


58  LIFE   OF    DANIEL    IJOOXE. 

A  long  time  elapsed  ;  —  tlie  party  hunted  success 
fully.  It  was  an  easy  task  to  bring  the  skill  and  ex 
pedients  of  the  white  man  against  the  beast  of  the  for- 
est, which  had  not  yet  learned  to  avoid  them  ;  and 
Bo(^ne  and  his  party  found  cause  to  congratulate  Fin- 
ley,  that  the  stories  with  which  he  had  made  the 
dwellings  on  the  Yadkin  to  thrill,  were  true  —  were 
even  below  the  truth.  Governor  Morehead  we.l  re- 
marks, that  to  none  of  the  pioneers  has  so  little  justice 
been  done  as  to  Finley,  and  suggests  that  Kentucky 
should  at  least  perpetuate  his  remembrance  by  naming 
a  county  after  him.  It  would  be  but  just,  in  that 
great  State,  to  write  upon  its  soil  the  name  of  him  who 
was  her  first  eulogist. 

These  six  hunters  knew  the  Indian,  his  character 
and  his  traits.  As  yet,  he  had  not  made  his  appear- 
ance, but  this  was  not  considered  by  them  as  render- 
ing it  certain  that  he  would  n(jt  come.  In  all  proba 
bility,  their  watch  for  the  red  man  was  unremitting. 
In  the  district  between  the  Guyandot  and  the  Ken- 
tucky Rivers,  an  Indian  village  existed.  Boone  and 
his  party  were  not  trespassers  on  them  —  a  circum- 
Btance,  the  recollection  of  which  is  necessary  to  the 
vindication  of  his  career. 

The  treaty  at  Lochaber,  in  South  Carolina,  October 
5,  1770,  extinguished  the  Indian  claim  ;  and  although 
this  is  a  little  subsequent  to  the  date  of  P)Oone's  expe- 
dition, yet  as  the  Shawauoes  had  been  subjugated  bj 


INDIAN   TREATIES.  59 

tlie  Iroquois,  and  these  had  ceded  all  their  claim  in 
1768  to  the  King  of  Great  Britain,  the  Indian  title 
was  not  of  the  very  best.  At  Fort  Stanwix,  the  treaty 
between  the  powerful  Iroquois  and  the  powerful  King, 
was  consummated.  This  interesting  locality,  now 
the  flourishing  village  of  Rome,  in  Oneida  County, 
Kew  York,  had  many  incidents  of  the  peaceful  and  the 
warlike  in  savage  life,  in  its  history.  Both  Iroquois  and 
king  were,  at  the  date  of  this  treaty,  powerful ;  —  and 
although  the  storm  that  w^as  to  ruin  both  was  already 
gathering,  it  was  not  yet  directly  visible.  The  Indian 
and  the  sovereign  did  not  dream  how  futile  was  theii 
partition  of  the  great  territory.  The  Hunter  who  was 
teaching  himself  the  compass  of  the  woods,  and  by 
the  arts  of  the  chase,  preparing  to  open  the  march  for 
a  nation  to  the  seat  of  empire,  was  to  exert  an  influ- 
ence, in  comparison  to  which  the  deliberations  of  the 
treaty  at  Stanwix  were  valueless.  Strange  are  the 
results  which  time  develops.  At  Fort  Stanwix,  fifty 
years  after  the  treaty,  began  the  great  work  which 
has  given  to  the  Great  West  a  value  wiiich  Finley 
and  Boone  would  have  been  startled  to  have  heard 
computed. 

The  hunt  and  the  exploration  went  on,  and  still  the 
Indian  came  not,  and  this  prolonged  absence  of  a  foe 
they  dreaded  must  have  operated  on  the  mind  of  the 
party,  for  they  divided.  If  they  had  not  been  luJled 
into  insecurity  by  their  complete  exemption  from  the 


CO  LIFE   OF   DANIEL    BOONE. 

visit  of  the  savage,  they  would  liave  remained  lo 
gether,  so  that  their  united  strength  would  liave  been, 
in  good  measure,  a  defence.  Stewart  and  Boont 
formed  one  party,  and  as  by  the  twigs  pulled  off  cau 
tiously  on  an  Indian  march,  prisoners  have  left  trace 
of  their  route,  so  from  all  the  minor  incidents  of 
Boone's  career,  some  judgment  may  be  formed  of  hia 
policy.  On  the  22d  December,  they  were  nigh  the 
Kentucky  Eiver,  probably  by  the  guidance  and  ad- 
vice of  Boone,  to  know  the  career  and  capacity  of 
this  main  stream. 

The  quoted  story  of  Boone  has  already  detailed  hia 
first  captivity  by  the  Indians.  The  defenceless  party 
of  two  was  easily  taken,  and  made  prisoners,  as  the 
united  six  would  not  have  been.  It  was  evident  by 
the  mode  of  their  capture,  that  Boone  and  Stewart 
were  not  on  their  guard.  When  the  Indian  is  looked 
for,  a  thick  cane  brake  is  not  passed  without  a  prelim- 
inary and  careful  reconnoiter. 

Boone  had  good  opportunity  now  to  show  of  what 
he  was  made.  He  was  a  prisoner,  in  the  hands  of 
those  to  whom  mercy  was  only  a  capricious  visitor, 
and  it  required  a  cultivation  of  sagacity  and  bravery 
in  his  conduct,  which  it  is  rare  to  find  united.  He 
seems  at  once  to  have  conducted  himself  so  that  they 
regarded  him  as  an  acquisition  to  their  tribe,  and  aij 
such  to  be  adopted  among  them.  He  had  that  ines- 
timable and  rare  quality,  complete  patience  —  and 


BOONE   ESCAPES   KROM   THE   ESTDIANS.  61 

could,  by  neither  showing  fear  or  a  desire  to  escape, 
interest  even  the  cunning  Indian.  It  was  the  first  of 
his  bold  and  successful  strategies,  and  his  life  was  to 
know  many  of  them. 

The  Indian  felt  it  to  be  a  bitter  and  deep  offence, 
that  a  captive  treated  with  kindness  should  escape,  or 
attempt  it.  To  fail,  therefore,  was  to  be  subjected  to 
the  horrors  of  Indian  barbarity ;  and  although  the 
Bea-board  colonies  would  have  regarded  the  death  of 
their  citizen  as  a  thing  to  be  avenged,  the  avenger  re- 
btores  not  to  life.  After  seven  days  of  captivity,  in 
which  Boone  and  Stewart  had  won  the  confidence  of 
the  Indian,  they  all  laid  down  for  their  customary 
sleep.  The  plans  that  Boone  had  formed,  it  was  now 
the  time  to  execute.  It  is  very  easy  for  us  to  talk  and 
write  about  it,  but  to  feel  one's  life  depending  on 
the  sleep  of  a  group  of  fierce  men,  whose  passions 
roused  knew  no  mitigation,  is  a  point  in  experience 
which  requires  a  heart  of  iron.  Stewart  was  actually 
asleep,  for  he  seems  to  have  been  dependent  on 
Boone.  The  latter,  rising  cautiously  from  his  feigned 
sleep,  and  looking  intently  around  him,  gently  awaked 
Stewart,  and  in  a  brief  word  the  direction  to  go  wag 
given.  The  sleep  of  the  Indian  was  sound.  When 
)e  had  no  wakefulness  of  war  or  hunt,  he  had  no 
thought,  and  the  body  had  full  power  to  sleep.  Boone 
and  Stewart  succeeded  in  getting  their  guns,  so  as  to 
have  a  chance  for  at  least  cne  desperate  fight,  if  theif 


62  LIFE    OF    DANTTL   ROONT:. 

captnrs  .in'iise<l.  Tliese  men  liad  not  learned  wood 
craft  in  vain.  Their  step  was  as  light  as  the  fall  of  p 
feather.  From  amidst  these  sleeping  savages,  they  took 
to  the  woodp.  Once  there,  every  moment  was  a  gain, 
and  while  every  pulsation  must  have  thrilled  with  ex 
citement,  they  made  the  best  of  the  obscurity  and  the 
night,  and  made  no  halt  till  they  believed  themselves 
secure.  AVhat  a  security  that  was  I  Ilundreds  of 
miles  away  from  home  and  the  power  of  the  white 
man,  with  the  savage  in  revengeful  pursuit,  they 
sought  the  party  from  which  they  had  separated,  with 
a  vivid  realization  that  an  enemy  worse  than  that  of 
wild  beast§  needed  their  energies. 

They  found  their  old  camp  ;  but  the  four  compan 
ions  were  not  at  it.  Expecting  to  meet  them,  and  to 
find  refuge  in  their  strength,  this  was  a  cruel  disap- 
pointment. Not  only  were  their  friends  gone,  but  the 
camp  had  been  despoiled,  and  thus  the  traces  of  an 
enemy  were  all  around  them.  Here  the  story  of 
John  Finley,  who  first  uttered  the  jiraises  of  Ken* 
tuck} ,  ends ;  and  as  to  what  was  his  fate,  or  that  of 
Ilolden,  Monay  and  Cool,  the  records  have  no  entry. 
It  would  seem  unlikely  that  all  these  men  should  have 
been  killed  by  the  Indians,  for  in  the  subsequent  in- 
tercourse with  the  savages  which  Boone  maintained, 
Bometimes  peaceful  and  confidential,  it  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  eit?ier  the  boast  or  narrative  of  any  of 
them,  of  having  destroyed  his  companions.     If  they 


BOONE   AND   STEWAET   ALONE.  63 

fetTirned  to  Carolina,  as  the  result  in  other  cases 
shows,  on  the  return  of  peace,  and  the  acquisition  of 
the  TVest,  they  would  have  applied  for  land  or  gift 
from  the  government.  Deprived  of  their  provision 
and  ammunition,  it  is  quite  likely  that,  in  the  midst 
of  the  beautiful  land  his  tongue  had  so  lauded,  John 
Finley  perished  of  exposure  and  hunger.  If  they 
lived  and  returned,  they  merged  into  the  monotony 
of  every-day  life,  and  failed,  to  establish  even  a  tra- 
ditionary reputation.  The  saddest  fate  is  the  most 
probable. 

Boone  and  Stewart  were  now  compelled  to  a  close 
organization,  and  a  careful  conduct.  They  were  com- 
pelled to  go  on  with  the  chase  for  their  subsistence,  but 
they  looked  to  their  guns,  also,  for  defence ;  and 
while  the  food  must  be  secured,  the  powder  must  be 
economized.  The  education  of  the  woods  was  one 
of  inestimable  value  to  these  hunters  of  Kentucky. 

The  sad  reflections  of  this  comparative  solitude 
were  soon  most  gratefully  enlivened.  Boone,  in  the 
month  of  January,  found  the  fears  which  himself  and 
Stewart  entertained  of  two  men  whom  they  saw  ap- 
proaching, turned  into  delight,  as  a  nearer  view 
showed  that  one  of  them  was  his  own  brother.  There 
was  a  noble  brotherhood  about  this.  Squire  Boone 
(the  tenth  child  and  the  youngest  save  one  of  that 
aiunerous  family,)  had  found  one  Carolinian  willing 


94  LTT-'E    OF    DANIKL    B«  OXK. 

to  brave  the  perilous  nmuntain  journey,  an^l  to  search 
after  his  brotlier.  On  came  these  adventurers,  not 
less  brave  and  bold  than  the  j)arty  of  the  six  hun- 
ters, tracking  their  wilderness  way  as  best  they  could, 
having  no  friend  of  whom  a  question  could  be  safely 
asked,  or  by  whom  a  direction  could  be  given ;  and 
yet,  led  on  by  bravery  and  affection,  he  and  his  com- 
panion persevered ;  and  if  the  perils  of  their  enter- 
prise could  be  repaid,  they  were  by  the  luxury  of  the 
moment,  when  he  grasped  the  hand  of  his  living 
brother.  Of  Boone's  fiimily,  Squire  had  all  to  relate, 
and  the  history  of  the  wife  and  children  left  behind 
was  earnestly  given  and  heard,  as  such  tidings  would 
be  heard  by  a  man  who  loved  his  home.  Squire 
Boone  and  his  companion  (whose  name  should  have 
been  preserved,)  had  started  to  find  his  brother  alive, 
if  possible.  It  is  evident  that  the  people  of  the  set- 
tlements considered  the  expedition  as  a  desperate  one, 
and  that  it  was  most  probal)le  that  Boone  and  his 
party  were  the  prey  of  the  savage  or  the  wild  beast. 
When  Boone  saw  his  brother  approaching,  his  address 
of  caution  was  — "  Holloa  !  strangers,  who  are  you  ? ' 
Tlie  welcome  answer  was  — "  White  men  and  friends." 
It  was  a  brief  but  a  very  significant  dialogue.  It  is 
ditficult  to  imagine  a  visit  more  grateful.  It  is  almost 
asdifiicult  to  imagine  how  Squire  found  liis  brother 
Hince  the  wilderness  is  not  supplied  with  a  guide  book ; 


AREIVAL   OF   BOONE''s   BEOTHEE.  63 

and  yet,  wherever  the  white  man  had  been,  he  left  his 
mark,  and  these  Squire  had  successfully  watched, 
even  to  a  discovery  of  the  last  night's  camp. 

There  were  now  four  together,  the  two  Boones, 
Stewart,  and  the  friend  of  Squire.  The  severe  expe- 
riences of  the  recent  captivity,  it  would  seem,  should 
have  taught  the  continuation  of  the  same  caution 
which  had  been  exercised  by  Daniel  and  Stewart. 
But  the  success  of  Squire  in  proceeding  unharmed 
through  the  country,  probably  emboldened  them,  and 
led  to  the  imprudence  which  soon  had  such  fatal 
issue.  These  four  men  separated,  and  as  Boone  and 
Stewart  were  on  a  hunt,  which  they  had  extended  far 
beyond  their  camp  —  (and  far  beyond,  in  an  hunter's 
language,  means  no  trifling  distance)  —  the  Indiana 
suddenly  came  upon  them,  and  poor  Stewart,  who  had 
shared  in  the  former  escape,  found  his  fate  in  being 
shot  down  and  scalped  —  the  first  blood  of  the  white 
man  staining  the  soil,  which  was  afterwards  so  often 
designated  as  the  Dark  and  Bloody  Ground.  It  ia 
grievous  to  think  of  the  fate  of  the  daring  hunter, 
dying  thus  by  savage  hand,  while  engaged  in  such 
good  service  to  his  fellow  men.  Boone  escaped,  spared 
by  a  good  Providence,  as  destined  for  a  long  life  of 
usefulness.  How  he  escaped,  he  has  not  narrated, 
but  it  is  probable,  by  the  vigor  of  his  movement, 
trained  from  boyhood  to  rapid  step  and  long-enduring 
exertion.     The  story  of  sorrow  was  not  all  told.    The 


(56  LIFE    OF    DANIEL    HOONE. 

disseverance  of  the  four  worked  other  fatal  results. 
Tlie  wretched  Carolinian  wandered  into  the  wood,  and 
was  lost.  As  a  skeleton  was  found  long  afterwardf 
in  that  region,  his  fate  was  supposed  to  be  evidenced 
by  it.  Thus  two  bold  and  darinf]:  men  led  the  long 
and  mournful  army  of  the  multitude,  who  were  to 
lay  the  foundation  of  Kentucky  in  the  blood  of  its 
founders.  The  two  brothers  were  now,  indeed,  all 
the  world  to  each  other. 

Tlie  man  who  dared  to  penetrate  the  wilderness 
when  it  was  a  series  of  known  and  unknown  dangers, 
and  the  man  who  accomplished  the  bold  project  of  a 
successful  search  after  a  brother,  through  equal  peril, 
were  fit  company  for  each  other.  It  is  a  beautiful 
picture  of  fraternal  affection,  and  the  name  of  Squire 
Boone  deserves  everlasting  remembrance.  He  seema 
to  have  been  of  the  same  noble  cast  with  his  elder 
brother,  and  their  struggles  for  each  other  would 
have  been  immortalized  in  enduring  eulogy,  if  they 
had  been  of  the  ancient  days.  Boone's  recital  of  their 
companionship  is  very  brief,  but  it  indicates  union 
and  concentration  of  purpose.  Tliese  men  had  a  fear- 
ful trial;  but  there  was  a  mitigation  of  it  in  their 
companionship.  It  was  lessening  the  care,  and, 
though  it  did  not  diminish  the  priv^ition,  it  seemed  to 
make  it  more  endurable.  They  built  a  cabin,  and 
rude  enough  it  must  have  been,  for  they  had  no  other 
material  —  scarcely  more  tlian  has  the  eagle  for  iti 


ALONE    IX    THE    WOODS.  67 

eyrie  —  the  latter  having  the  most  advantage  of  be- 
ing able  to  place  hers  where  no  foe  could  molest. 
Boone  quietly  sums  up  their  condition  —  '•  a  danger- 
ous, helpless  situation,  exposed  daily  to  perils  and 
death,  among  savages  and  wild  beasts."  And  yet,  in 
ail  these  sorrows,  and  with  all  this  hazard,  he  deema 
their  happiness  to  have  been  surpassed  by  but  few. 
He  measured  the  real  wants  of  nature,  and  while  in 
itself  the  remark  was  common-place  enough,  in  those 
circumstances  it  had  a  noble  meaning.  He  says  he 
often  observed  to  his  brother  —  "You  see  now  how 
little  nature  requires  to  be  satisfied."  This  was  adorn- 
ing necessity,  and  it  further  illustrates  the  calm  and 
quiet  character  of  this  great  man.  His  was  not  a 
mere  theory  of  content, —  he  kept  that  light  of  the 
heart  burning,  when  to  the  mass  of  mankind  it  would 
have  been  forever  extinguished. 

There  was  no  indolence  about  them.  This  Boone 
expressly  disclaims ;  to  hunt — to  guard  their  cottage 
against  the  storm  —  to  provide  the  moccasin  —  to  kin- 
dle the  watch-fire — to  prepare  such  clothing  nb  the 
skin  of  the  deer  could  furnish  —  above  all,  to  keep 
an  um-emitting  guard  against  the  Indian,  gave  them 
occupation  enough.  ATen  do  not  surrender  them- 
selves to  listlessness  when  there  is  a  perpetual  alarm, 
and  danger  and  ennui  cannot  exist  togetlier. 

And  the  good  Providence  of  Heaven  watched  ovei 
t)  "im.     During  all  the  winter  they  were  not  disturb- 


68  LIFE   OF    DANTEL    BOONE. 

ed  — not  seeing  any  Indians.  This  seems  strange^  f«»f 
in  an  existence  like  that  of  the  Indian,  wandering 
everywhere,  it  was  very  remarkable  tliat  the  cabin 
of  the  hunters  remained  uudistm-bed. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  intercourse  of  two  individ 
•lals  becomes  burthensome  to  each  other,  if  left  with 
out  any  other  association — that  conversation  and 
idea  become  exhausted  —  and  that  they  who  can  exist 
together,  instructive  and  entertaining,  having  no  aid 
from  others,  must  have  the  varied  resources  of  educa- 
tion, and  that  in  a  time  of  limited  duration,  even 
these  will  fail.  These  men  were  not  educated  — 
probably  possessing  only  the  simplest  rudiments 
Indeed,  Boone's  correspondence  evidences  this.  Tliey 
had  their  themes  in  sensible  objects  around  them. 
A  long  winter  of  solitude  was  the  test  of  their  adap 
tation  to  each  otlier,  and  it  seems  to  have  been  safely 
met.  It  was  a  true  brotherhood  —  where  the  tie  of 
kindred  grew  stronger  every  hour. 

When  the  spring  came,  it  was  time  for  anotlier 
movement.  The  spring  came  early,  and  the  awaking 
to  its  foliage  seemed  like  the  passing  from  the  night 
to  the  day.  Tlie  game  had  reduced  their  powder  and 
lead,  and  without  these  there  was  no  existence  for  the 
white  man.  Again  Daniel  Boone  rises  with  the 
emergency.  It  was  necessary  that  the  settlement 
wliicli  they  had  made  should  be  continued  and  pro- 
tected, anti  it  was  the  duty,  in  the  progress  of  events, 


SQUIRE  BOONE  RETURNS  HOME.  6d 

that  one  of  them  should  remain  to  that  task.  He 
made  the  selection  and  chose  himself  He  had  the 
courage  to  remain  alone;  and  while  he  unqnestion- 
ably  felt  the  keenest  desire  to  see  his  own  family,  he 
felt  that  he  had  a  noble  purpose  to  serve,  and  was 
prepared  for  it.  On  May  1,  ITTO,  Squire  departed 
for  the  settlements  on  the  Yadkin.  What  a  journey 
far  a  man  was  that, —  five  hundred  miles,  and  utterly 
alone!  If  the  elder  brother  showed  strength  of 
character  in  remaining,  not  less  the  younger  in  daring 
this  march.  When  the  parting  word  was  given,  it 
must  have  been  more  like  a  farewell  to  each  other 
forever,  than  the  separation  for  a  brief  period.  There 
were  dangers  on  that  road  which  needed  no  exagge- 
ration. To  pass  five  hundred  miles  without  a  compan- 
ion to  encourage,  cheer,  or  defend,  was  a  keen  trial 
HO  the  realities  of  courage ;  but  Squire  had  this  bless- 
ed hope  before  him,  that  each  day's  journey  brought 
him  nearer  to  his  home  —  that  the  five  hundred 
miles  w^ere  passing  away  each  day  under  his  deter- 
mined and  quick  step,  and  that  the  ordeal  was  be- 
coming less  terrible  each  day.  He  pushed  boldly 
forward  — -and  the  elder  bi other  remained  alone. 


CnxVPTER    IV. 

1005B  ALONE    IX    THE    WILDERN'ESS DEPRrVATIOS — BIB    OWW    NAEJUTm 

niS  BROTHER  RETURNS  WITH  SUPPLIES  AND  HORSES NEWS    FROM    HU 

FAMILT EXTRACT  FROM  GOV.  MUREHEAD's  ADDRESS THE  TWO  BRcmiERS 

EXPLORE  THE  COUNTRY  AND  DETERMINE  TO  LOCATE    UPON    THE    KENTtCKT 

RIVER TIIET  RETURN  HOME WONDER    OF    HIS    NEIGHBORS    AT    8EEINQ 

DANIEL TIIET  ARE  DETERRED  FROM  EMIGRATING  BY  FEAR  OF  THE  INDIANS 

DANIEL  AND  SQUIRE  BOONE,  WITH  THEIR    FAMIllM,    REMOVK    TO    KE»- 

TUCKT. 

Daniel  Boone  was  now  alone,  the  only  being  id 
all  that  vast  country  of  his  race  and  kind.  His  nar- 
rative states  it  simply,  and  therefore  most  interests 
ingly  —  for  occasionally  the  old  man's  language  seems 
to  have  escaped  the  transformation  of  his  pompous 
amanuensis  —  "  One  by  myself — without  bread,  salt 
or  sugar — without  company  of  any  fellow  creatures, 
or  even  a  horse  or  dog."  Collins,  in  his  Ilistorical 
Sketches  of  Kentucky,  says  that  Boone  spent  the 
winter  of  lTGO-70  in  a  cave  on  the  waters  of  Shaica- 
nee,  in  Mercer  county,  and  that  a  tree,  marked  with 
his  name,  is  yet  standing  at  the  mouth  of  the  cave. 
If  it  be  so,  may  the  "  woodman  spare  that  tree." 

Tliis  is  a  crisis  in  the  history  of  this  man,  and  the 
fact  is  greatly  characteristic  of  him.     It  indicatea 


Boone's  belief  in  destiny.  71 

how  mncli  tLe  man  intended,  when  he  told  Filsoc 
that  he  was  "  an  instrument  ordained  to  settle  the 
wilderness."  With  this  conviction  before  him,  all 
sacrifice  was  to  be  made.  He  believed  that  he  had 
within  him  the  destiny  of  guiding  ihe  settler  to  a  new 
home  —  of  extending  to  the  enterprising  and  adven- 
turous a  wider  sjDhere ;  and  acting  on  this,  he  felt 
that  what  would  have  been  a  wild  and  dangerous 
path  to  other  men,  was  that  which  he  would  follow 
wherever  it  presented  itself  in  this  duty.  Too  sim- 
ple hearted  to  cherish  the  strange  belief  in  his  "  star," 
as  the  greater  and  the  lesser  ^N'apoleon  have  in  our 
times,  he  yet  concentrated  in  himself  a  resolution 
which  was  better  and  more  enduring  than  all  fancied 
stellar  influences.  The  first  great  step  had  been  taken 
when  he  dared  the  wilderness  at  the  head  of  his  fated 
six.  The  mysterious  providences  of  Heaven  had  re- 
duced these  to  himself,  and  even  those  who  had  sought 
and  found  him,  had  now  left  him.  He  was  alone,  as 
few  other  men  have  ever  been.  Then  it  was  that  the 
great  empire  —  thronged,  prosperous,  powerful,  which 
has  followed  —  existed  but  in  One  Man.   . 

The  reader  will  recollect  that  Boone  entered  on  this 
solitary  life  with  a  full  knowledge  of  its  perils.  He 
was,  if  recaptured,  a  doomed  captive,  for  he  had 
slighted,  as  the  Indian  thought,  his  kindness.  Of  the 
seven  white  men  whom  he  had  seen  since  he  left  the 
Tadkin,  one  had  been  openly  murdered  by  the  savar 


72  LIFE   OF   DAIJIEL   BOONE. 

ges,  and  all  the  probabilities  were  that  the  same  fate, 
or  death  by  starvation  or  the  wild  beast,  had  befallen 
tlie  other  five.  He  was  sure  of  the  existence  only  of 
his  brother;  and  even  to  him,  had  just  been  allotted 
the  dangers  of  a  terrible  journey  through  the  wilder* 
ness  —  a  wilderness  extending  the  half  of  a  thousand 
miles. 

This  courage  to  be  alone  took  the  fancy  of  the  great 
poet  of  our  age,  and  Byron  wove  into  his  superb  verse, 
his  eulogy  on  the  Ilunter.  Yet  Boone  never  appeai-g 
to  have  yielded  to  what  is  too  often  the  companion  of 
solitude  —  moroseness. 

**  Severe,  not  sullen,  waa  his  solitude.** 

At  this  period  Boone  was  in  the  best  days  of  his 
life.  His  age  was  thirty-six,  and  he  had  given,  by 
exercise  and  vigorous  employment,  a"  strength  to  his 
frame  which  fitted  him  for  his  peculiar  duty.  He  ia 
described  by  various  writers  as  being  five  feet  ten 
inches  in  height,  robust,  clean  limbed,  and  athletic, 
fitted  by  his  habit  and  temperament,  and  by  his  phy 
Bique,  for  endurance  —  a  bright  eye,  and  a  calm  de- 
termination in  his  manner.  Alone  in  his  cabin  —  the 
coming  Kentucky  his  hunting  ground,  not  a  man  like 
him  within  hundreds  of  miles  —  he  gently  tells  us, 
in  his  narrative,  that  he  "  passed  a  few  days  uncom 
fortably,"  —  and  he  assigns  as  his  chief  reason,  that 
\ie  felt  much  anxiety  for  his  beloved  wife  and  family, 


DEPRIVATION.  73 

and  for  what  would  be  their  sorrows.  Tliey  were  sur- 
rounded by  the  guards  and  kindness  of  society.  He 
had  no  semblance  of  either,  and  yet  the  man  looked 
calmly  on  the  forest  around  him,  and  only  mourned 
when  he  remembered  the  circle  of  his  home. 

There  is  something  of  marked  interest  in  the  speci- 
fication which  he  gives,  as  the  summary  of  his  con- 
dition, that  he  was  without  "  bread,  or  salt,  or  sugar." 
Cavalier,  trader  and  pilgrim,  as  the^-^  successively  stood 
upon  the  shores  of  James  Eiver,  the  Hudson,  and  at 
Plymouth,  "believing  themselves  shut  out  from  man- 
kind, turned  to  no  such  dei^rivation  of  the  very  pri- 
mary necessities  of  life ;  and  yet  not  necessities,  for 
his  strong  frame  endured  their  want.  This  was  no 
sudden  deprivation.  He  knew  that  during  all  the 
absence  of  his  brother,  which  must  necessarily  be 
very  long,  even  with  all  their  best  hope,  he  would 
have  none  of  the  ordinary  enjoyments  of  sense.  lake 
the  feigned  Dervish,  in  the  Corsair, 

"Salt  seasons  dainties,  and,  my  food  is  still 
The  simplest  herb  — the  water  from  the  rilL'* 

He  confesses,  for  such  is  his  form  of  expression,  that 
he  had  occasion  to  use  both  philosophy  and  fortitude. 
Filson  gave  him  here  a  large  word  for  a  simple  mean- 
ing. Boone's  philosophy,  (if,  indeed,  before  his  aman- 
uensis mentioned  it,  he  had  ever  heard  of  the  word,) 

was  of  a  sect  which  has  few  disciples.     The  numbei 
D 


74  JJFK   OF    DANTEL   BOONE. 

of  those  who  devote  tlicmselves  to  a  great  i>nrpose| 
and  concentration — resign  the  immediate  for  the  fu- 
ture—  is  very  small.  Boone  in  his  solitude  was  not, 
in  his  philosophy,  like  the  Indian,  who  is  a  stoic  he- 
cause  his  range  of  thought  ceases,  and  to  hear  and  to 
endure  is  all  that  he  knows;  —  hut  he  knew  that  pri- 
vation was,  in  his  case,  a  necessity  of  condition,  and 
that,  home  manfully  now,  he  saw  the  good  end  coming 
—  and  that  it  was,  unconsciously,  a  high  order  of  phi- 
losophy. But  he  tells  his  own  story  well,  and  it  is  of 
deep  interest : 

"  I  confess  I  never  before  was  under  greater  necessity  of 
exercising  philosophy  and  fortitude.  A  few  days  I  passed 
uncomfortably.  The  idea  of  a  beloved  wife  and  fimily.  and 
their  anxiety  upon  the  account  of  my  absence,  and  exposed 
situation,  made  sensible  impressions  on  my  heart.  A  thou- 
sand  dreadful  apprehensions  presented  themselves  to  my  view 
and  had  undoubtedly  disposed  me  to  melancholy,  if  farthei 
indulged.  One  day  I  undertook  a  tour  through  the  country 
and  the  diversity  and  beauties  of  nature  I  met  with  in  this 
charming  season,  expelled  every  gloomy  and  vexatious 
thought.  Just  at  the  close  of  day  the  gentle  gales  retired, 
and  left  the  place  to  the  disposal  of  a  profound  calm.  Not 
a  breeze  shook  the  most  tremulous  leaf.  I  had  gained  the 
summit  of -a  commanding  ridge,  and  looking  round  with  as- 
tonishing delight,  beheld  the  ample  plains,  the  boauteoug 
tracts  below.  On  the  other  hand,  I  surveyed  the  lamoug 
river  Ohio,  that  rolled  in  silent  dignity,  marking  the  western 
boundary  of  Kentucky  with  inconceivable  grandeur.  At  a 
vast  dist^uice  1  beheld  the  mountains  lift  their  venerable 
trows,  and  penetrate  the  clouds.     All  things  were  still ;   ' 


mS    OWX    XAERATPv'E.  75 

Kindled  a  fire  near  a  fountain  of  sweet  water,  aii^^  fei.sted  m 
the  loin  of  a  buck,  which  a  few  hours  before  I  had  killed. 
The  sullen  shades  of  night  soon  overspread  the  whole  hem- 
isphere, and  the  earth  seemed  to  gasp  after  the  hovering 
moisture. 

"  My  roving  excursion  this  day,  had  flitigued  my  body  and 
diverted  my  imagination.  I  laid  me  down  to  sleep,  and 
awoke  not  until  the  sun  had  chased  away  the  night.  I  con- 
tmued  this  tour,  and  in  a  few  days,  explored  a  considerable 
part  of  the  country,  each  day  equally  pleased  as  the  first.  I 
returned  to  my  old  camp,  which  was  not  disturbed  in  my 
absence.  I  did  not  confine  my  lodging  to  it,  but  often  re- 
posed in  thick  cane-brakes,  to  avoid  the  savages,  who  I  believe 
often  visited  my  camp,  but  fortunately  for  me,  in  my  absence. 
In  this  situation  I  was  constantly  exposed  to  danger  and 
death.  How  unhappy  such  a  situation  for  a  man  tormented 
with  fear,  which  is  vain  if  no  danger  comes,  a*id  if  it  does, 
only  augments  the  pain.  It  was  my  happiness  to  be  desti- 
tute of  this  aflilicting  passion,  with  which  I  had  the  greatest 
reason  to  be  affected." 

A  great  soldier  monarcn  once  asked  what  fear  was 
—  a  question  which,  however  made  meniorable  by 
the  plaudits  of  the  Court,  was  in  all  probability  safely 
asked,  amid  warriors  and  armament  and  strong  de- 
fence. Boone  quietly  says  he  was  destitute  of  it,  and 
it  is  certainly  an  amusing  illustration  that  he  immedi- 
ately after  describes  the  wolves  as  "  diverting  his  noc 
turnal  hours  with  their  perpetual  bowlings."  If  the 
bravery  of  Boone  were  not  an  established  and  undis- 
puted fact,  that  declaration  would  seem  boastful ;  bul 


76  LTFE    OF   DANIEL    BOONE. 

he  had  soniuled  the  depth  of  forest  life,  and  1  ad  cun 
Bidered  the  wei^^ht  of  all  it  had  to  offer.  The  unbro 
ken  wilderness  character  of  the  country  is  illustrated 
by  his  remark,  that  the  "  various  species  of  animala 
in  the  vast  forest  were  continually  in  view."  Tliese 
creatures  could  have  seen  but  little  of  man,  or  they 
would  have  learned  the  indications  of  his  habitation 
and  avoided  it.  He  declares  he  was  happy  amidst 
clanger ;  that  he  had  plenty  in  the  midst  of  want,  and 
that  he  could  not  be  melancholy.  There  is  reason 
here  tosupj^ose  that  Filson,  rather  than  Boone,  framed 
this  reiiKU  iv.  Boone  had  too  much  strong  sense  to 
have  any  o  Jier  feeling  than  patience  amidst  the  scenes 
of  his  solitrde,  and  when  Filson  goes  on  to  cause  him 
to  declare  his  loneliness  "  an  uninterrupted  scene  of 
sylvan  pleasures  " —  the  very  straining  after  effect  in 
the  choice  ^ff  a  word  utterly  unlike  the  language  of 
the  woodsman.  Constant  exposure  to  danger  and 
death  —  a  habitation  which  he  states  had  been  dis- 
covered by  the  savages — the  necessity  of  such  strat- 
agem as  the  resort  at  night  to  the  cane-brake  rather 
than  to  take  the  risk  of  being  found  in  his  cabin  — 
all  these  have  no  "  sylvan  pleasure  "  in  them.  And 
yet,  he  felt  secure  enough  to  brave  the  perils  of  an 
exploring  tour,  and  saw  more  of  the  land  he  was  main- 
taining for  the  white  man.  He  saw  the  Ohio,  and 
nnquestionably,  from  the  results  of  his  tour,  strength- 
ened his  determination  to  brave  all  perils  to  establish 


RETURN   OF   HIS   BEOTHEE.  T7 

the  home  of  his  fellow  citizens  in  a  land  of  sucli  de- 
light. 

For  three  months  he  was  alone.  It  was  an  ordeal 
throngh  which  few  men  could  have  passed.  To  many 
it  would  have  been  the  means  of  weakenirg  the  mind, 
but  in  Boone  it  only  seems  to  have  renewed  his  ener- 
gies. It  was  remarked  of  him,  that  when  in  his  great 
est  vigor  he  was  distinguished  for  his  taciturnity  — 
dwelling  in  his  own  internal  converse.  It  was  a  part 
of  his  wilderness  education.  In  the  three  months 
that  no  response  awaited  his  word,  he  learned  how 
much  the  thought  could  speak. 

The  summer  sun  was  in  its  fierceness,  when  this 
long  solitude  was  broken.  That  noble  hearted  brother 
returned  —  a  return,  as  was  his  journey,  more  like 
the  creation  of  the  romancer,  than  a  veritable  history. 
He  had  fully  and  faithfully  kept  his  promise.  ]^ot  only 
had  he  once  found  his  brother,  but,  to  benefit  him  and 
the  great  cause  of  mankind,  he  had  ventured  thus, 
the  third  time,  to  track  his  way  over  the  many  and 
the  weary  miles.  The  engagement  he  made  to  bring 
fresh  supplies  of  whatever  was  most  necessary,  he 
also  remembered,  and  this  first  transportation  train  — 
this  pair  of  horses  laden  with  provision — the  heralds 
of  that  mighty  caravan  from  East  to  West  which, 
within  the  life-time  of  Boone's  children,  is,  in  all  the 
rapidity  of  car  and  coach,  sail  and  steam,  pouring 
the  wealth  of  the  sea-board  to  the  interior,  only  to  be 


78  LIFE   OF   DANIEL    BOONE. 

reladen  with  its  treasures  in  return  —  tins  jioneer 
carrier  brought  to  the  cabin  of  Boone  what  was  more 
precious  than  a  burthen  of  gold  dust  would  have  been. 
Best  of  all,  it  brought  news  that  Rebecca  still  kept 
undiminished  courage ;  that  health  was  theirs ;  and 
that  the  energetic  wife  and  mother  had  been  enabled 
to  keep  the  household  comfortably.  It  cannot  be  but 
that  there  were  houi*s  of  rapid  converse  between  these 
brothers.  The  Ilunter  had  saved,  not  lost,  his  words ; 
and  of  home,  of  Carolina  —  of  the  thrilling  tidings  of 
the  movements  at  Boston  —  of  the  more  than  mur- 
raurinir  at  Britain's  rule  —  that  cabin  heard  lonoj 
discourse. 

Tliey  now  had  hoi*ses,  to  them  invaluable,  and,  aa 
they  well  knew,  would  be  considered  by  the  Indians 
as  a  great  prize.  They  could  not  conceal  them.  The 
horse  would  make  himself  manifest,  the  moment  his 
instinct  taught  him  a  human  being  was  near;  and 
the  stratagems  and  sagacities  by  which  the  hunters 
could,  at  night  or  day,  avoid  and  outwit  the  Indian, 
they  could  not  teach  their  animals.  From  the  sure 
indications  that  their  cabin  had  been  visited  by  the 
savage,  they  reasoned  well  that  in  the  chase  after 
occasional  herds  of  the  bull'alo,  they  and  their  hursea 
would  be  very  likely  to  grace  a  wigwam. 

GoveriK^r  Morehead  dwells  upon  the  boldness  of 
Squire  Boone,  in  returning  after  his  brother,  and 
Uiinks  that  it  was  confidence  in  his  destiny, 


THEY  EXPLORE  THE  COUNTKT.  79 

"  Which  not  all  tne  skill  of  Daniel  Boone,  aoconiplished 
as  he  was  in  the  arts  of  Indian  warfare,  could  justify.  Mira 
eles  were  not  wrought  in  the  eighteenth  century,  to  assure 
mankind  of  a  Divine  agency  in  human  aflairs ;  and  who 
50uld  have  supposed  that  any  other  doom  but  that  of  exter 
mmf.'ion,  awaited  the  bold  usurper  of  the  Lidian  hunting 
ground  —  wandering,  from  preference  of-  a  hunter's  life,  com- 
panionless,  in  a  distant  and  savage  wilderness  —  depending 
upon  his  rifle  for  food  —  upon  the  beasts  of  the  forest  for  rai 
ment  —  and  for  personal  safety,  upon  the  subtlety  with  which 
he  avoided  danger,  and  the  valor  and  dexterity  with  which, 
wl)en  present,  he  repelled  it  —  above  all,  marked  and  hunted 
as  a  victim  by  artful  and  fiend-like  foes,  instigated  to  ven 
geance  by  a  keen  sense  of  wrong  inflicted  by  the  invasion  of 
a  favorite  domain,  from  which  they  had  not  yet  been  driven 
by  the  power  of  the  white  man  ?  Yet  Daniel  Boone  had  to 
act  his  part  in  the  future  conquest  of  Kentucky ;  and  from 
the  period  of  his  brother's  return,  until  the  ensuing  spring, 
the  self-exiled  hunters  continued  to  explore  the  country,  giv- 
ing names  in  their  progress  to  the  different  rivers,  and  in 
March,  1771,  retraced  their  steps  to  North  Carolina,  with  a 
determination  to  bring  their  families,  as  soon  as  practicable, 
to  the  wilderness." 

They  explored  the  country  between  Cumberland 
and  Greene  rivers,  finding  there  those  strange  re- 
sults of  a  soil  in  which  the  limestone  is  in  abun- 
dance and  cavernous  —  the  sink- holes,  as  they  are  de- 
signated—  depressions  which  have  been  wrought  by 
the  water.  Eeturning  to  the  Kentucky  Eiver  in 
March,  1771,  they  determined  that  that  should  be  the 
place  of  their  fixed  settlement.     Tlie   exemption  of 


80  LIFK    Of    DANIKI.    DoOXK. 

thcpo  men  from  assault  by  the  Indians,  during  all  this 
long  period  of  eiglit  monthe,  in  which,  armed  and  on 
horseback,  they  seem  to  have  roamed  just  where  they 
chose,  is  most  wonderful.  It  lias  something  about  i  * 
which  seems  like  a  special  interposition  beyond  the 
ordinary  guardianship  over  the  progress  of  man.  On 
the  safety  of  these  men  rested  the  hope  of  a  nation. 
Their  defeat,  their  captivity,  their  death,  would  have 
chilled  the  vigor  of  enterprise.  A  very  distinguished 
authority  declares,  that  without  Boone,  the  settle- 
ments could  not  have  been  upheld,  and  the  conquest 
of  Kentucky  would  have  been  reserved  for  the  emi- 
grants of  the  nineteenth  century. 

At  last  the  time  arrived  at  which  Boone,  believing 
that  he  was  completely  conversant  with  the  country, 
that  lie  knew  of  its  value,  and  of  the  means  to  possess 
it,  and  the  perils  which  awaited  the  possessor,  deter- 
mined to  return  home.  He  had  not  forgotten  it; 
never  lost  sight  of  it ;  never  ceased  to  think  of  it,  as 
the  place  which  his  exertions  were  to  benefit.  It 
wiis  not  the  least  of  the  motives  to  impel  him,  how- 
ever, that  he  could  assist,  in  his  journey,  his  gallant 
brother  who  had  dared  so  much  fur  him  ;  though  as 
Squire  had  accomplished  the  journey  three  times,  it 
•'s  quite  probable  lie  proved  of  great  use  to  his  brotlier. 
Boone  says  that  in  returning  home,  it  was  his  deter 
miiiHtion  to  bring  his  family  to  Kentucky,  wliicli  he 
esteemed  a  second  Paradise,  even  at  the  risk  of  lite 


BOONE   AURIVES    HOilE.  8] 

and  fortune.  Undoubtedly  he  acted  on  determination. 
It  had  been  of  the  plans  formed  during  the  long  soli- 
tude of  the  winter,  that  she  and  they  who  had  limited 
possession  on  the  Yadkin,  should  possess  the  broad 
acres,  the  glades,  the  rich  land  that  lay  out  to  the 
sun,  ready  to  be  taken  and  held  by  tlie  strong  arm. 

He  sums  up  the  incidents  of  his  journey  in  a  very 
brief  sentence.  All  he  says  of  it,  is,  "  I  returned  safe 
to  my  old  habitation,  and  found  my  family  in  happy 
circumstances."  That  wilderness  tour — five  hundred 
miles  —  the  two  brothers  skilled  horsemen, — noted 
hunters  —  all  this  deserved  detailed  record.  But  it 
was  sufficient  for  Boone  to  act.  He  left  his  fame  to 
take  care  of  itself  Undoubtedly  they  felt  fearless, 
for  their  rifles  and  their  horses  gave  them  a  power 
which  the  Indian  dreaded.  Home  they  came,  and 
if  ever  traveler  was  welcomed,  it  was  the  long  absent 
Hunter. 

It  was  the  embodiment  of  the  fable,  so  often  con- 
ceived and  told,  of  the  reappearance  of  the  lost  one. 
To  the  frontier  men  of  the  Yadkin,  the  comino-  of 
Boone  among  them  was  a  new  era.  It  opened  their 
range  of  thought.  He  had  discovered  and  returned 
with  the  evidences  of  his  acquisition.  The  road  to 
the  land  of  which  poor  Finley  had  spoken,  was  de» 
fined,  for  Squire  had  traversed  it  four  several  timeg 
in  little  more  than  one  year.  The  mountain  had 
ceased  to  be  a  barrier.  The  stories  of  impenetrable 
D*  6 


82  LIFE    OF    DAN'IKL    HnovK. 

fastnop?  and  invinciMe  forest  were  oUsolcte.  Tlicir 
own  neiirhborri  lia<l  lived  luunolested  for  alniost  two 
veal's,  in  the  midst  of  the  rich  country,  in  comparison 
to  which  tlieir  mountain  land  was  but  a  poor  abode. 
Boone  doubtless  preserved  his  quiet  and  silent  charac- 
ter, but  if  he  ever  yielded,  it  must  have  been  when 
the  population  of  the  Yadkin  border  rushed  to  seo 
the  man  whose  career  had  been  so  eventful,  even  in 
this  portion  of  it,  as  to  make  his  presence  among 
them  a  wonder.  Such  journeys  have  all  their  vivid 
interest  when  first  taken.  It  is  around  the  man  who 
Las  begun  the  great  enterprises  of  life,  that  the  keen- 
est curiosity  centers.  Boone  returned  to  his  home, 
not  like  Eip  Van  'Winkle,  from  a  slumber,  but  like 
Columlms,  from  a  discovery.  To  none  could  that 
home  visit  have  been  as  precious,  as  to  the  wife  who 
had  so  long  waited  and  watched  for  him.  She  felt 
the  reward  of  her  toil  and  the  recompense  of  her 
anxieties.  Nor  are  these  words  lightly  written.  She 
survived  to  a  good  old  age,  and  a  fiiithful  narrator 
Bpeaks  of  her  nature  as  generous  and  heroic ;  and  to 
Buch  a  heart,  how  delightful  must  have  been  the  day 
which  brought  back  to  her  her  bold,  and  brave,  and 
admirable  protector. 

The  determination  formed  amid  the  counselings 
together  at  the  cabin  in  the  wilderness,  was  not  easily 
reduced  to  direct  actif  n,  when  it  was  subjected  to  the 
deliberations  of  home.     It  was  not  a  trifle  to  prepare 


PREPA^ATIOXS    FOE    EETUEXING.  83 

the  minds  of  a  woman  and  her  children  to  gc  where 
none  of  her  sex,  that  were  influenced  by  the  tender- 
ness and  comforts  of  civilization  had  ever  been,  and 
wha":  she  might  have  taken  as  her  duty  readily  for 
her  ausband's  sake,  received  a  new  reading  when 
viewed  as  it  might  affect  her  children.  Daniel  and 
Squire  could  easily  move  off,  as  they  had  before  —  but 
the  elder  of  tlie  daring  brothers  had  wider  purposes 
than  merely  to  take  a  family  to  a  new  home.  He 
wanted  to  make  a  sure  and  steadfast  event  of  the 
possession  of  the  noble  domain  of  Kentucky  by  the 
white  man.  The  farm  was  to  be  sold ;  there  were 
varied  arrangements  to  make  to  give  solidity  to  the 
enterprise ;  and  above  all,  the  population  were  to  be 
leavened  with  the  desire  to  possess  the  glorious  in- 
heritance. There  were  other  causes  which  made 
delay  the  most  obvious.  It  was  from  this  neighbor- 
hood that  Stewart,  and  Cool,  and  Holden,  and  Monay, 
and  the  gallant  Finley,  had  left  for  the  same  land  to 
which  Boone  was  persuading  them.  Where  iceve 
they  f  Where  was  the  man  that  accompanied  Squire 
Boone  when  he  first  went  out  ?  Their  fate  was  in 
mystery,  or,  in  all  probability,  the  certainty  of  their 
destruction  was  the  only  revealing  yet  to  be  made. 
The  Boones  had  indeed  gone  and  returned  in  safety, 
but  they  were  the  exceptions  to  the  general  rule.  It 
was  a  noble  prize  to  win,  but  the  hazards  and  dan 
gers  seemed  fearful 


84  I.TFF   OF  danti-:l   ROONT. 

But  boynn*]  all,  Danitl  Boone  moved  ^^•ith  tho  ac 
curacy  with  which  great  inoii  make  their  plans  sure, 
and  this  patiently  abiding  two  years  before  he  left  to 
accoTn]>lish  the  great  purpose  of  his  heart,  elncidatea 
his  character.  It  is  the  truly  great  man  who  "  in  his 
patience  possesses"  himself.  To  wait,  is  an  attribute 
of  those  who  see  beyond  the  first  page  of  action,  which 
is  about  all  the  ordinary  man  compasses.  If  Boone 
had  been  a  grasping,  mercenary  trader,  he  would 
have  hurried,  lest  some  keener  venturer  sliould  dare 
the  peril  for  the  sake  of  the  plunder.  If  he  had  been 
a  brutal,  coarse  man,  a  more  Indian  fighter,  his  regard 
for  the  mild  and  defenceless,  for  wife  and  children, 
would  have  been  small.  He  would  have  commanded 
a  reluctant  obedience,  and  gone  out  like  a  Tartar 
chief.  But  tliis  is  perhaps  as  suitable  a  place,  in  thib 
biography,  as  any  other,  to  say,  that  the  general,  ill- 
informed  opinion  that  Boone  was  a  sort  of  corsair  of 
the  woods,  living  on  Indian  battle  as  his  most  cher- 
ished pursuit,  is  erroneous.  Boone  was  the  man  who 
dared  when  daring  was  necessary  in  duty ;  but  his 
was  the  quiet,  fixed  purpose  that,  having  its  serious 
work,  its  ordination  of  settlement,  to  do,  fought  oidy 
when  it  was  required  to  clear  the  way  or  to  defend, 
lie  had  too  much  true  courage  to  be  the  reckless  In- 
dian killer,  lie  was  rather  a  niiM  but  firm  con- 
queror. Two  years  the  people  on  tho  Yadkin  delibe- 
rated and  ])reparcd,  and   Boone  found  much  that  ro 


.      THEY   COTkOfENCE    THE   JOTJENET.  O- 

quired  his  strong  will.  It  was  soraething  to  prove  to 
himself  that  it  was  wise  and  kind  to  take  them  to  the 
land  of  the  wild  beast  and  the  scalping  knife ;  to  live 
where  the  presence  of  anj  other  than  the  white  mai 
might  be  the  signal  for  desolation  and  massacre. 

The  calm  recital  of  Boone  had  made  its  way  to  the 
people.  A  movement  was  now  making  to  give  him 
when  he  started,  a  company  of  fellow  travellers,  far 
beyond,  in  power  and  nnmbers,  the  Six  who  had  left 
for  the  same  land  a  few  years  before.  To  go  to  the 
new  country  may  have  been  considered  as  even  more 
perilous,  at  this  time,  than  when  Boone  first  went.  It 
could  not  but  have  impressed  the  settlers  that  a  scene 
of  very  great  difhculty  was  likely  to  arise  in  the  whole 
country.  It  was  in  the  year  1773,  and  slow  as  tidings 
in  those  days  traveled,  the  recital  of  the  increasing 
dissensions  at  Boston  must  have  been  familiar.  These 
people  knew  the  savages  well,  and  had  the  best  rea- 
sons for  supposing,  that  in  the  event  of  a  war,  the  In 
dian  would  find  it  good  ground  of  quarrel,  that  a 
stranger  came  into  their  hunting  ground,  if,  indeed, 
they  needed  even  the  pretext. 

But  the  hour  for  parting  arrived  at  last,  and  on  the 
twenty-fifth  of  September,  1773,  Dauiel  and  Squire 
Boone  left  the  Yadkin  —  their  families  accompanying 
—  strong  in  resolution.  They  had  taken  care  to  pro- 
vide themselves  with  cattle  —  with  whatever  would 
•surest  make  a  comfortable  home  for  them  —  and  espe 


80 


LIFE    OF    DANIEL   BOONK. 


ciiilly  (lid  they  not  forget  to  tiikc  with  them  four  good 
horses.  Boone  knew,  as  thousands  of  galhmtKentueki 
ans  have  since  his  day,  that  there  was  a  good  and 
abmuhint  i)asturage  for  stock  in  his  new  found  coun- 
try. They  lef^  the  Yadkin,  where,  since  they  had 
parted  from  tlieir  native  Pennsylvania,  tliey  had  found 
a  home.  The  Eastern  States  have  sent  out  vast  com- 
panies of  emigrants,  hut  never  any  in  whose  fortune 
more  ft^r  the  future  was  concentrated.  Ijoone  had 
Bucceeded  in  starting  the  acquisition  and  c<^nquest  of 
Kentucky,  and  this  was  a  great  work  begun. 


f^'S 


CHAPTEE   V. 

tBClOUENET — FIVE    FAMILIES  AND    FORTY    MEX  JOIN  THE    BOON"XS  Jit  VCW' 

KLL's  valley A  PARTY  OF  THE  EMIGRANTS  ARE  ATTACKED  BY  INDIANS 

BOONT:'s  son  and  five  others  killed THE  COMPANY  TURN  BACK  TO  THK 

SETTLEMENTS  ON  CLINCH  RIVER THE  LONG  HUNTERS VTRGINIA  GRANTS 

LAND  IN  KENTUCKY  TO  THE  SOLDIERS  OF  THE  FRENCH  WAR THEY  LEARN 

THE  CHARACTER  OF  THE    LAND    FROM    BOONE LORD    DUNMORE    ORDERS   A 

SURVEY THE  EXPEDITION BOONe's    REPORTS  CONFIRMED HERDS    OP 

BUFFALO SURVEYORS    REACH    THE    PRESENT    LOCATION    OF  HARRODSBURQ 

AND  LOUISVILLE LORD    DUNMORE    SENDS    FOR   BOONE RESCUE    OF   THK 

SURVEYORS. 

The  great  journey  thus  pleasantly  begun,  had  one 
more  most  gratifying  incident.  Such  had  been  the 
influence  of  what  Boone  had  said  and  done,  and  es- 
pecially the  latter,  that  at  Powell's  Yalley  he  found 
himself  surrounded  by  a  reinforcement  of  five  fami- 
lies and  forty  men,  well  armed.  The  Indians  might 
read  a  lesson  in  the  latter  fact.  Thi<=i  company  was 
now  a  strong  one.  It  had  for  its  leader  the  best  hun- 
ter of  the  New  World  —  the  man  avIio  could  see  and 
find  and  do  all  that  the  savage  could,  and  beyond 
him,  had  the  arts  and  wisdom  of  the  white  man.. 
They  had  horses  and  cattle  —  female  society  —  the 
combined  means  and  strength  of  a  respectable  forca 


88  i.rFE  OF  DANirr,  nm»xK. 

They  were  in  the  best  coiulition  tor  a  jnurney,  arnl  it 
is  quite  likely  that  when  the  party  started,  thus  in 
creased,  for  the  Mountain,  Boone  felt  that  he  was  al- 
ready repaid  for  his  trials  and  suffering.  Tlie  emi- 
grants little  thoui^'ht  to  what  a  dark  and  bloody  book 
this  gathering  of  the  cavalcade  was  the  preface.  A 
writer  (Peck,  in  Sparks'  American  Biography,)  accu- 
rately describes  the  encampment  of  such  a  party,  aa 
"  near  some  spring  or  water  course,  where  temporary 
ehelters  are  made  by  placing  poles  in  a  sloping  posi 
tion,  with  one  end  resting  on  the  ground,  the  other 
elevated  in  forks.  On  these,  tent-cloth,  prepared  for 
the  purpose,  or  articles  of  bed  covering,  are  stretched 
Tlie  lire  is  kindled  in  front,  against  a  fallen  tree  or 
log,  towards  which  the  foot  is  placed  while  sleeping. 
Tlie  clotliing  worn  at  day  is  seldom  removed  at 
night."  The  knowledge  of  Squire  Boone  in  this  jour- 
ney was  invaluable.  lie  had  become  familiar  with 
the  route  —  its  weary  and  its  winning  ways,  and 
wliere  the  best  resting  places  for  the  night  could  be 
foimd.  He  probably  knew  well  the  wide  natural 
way,  now  known  as  the  Cumberland  Gap  —  the  door 
left  by  Nature  for  the  use,  not  so  much  of  the  hunter, 
as  for  the  great  achievements  of  our  own  day,  when 
enirineerinir  under  similar  circumstances  iinds  that  all 
!ui8  been  done  which  art  can  here  desire  or  hope. 

The  three  great  States,  Virginia,  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee,  lie  near  in  conjunction  to  this  Pass.    Squire 


ATTACKED  ET  THE  INDIAJSrS.  8S 

must  have  marked  the  journey  he  had  made  minutely. 
He  had  traversed  it  alone,  and  had  leisure  then  to 
place  indelibly  on  his  memory  the  great  features  of  the 
road,  that  is,  if  their  way  could  be  considered  as  a  road. 
They  were  approaching  the  Gap.  To  get  over  the 
mountains  was  their  cherished  purpose.  Once  over, 
they  would  see  for  themselves  whether  Finley's  glow- 
ing stories  had  been  true,  as  the  Boones  declared  they 
found  them  to  be. 

The  march  had  been  uninterrupted.  They  had 
passed  the  ridge  known  as  Walden's,  when  seven  of 
their  young  men  fell  back  ;  courageous,  not  fearing 
separation,  but  most  unwisely  as  the  sad  event  proved. 
They  had  the  care  of  the  stock,  and  perhaps  it  was  to 
collect  the  scattered  ones  that  they  had  gone  away 
from  the  main  body.  As  no  enemy  had  been  seen, 
the  concentration  of  danger  had  not  been  enforced, 
though  it  was  a  bitter  error  that  it  was  not.  Boone 
had  one  of  his  sons  in  the  group  who  had  gone  out  of 
line.  The  company  were  not  entirely  easy  in  their 
absence,  and  when  they  heard  sounds  proceeding  from 
the  quarter  where  the  wanderers  were,  indicating  con- 
flict, there  was  a  rush  to  their  rescue.  It  was  too  late 
The  Indians  had  come  suddenly  upon  the  seven,  \m 
prepared  as  they  were  by  any  knowledge  or  sign  m 
their  approach.  The  fight  was  a  massacre.  Out  ot 
the  seven,  six  were  killed.  One  succeeded  in  an  es- 
cape.    When  Brone   and  those  who  rushed  to  the 


?0  MKi:   OF   DVNTFI.    n<><>M:. 

sceno  rcaclicil  tliere,  for  there  were  several  miles  be 
tween  them,  he  saw  his  own  son  ariong  those  who 
liad  fallen.  Such  was  the  first  severe  lesson  of  loss 
in  whicli  Boone's  eventful  history  was  writing  itself. 

Ilis  b<»y  was  seventeen  — his  eldest  boy — undoubt- 
edly fully  competent  to  be  an  aid  and  companion  to 
his  father,  as  he  had  been  a  solace  and  protect- 
or to  his  mother.  It  was  James  Boone  who  thus 
foil  in  tlie  struggle  to  obtain  a  foothold  in  the  wil- 
derness. Ilis  courage  is  evidenced  by  his  having 
been  willing  to  separate  himself  thus  far  from  the  main 
trnop,  and  his  father's  confidence  in  him  is  equally 
shown.  This  severe  calamity,  almost  the  most  severe 
that  could  have  fallen  to  Boone's  fate,  was  a  dreadful 
crisis.  It  was  arresting  the  high  hope  of  the  emi- 
grants, and,  by  the  saddest  of  trials,  teaching  them 
how  true  all  their  fears  of  danger  in  crossing  the 
mountain  were.  The  tenth  of  October  was  the  day 
on  which  this  occurred,  and  thus,  in  the  brief  space  of 
fourteen  days,  the  entire  prospect  and  plan  of  the  first 
great  party  of  settlers  was  changed.  The  Indians, 
having  done  the  evil,  were  easily  defeated.  Proba- 
bly they  would  not  have  ventured  tiie  attack,  if  the 
young  men  had  been  with  the  Hunter;  but  as  they 
found  thes(».  boys  without  aid  or  protection,  it  w:w 
characteris' ic  of  the  savage  to  avail  himself  of  the 
weakness  of  those  to  whom  liis  enmity  was  every 
hour   inc^ea^i^i;.     The  and  ta.sk  of  the  burial  of  thfe 


THE  EXPEDITION  TUENS  BACK.  91 

dead  was  performed  in  sorrow,  llils  blow  had  not 
fallen  alone  on  Boone.  With  Ms  son  five  others  died. 
Boone,  with  emphatic  phrase,  calls  it  "  a  clond  of  ad- 
versity." It  was  a  dark  one ;  one  that  fell  npon  the 
expedition  just  as  it  was  assuming  every  appearance 
of  being  destined  for  the  very  happiest  results.  But 
it  was  one  of  those  periods  of  sadness  which  have 
their  part  in  moulding  the  character  of  men.  The  bar 
was  in  the  furnace,  and  from  it  Boone  seems  to  have 
come  forth  with  less  injury  than  most  or  any  other 
prominent  man  of  his  condition. 

The  expedition  turned  back !  It  was  a  dreadful 
end  to  a  beginning  replete  with  all  that  energy  and 
enterprise  and  experience  could  furnish.  What  Boone 
was,  is  shown  by  this.  If  he  had  been  a  mere  fighter, 
a  brawler,  a  half  civilized  frontier  ranger,  he  would 
not  have  listened  to  the  gentle  sorrows  of  the  bereaved 
mother,  or  the  sadness  and  despondency  of  neighbors 
and  townsmen.  It  cannot  escape  the  attention  of  the 
observer,  that  while  in  almost  every  narration  of  the 
incidents  of  the  lives  of  the  men  of  the  frontier,  the 
desire  for  revenge  for  every  foray  and  incursion  seems 
paramount,  in  Boone's  case  —  severe  as  were  the  sue- 
eessive  experiences  which  he  encountered,  of  the  In- 
dian m  his  ferocious  midnight  walks  of  search  after 
life  —  he  seems  to  have  been  calm  and  mild;  ener- 
getic for  defence,  but  not  active  or  zealous  for  the 
blood  of  those  who  had  injured  him. 


92  LiT'E  OF  DAxn:r,  boone. 

Tlie  trial  to  tlic  wife  of  Daniel  Bocne  was  severe 
indeed.  Iler  husband  had  organized  this  expedition 
It  was  to  follow  the  bold  path  that  he  had  carved  out, 
tliat  they  were  come.  Since  the  head  of  her  family 
had  taken  up  the  thread  of  that  bold  destiny  that 
pointed  to  the  glorious  land  beyond  the  mountain 
barrier,  her  home  had  been  almost  a  widowed  one. 
Sadder,  indeed,  for  if  Boone  had  died,  the  event 
would  have  been  certain,  and  Time,  the  great  Healer 
of  human  woe,  would  have  interposed ;  but  in  the  se- 
paration of  successive  months,  when  not  a  word  was 
to  be  heard,  it  was  suflfering  all  the  pangs  of  hope  de- 
ferred in  its  keenest  ill.  And  now,  when  she  had  de- 
termined no  longer  to  be  separated,  the  gratulation  at 
being  at  his  side  was  lost  in  the  bitter  grief  for  the 
loss  of  her  manly  and  beloved  child. 

Boone  was  on  his  way  to  what  he  deemed  (for  such 
are  his  words  in  relation  to  it)  "a  second  paradise." 
Tliat  in  all  its  experiences  of  wild  man  and  wild  beast, 
solitude  and  semi-starvation,  he  should  have  found  it 
in  his  heart  thus  to  speak  of  it,  indicates  the  strong 
concentration  of  his  purjioses  —  the  iron  will,  deter- 
mined in  its  end  but  prudent  in  its  exertion.  AVhen, 
years  afterwards,  Boone  was  relating  to  his  extraordi- 
nary secretary,  Filson,  this  sad  episode  in  his  life,  he 
B])eaks  of  it  briefly,  but  there  is  a  directness  in  tlio 
narrative,  which  sufficiently  indicates  how  great  an  ob 


THE   CONSULTATION.  9 

stacle  to  the  immediate  prosecution  of  the  enterprise, 
this  calamity  involved. 

Tlie  consultation  which  the  company  held  immedi- 
ately on  the  occurrence  of  this  disaster,  was  in  sight 
of  the  graves  of  six  of  their  nearest  and  dearest,  and 
although  it  is  stated  that  Squire  and  Daniel,  and  a 
few  others,  were  in  favor  of  proceeding,  and  accom- 
plishing the  mountain  passage,  the  majority  were 
against  them,  and  the  retreat  was  determined.  The 
emigrants  were  not  so  utterly  disheartened  as  to  re- 
turn altogether  to  their  old  homes,  hut  to  the  settle- 
ments on  the  Clinch  River,  so  that  Virginia  received 
them ;  a  circumstance  which  may  have  heen,  in  view 
of  the  events  which  followed,  of  much  imj^ortance. 
In"  the  review,  it  is  strange  that  men  so  powerful,  who 
had  proved  the  ways  of  the  wilderness,  and  had 
known  savage  life  in  all  its  phases,  should  have  so 
peacefully  agreed  to  return.  They  must  have  known 
that  their  discovery  was  now  likely  to  be  anticipated, 
and  the  incident  is  abundant  in  its  proof  that  the 
great  Pioneer  possessed  the  complete  mastery  ove? 
himself,  in  his  quiet  waiting  for  the  future. 

The  principal  ranges  of  the  Allegany,  which  they 
had  been  about  to  pass,  were  Powell,  Walden  and 
Cumberland.  Stretching  fron  the  north-east  to  the 
south-west,  they  made  the  great  wall  which  had  been, 
by  the  settlers  at  the  East,  invested  with  terrors  which 
this  band  of  pioneers  had  just  so  signally  proved  were 


04  i.iii:  OF  DAXirx  bodnt;. 

not  imaginary.  Tlie  mother  liad  tokl  licr  boy  of  thi 
dangers  of  the  fierce  and  wandering  Indian,  who,  in 
ibo  passes  of  tliese  ranges,  stood  ready  to  destroy 
whoever  might  bo  80  bold  as  to  venture;  and  whcTi 
first  Squire  and  afterwards  Daniel  Boone  had  safely 
and  successfully  found  their  way  over,  and  had  kin- 
dled the  enterprise  of  the  frontier  by  tlieir  narration 
of  the  glorious  land  that  was  to  be  won,  the  child 
was  convinced  that  the  fear  of  tlie  motlier  had  paint- 
ed a  foe  that  did  not  exist.  Fearfully  had  the  child 
learned  how  true  was  the  instinct  that  taught  tho 
mother  to  dread  the  journey  over  the  mountain.  Tho 
mountains  themselves,  divested  of  the  peril  of  man 
and  beast,  were  so  wild  and  rugged  as  to  give  scope 
to  all  the  fear  of  the  traveler.  Boone  says  (and  h« 
was  not  of  the  stuff  of  which  vain  fears  are  made) 
that  "the  aspect  of  these  cliffs  is  so  wild  and  horrid, 
that  it  is  impossible  to  behold  them  without  terror." 
Tlie  experiences  of  the  brothers  in  tlieir  journey  had 
been  of  vast  advantage.  Aided  by  this  pilotage,  tho 
party  had  successfully  gained  the  most  elevated  — 
Waldens  —  when  the  attack  of  the  Lidians  suddenly 
changed  all  their  purposes,  and  induced  the  retreat 
to  Clinch  River,  from  which,  it  is  most  probable,  many 
of  the  party  never  again  issued  forth.  The  settle- 
ment on  Clinch  lliver  had  been  of  some  duration,  and 
the  number  of  families  who  had  made  this  their  homeii 
gave  it  a  strength  where  security  WiUs  felt. 


THE   LOXG    BTTNTERS.  9S 

Tlie  famons  company  of  Long  Hunters  Lad,  in  ITTl^ 
two  years  previous  to  this  incident  in  the  narrative 
taken  into  this  western  remon  a  hunt  of  such  dura 
tion  that  they  who  participated  in  it  were  designated 
by  the  above  name.  These  were  Casper  Mauser, 
whose  hunting  experiences  had  been  extensive,  Jameg 
Knox,  John  Montgomery,  Isaac  Bledsoe,  and  others. 
One  or  two  other  parties  had  traversed  far  into  the 
wilderness,  sometimes  threading  the  woods,  and  in 
other  cases,  using  the  waters  of  the  rivers  for  the  pur- 
poses of  their  exploration.  Tlie  staple  commodity 
of  those  days  was  furs,  venison,  and  bear's  meat. 
These  began  the  great  trade  which  now  uses  to  its 
utmost  capacities  all  the  energies  of  Commerce. 

The  vicinity  of  the  Great  Ei vers  were  sooner  known, 
for  the  ingenuity  of  the  white  man,  in  his  better 
knowledge  of  the  means  of  traversing  the  water,  gave 
him  facilities  beyond  those  which  the  simple  skill  of 
the  Indian  could  compass. 

It  was  the  great  boldness  in  all  these  enterprises  to 
attack  the  wilderness.  Here  the  man  was  left  to  his 
own  energies,  without  the  friendly  assistance  of  the 
rapid  current  of  a  river,  that  bore  him  onward  beyond 
the  pursuit  of  the  savage.  Here  it  was  that  Boone 
evinced  his  sublime  courage.  He  called  the  lone  wil 
derness,  where  for  months  no  aid  or  sympathy  waa 
within  his  reach,  a  paradise,  and  proved  himself  one  of 


96  LIFE   OF    n'ANFEL    BOONT5. 

those  Bagcs,  who  Cowper  tells  us,  have  found  a  charm 
in  solitude. 

Daniel  Boone  was  now  recognized  as  the  discoverei 
of  Kentucky ;  the  discoverer,  not  as  he  is  so  styled 
who,  by  the  accident  of  wind  and  tide  may  find  the 
prow  of  his  vessel  upon  a  land  hitherto  unknown, 
but  as  having  determined  by  the  heroism  and  bravery 
of  his  experiences,  and  the  intelligence  of  his  obser- 
vation, what  beauty  and  what  bounty  had  been  spread 
out  there  awaiting  the  march  of  empire.  The  hunter 
boy  who  had  learned  the  power  of  the  rifle  in  the 
woods  which  adjoined  Reading,  (in  our  day  how  un- 
like the  place  that  taught  forest-craft  to  the  woods- 
man \)  was  now  admitted  to  have  been  the  guide  of 
his  country  towards  the  great  possession  which  the 
savage  used  but  to  abuse,  and  which  were  of  all  lands 
ni'jst  suitable  fur  the  triumphs  of  civilization.  The 
descri])tion  which  Boone  had  given  of  the  inexhaust- 
ible fertility  of  the  soil,  had  awakened  the  keen  atten- 
tion of  Carolina  and  Virginia.  If  the  country  was 
such  as  the  Pioneer  had  delineated  it,  it  Wiis  to  bo 
grasped,  and  he  would  be  fortunate  who  sociirod  a 
homo  there. 

AVe  are  accustomed,  at  this  period,  to  speak  of  the 
Revolutionary  struggle  as  the  Old  AVar.  The  con- 
flicts of  1S12  and  1S4G  have,  by  their  recent  date, 
thrown  the  others  far  back,  almost  into  history ;  but 
t>j  «)ur  fathers,  the  strife  that  immediately  preceded 


'^  c\V-v,  nN 


c,'^^ 


VIKGINIA   PASSES   BOUNTY    LAWS,  97 

the  Eevolution  bore  the  title  of  the  Old  War.  With 
ns,  it  is  now  best  known  as  the  French  War.  It  waa 
the  last  time  in  which  we  bore  a  foreign  banner  in 
the  field,  or  graced  the  Crown  by  Colonial  bravery. 

In  that  war  the  best  blood  of  Virginia  had  mingled. 
Our  own  "Washington  learned  then  the  lessons  of 
martial  knowledge,  which  he  so  eminently  used,  when 
directing  his  skill  against  the  sway  of  the  monarch, 
in  whose  ranks  he  had  so  bravely  fonght  under  Brad- 
dock.  Virginia  had  sent  out  her  troops,  who  had 
done  good  service,  and  the  Colony,  for  such  service, 
had  very  properly  voted  a  remuneration  in  bounty 
lands.  These  had  been  located  —  for  it  was  very  easy 
for  the  Colonial  government,  to  declare  the  statutory 
possession  of  land,  on  the  Kentucky.  The  counsel- 
ors who,  at  the  seat  of  government  of  the  Ancient 
Dominion,  felicitated  themselves  that  they  had  so  gen- 
erously remembered  the  soldier,  did  not  stop  to 
think  that  it  would  require  the  bravery  of  a  campaign 
to  get  possession  of  the  gift.  Of  what  this  land  was, 
Boone  had  told  them.  They  had  an  indefinite  idea 
where  they  were,  but  their  duties  ended  in  the  law 
They  told  the  soldier  what  they  had  given  him.  It 
was  for  him  to  arrive  there,  l^or  is  this  extraordi- 
nary The  history  of  the  "  Military  Tract  "  of  West- 
ern New  York  would  furmsh  equal  instances  of  the 
distinction  between  ownership  by  law  and  by  actua". 
possession. 


W  LITE    OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

i3nt  the  Government  of  Virginia  did  net  quite  con 
tent  itself  with  passing  the  hounty  hiws.  Governof 
Dunmore  sent  —  relying  on  the  great  fact  that  Boone 
had  been  able  to  maintain  and  sut^tain  himself  there 
alone  —  a  party  of  surveyors  to  give  some  form  and 
shape  to  the  donations  to  the  soldiery. 

Lord  Dunmore  was  then  the  governor  of  Virginia, 
succeeding  Lord  Botetourt.  The  attention  of  this 
nobleman  had  been  attracted  to  the  great  capabilities 
of  the  TVest,  and  in  1772,  he  made  all  the  arrange- 
ments fur  a  visit  thither,  in  the  companionship  of 
George  Washington,  when  the  latter  was  unexpect- 
edly compelled  to  give  up  the  enterprise,  so  welcome 
to  him,  by  the  death  of  young  Custis. 

It  is  of  vivid  interest  here  to  recall  the  facts  which 
show  how  much  Kentucky  owes  to  Washington,  in 
tiie  jjreparation  of  the  train  of  events  which  led  to  its 
settlement.  The  extract  we  give  from  the  admirable 
life,  by  Sparks,  of  the  great  Virginian,  will  show  that 
it  was  to  his  energy  that  the  soldiers  of  the  French 
War  were  chiefly  indebted  for  their  land  — his  scrupu- 
lous and  careful  justice  providing  for  alL 

"  In  the  midst  of  his  public  engagements,  another  afiair 
extremely  vexatious  in  its  details,  employed  much  of  hia 
8ttenti(m.  The  claims  of  the  officers  and  soldiers  to  lands, 
granted  by  Governor  Dinwiddie,  as  a  reward  for  their  servi. 
ces  at  the  bcgining  of  llu'.  French  war,  nu't  willi  iniiuiiicral»lfc 
obstacles  for  a  long  time,  first  from  the  Ministry  in  England, 
and  next  from  the  authorities  in  Virginia-     l>j  his  unwearied 


A    ST7KYEY   IS    OKoJEEED.  98 

axertions,  however,  and  by  these  alone,  and  mostl}-  at  his 
own  expense,  the  matter  was  at  last  adjusted.  Nor  did  ha 
remit  his  elibrts,  till  every  officer  and  private  s  tidier  had  re 
ceived  his  due  proportion.  Where  deaths  had  occurred,  the 
heirs  were  sought  out,  and  their  claims  verified  andallovred, 
Even  Vanbraam,  who  was  believed  to  have  deceived  him  at 
the  capitulation  of  the  Great  Meadows,  and  who  went  as 
hostage  to  Canada,  thence  to  England  and  never  returned  to 
America,  was  not  forgotten  in  the  distribution.  His  share 
was  reserved,  and  he  was  informed  that  it  was  at  his  disposal." 

To  facilitate  this  purpose,  the  Governor  ordered  the 
Burvej.  In  1773,  such  names  as  Taylor,  Bullitt,  Har- 
rod,  McAfee  —  famous  in  the  annals  of  Kentucky, — ■ 
were  employed  on  this  arduous  duty.  They  were  led 
by  Captain  Thomas  Bullitt,  well  selected  for  such 
service,  since  he  had  been  engaged  in  the  celebrated 
expedition  against  Fort  Du  Quesne.  He  led  his  party 
down  the  Ohio  to  the  Falls,  where  a  camp)  was  built 
and  fortified,  so  as  to  protect  them  from  the  Indians, 
Many  surveys  were  made  in  Kentucky,  and  the  pre- 
dictions and  assertions  of  Boone  verified.  The 
brothers  McAfee  followed  up  the  survey,  and  •'  a 
local  habitation  and  a  name  "  begun  to  appear  in  the 
wilderness  —  so  rapidly  were  the  plans  of  Boone  un- 
derstood by  the  Virginians. 

The  buffalo  was  of  great  use  to  these  explorers. 
Their  paths,  worn  by  long  use,  by  the  undisturbeu 
travel  of  successive  years,  were  adopted  by  the  hum- 
ers.     They  had  a  convenience  and  form  which  wer* 


100  LITE   OF   DAKEEL   BOONE. 

valued,  and  from  their  resemblance  to  something;  like 
the  work  of  man,  the  hunters  called  them  the  streets. 
Tlie  first  survey  on  the  Kentucky  River  was  of  six 
hundred  acres,  and  was  made  by  Taylor  and  the 
McAfee's.  These  adventurous  men  saw  with  interest 
the  roads  broken  through  the  cane-brake  by  the  mi 
grating  animals,  and  watched  the  contests  which  the 
salt  licks  witnessed  among  the  brute  creation,  for  that 
article,  next  to  an  absolute  necessity  —  salt;  less 
patient  and  self-denying  than  Boone,  who  had  passed 
his  solitary  months  even  without  it. 

In  1774,  other  surveyors  followed.  In  May,  Cap- 
tain James  Ilarrod,  with  a  party  of  forty -one  men, 
descended  the  Ohio  River  from  the  Monongahela,  and 
arrived  at  the  i)resent  location  of  Harrodsburgh,  or, 
as  it  was  first  called,  Ilarrodstown,  or  Old  town ;  and 
if  the  locality  should  be  famous  for  nothing  else,  it 
would  be  for  the  fact  that  there  corn  was  first  raised 
—  the  fii*st  of  that  harvest  whicli  in  our  days  glows  in 
beautv,  on  all  the  vast  expanse  of  fertile  soil.  The 
manner  in  wliich  this  town  Wiis  laid  out,  proves  that 
land  was  in  abundance.  They  were  literally  ''  mon- 
archs  of  all  they  surveyed,"  and  made  their  town  lota 
to  consist  of  an  half  acre,  and  their  out  lots  of  five 
acres,  with  a  generosity  of  purpose,  which  would  be 
extra^acant  in  some  parts  of  Kentucky  in  tlicse  times. 

Another  party  landed  at  the  present  site  of  Louis 
viUe,  traveling  uj)  the  Kentucky  River.    There  were 


DISSATISFACTION    OF    TFIE    rNDTANS.  10") 

tlins  scattered  over  the  wilderness  country  successive 
parties  of  Virginians,  each  actively  occupied  in  tho 
possession  of  the  land,  in  arranging  it  in  order,  and  in 
facilitating  the  plans  of  Washington  for  its  division 
among  the  soldiery  of  the  French  War.  To  all  the 
perils  of  privation,  of  whatever  rendered  the  travel 
difficult,  these  men  were  inured.  Since  the  bold  da- 
ring of  Boone  had  enabled  him  to  brave  all  these 
alone,  it  would  have  been  pusillanimous  in  a  party  of 
men  to  have  quailed  or  faltered.  The  chief  danger, 
of  course,  was  with  the  Indians. 

The  treaty  of  Fort  Stanwix,  in  1768,  might  have 
been  sufficiently  comprehended  by  the  chiefs  engaged 
in  it,  but  the  interior  of  the  Colony  of  Xew  York  was 
too  far  off  to  be  considered  by  the  great  mass  of  the 
nation,  or  by  many  included  within  the  powerful 
confederacy  of  the  Six  ITations,  as  the  place  in  which 
their  title  to  a  great  and  fertile  territory  was  to  be  ex- 
tinguished. "  The  Indian  nations,"  Filson  says,  "  not 
concerned  in  the  grant,  became  dissatisfied  with  the 
prospect  of  a  settlement  which  might  become  so  dan- 
gerous a  thorn  in  their  side,  and  committed  some 
massacres  upon  the  first  explorers  of  the  country. '' 
The  "  some  massacres  "  so  coolly  talked  about,  inclu 
ded  the  dreadful  slaughter  which  checked  and  des 
troyed  the  expedition  which,  under  the  ausj^ices  and 
directions  of  Daniel  Boone,  had,  under  such  fair  pros 
pects,  started  from  the  Yadkin. 


102  LITE   OF    DAXTEL    llOONE. 

Tlicse  men  were  in  dan^rer.  Governor  Dunmore 
perceived  their  peril,  and  counseled  as  to  the  best 
means  for  their  rescue.  The  times  were  dark  in  all 
quarters  of  the  country.  Between  the  Crown  and 
tlie  Colonies  there  was  no  longer  love  or  lovalty,  and 
the  fierce  passions  of  war  were  stirring,  in  all  their 
full  sway,  the  savage.  To  him,  the  Fort  Stanwijc 
treaty  was  soon  to  be  only  the  hated  memory  of  an 
act  of  subserviency. 

Tlie  Governor  of  Virginia  sought  the  man  for  the 
exigency.  When  the  death  of  James  Boone  and 
those  who  perished  with  him,  broke  up  the  expedition 
from  the  Yadkin  and  Powell's  Valley,  as  has  been  be- 
fore stated,  the  voice  of  the  majority  was  controlling, 
and  tlie  party  returned,  making  the  end  of  their  jour- 
ney the  settlements  on  Clinch  River.  Here  Boone 
remained  quietly  and  peaceably,  during  seven  montlis. 
It  w^as  a  strange  end  to  that  journey  so  nobly  begun. 
A  winter  of  calm  domestic  incident,  among  the  set- 
tlements of  a  secure  land,  was  not  that  on  which  he 
had  built  his  projects.  He  expected  a  winter  in  the 
land  which  he  had  explored;  a  camp  guarded  and 
protected  by  the  power  of  Heaven,  only  by  ceaseless 
vigilance.  He  had  anticipated  the  possession  of  the 
wildest  and  widest  range  for  his  rifle  that  the  keenest 
hunter  could  have  desired.  He  had  believed  that  his 
follnwt  rs  would  have  been  all  gathered  around  him, 
»evi'ling  in  the  luxuriance  c '  the  rich  land  to  which 


103 

he  had  broiiojht  them.  All  this  the  Indian  had  fnis 
trated,  and  the  keenest  incident  of  their  cruelty  waa 
the  death  of  his  son ;  and  yet  he  seems  patiently  to 
have  gone  to  the  settlement,  seeing  with  strong  sense 
that,  for  the  time,  this  was  the  wisest.  Boone  had 
not  ceased  to  believe  himself  "  an  instrument  orda'n- 
ed  to  settle  the  wilderness,"  and  he  rested  till  the  oc- 
casion for  the  continuation  of  this  great  work  should 
present  itself. 

The  boldness  and  daring,  the  calm  enterprise  ol 
Boone,  had  made  his  name  kno^T  n.  It  had  reached 
the  high  and  aristocratic  Court  of  Virginia  —  for  such 
was  the  Government  of  that  Colony  —  that  one  man 
had  traversed  the  mountain,  and  over  everv  dancrer, 
and  through  every  difficulty,  had  reached  the  glorious 
country  of  Kentucky ;  had,  with  perseverance  and  a 
courage  deserving  the  epithet  of  sublime,  not  from 
fanaticism,  or  the  dread  of  or  aversion  for  his  species, 
made  his  distinct  occupation  of  the  land  he  had  cho- 
sen, and  in  the  midst  of  all  had  been  calm,  and  after 
all  had  been  patient  and  firm  ;  who  had,  with  all  the 
perils  and  persecutions  of  the  pioneer  and  the  prison- 
er, neither  been  revengeful  nor  bloody ;  and  whose 
character  seemed  fitted  to  be  that  of  the  leader  and 
the  father  of  a  country.  Governor  Dunmore  sent  to 
Boone,  and,  as  Boone  tells  the  incident,  "solicited  }iim 
to  go  to  tlie  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  to  conduct  into  the  set- 
^Viment  a  number  of  surveyors  that  had  been  seni 


104 


UKI-:    OF    PAN  I  If.    li(^*SE. 


thither  by  him  some  montlis  before  —  tliis  country 
having,  about  this  time,  drawn  the  attention  of  many 
adventurers."  The  summons  from  Court,  the  "soli- 
citation "  by  the  Governor,  must  have  produced  its 
eensatior.  in  the  quiet  settlement  on  the  Clinch.  To 
the  wife  of  Boone  it  must  have  seemed  like  the  call 
to  new  trials  Tlie  husband  and  father  was  to  be  ex- 
posed to  the  perils  which  had  deprived  her  of  her  son. 
To  the  settlers  the  occasion  was  one  in  which  they 
felt  pride,  since  it  evidenced  that,  out  of  all  the  coun- 
try, tlieir  leader  ana  companion  had  been  selected  aa 
the  pei*son  most  deserving  c>f  the  confidence  of  the 
Head  of  the  State. 


CHAPTEE    VI. 

BOONS  AWD  8  ?ONER  PENETKATE  THE  WILDERNESS  EIGHT  HTJNDRISD  MILES,  T» 

THE  FALLS  OF  THE  OHIO THEY   FIND  THE  PARTY  OF  JAMES  HARROD,  AKC 

WARN  THEM  OF  INDIAN  HOSTILITIES LORD  DUNMORE  ASSIGNS    BOONE   TO 

A  MILITARY  COMMAND BATTLE  OF  POINT  PLEASANT BOONE  RETURNS  TO 

HIS  FAMILY FERTILITY  AND    BEAUTY  OF  THE  WEST RICHARD    HENDER- 
SON  HIS  PROJECT  OF  A  COLONY BOONE  IS    SENT  ON  A  MISSION  TO    THB 

INDIANS  BY    LORD  DUNMORE HIS    SUCCESS BOONE    EMPLOYED  TO  OPEN 

A  ROAD  FROM  THE  HOLSTON  TO  THE  KENTUCKY  RIVER HOSTILITY  OF  THB 

INDIANS LETTER  TO  COLONEL  HENDERSON. 

Boone  says  "  he  immediately  complied   with   the 

Governor's  request."     The  promptitude  and  courage 

of  the  man  was  shown  in  the  act.     Undoubtedly  it 

was  a  most  welcome  service.     That  winter  must  have 

been  to  him  a  period  of  plans  and  purposes,  which 

found  realization  in  this  commission.     "  One  Michael 

Stoner  "  was  associated  with  him.     Stoner  was,  like 

himself,  a  pioneer.     He  had  hunted  on  Cumberland 

River,  and  was  familiar  with  wood-craft.     He  after 

wards  was  conspicuous  in  the  frontier  conflicts,  and 

was  wounded  at  Boonesborough.     Hardy,  and  bold, 

and  adventurous  as  he  doubtless  was,  it  seems  that 

he  had  the  rare  wisdom  of  taking  good  care  of  hiru 
E* 


106  LIFE   OF    DANIFX    m>ONF,. 

Bclf,  and  from  all  the  perils  of  the  border  war,  seen 
rin;;  for  himself  a  good  share  of  the  land  he  had  as- 
sisted in  subduing.  AVhen,  in  ijfter  years,  the  courl 
assembled  to  vindicate  and  arrange  the  accuracy  of 
the  land  titles,  Sooner  receiver  the  following  certificate. 

"  Michael  Stoner,  this  day  appeared,  and  claimed  a  right 
to  a  settlement,  and  preemption  to  a  tract  of  land  lying  on 
Stoiier's  Fork,  a  branch  of  the  South  Fork  of  Licking,  about 
twelve  miles  above  Licking  station,  by  making  com  in  the 
country  in  the  year  1775,  and  improving  the  said  land  in  the 
year  1*70;  satistactory  proof  jeing  made  to  the  court,  they 
an;  of  the  opinion^  that  the  said  Stoner  had  a  right  to  a  set- 
tlement <»f  f  )ur  hundred  acres  of  land,  including  the  above 
mentioned  improvements,  and  a  preemption  of  one  thousand 
acres  adjoining  the  same,  and  that  a  certificate  issue  accord- 
ingly." 

With  this  suitable  companion  Boone  left  the  Clinch. 
It  has  been  stated  that  the  reason  why  Boone  and  his 
expedition  remained  during  the  winter,  after  tlie  death 
of  James  Boone,  at  Clinch,  was  that  they  were  kejtt 
in  check  by  the  Indians,  but  this  does  not  seem  prob- 
able, since,  as  soon  as  Lord  Dunmore  communicated 
his  request  to  Boone,  he  started  oil* — himself  and 
Stoner  travei*sing  the  scene  of  all  the  danger,  and  ar- 
riving safely  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio ;  tracking  their 
way  through  the  wilderness,  and  by  their  skill  and  by 
their  bravery,  accom|dishing  with  honor  to  themselvetf 
the  important  mission  of  deliverance  ;  completing  a 
tour  of  eight  hundred  miles,  through  every  speciex 


of  obstacle,  or,  as  Boo^^'^.  modestly  calls  it  "many 
difficulties,"  in  sixt j-tw  •    days.* 

It  is  sad  to  think  that  of  a  journey  so  interesting 
those  who  participated  in  it  have  left  so  few  memori 
als.  Its  record  by  Boone  is  of  the  most  brief  and  unsat- 
isfactory kind.  Yet,  it  was  not  devoid  of  interest, 
and  to  Boone  it  must  have  been  of  the  greatest  mo- 
ment. His  very  journey  resulted  from  his  own  la 
bors.  He  saw  how  rapidly  his  movement  had  been 
followed,  and  how  soon  the  adventurous  and  enter 
prising  had  pushed  through  the  gate  himself  had 
opened  ;  and  wherever  he  went,  those  who  had  reared 
their  cabin  cheered  the  brave  Pioneer  whose  lead 
they  had  followed. 

At  their  settlement,  Boone  found  the  party  of  Jamea 
Harrod,  and  it  was  part  of  the  duty  to  which  Gov- 
ernor Dunmore  had  assigned  Boone  and  Stoner,  to 
warn  the  settlers  that  the  IN'orthern  Indians  had  be- 
come hostile.     It  would  have  been  well  for  this  com- 

*  One  of  tlie  party  whom  lie  rescued  was  John  Floyd,  a  Aame 
memorable  in  the  annals  of  Virginia,  as  associated  with  its  bravery, 
its  honors,  its  eloquence.  The  region  west  of  the  mountains  was 
considered  as  part  of  Fincastle  county,  Virginia.  Of  this  CoL 
Preston  was  the  chief  surveyor.  Floyd  acted  as  his  deputy  and 
as  such  was  sent  out  by  Lord  Dunmore.  His  career  in  after  life, 
though  terminated  by  a  murderous  assault  from  the  savage  foe,  was 
eonspicuoiis  in  the  history  of  the  couutr}',  and  it  is  interesting  to 
know  that  on  a  memorable  occasion  in  Boone's  life,  when  he  sought 
to  rescue  beloved  members  of  his  own  family,  CoL  Flo3'd  was  of  the 
party  who  aided  him.  Such  is  the  destiny  of  a  heroic  deed.  It  ii 
trausiiigrated  into  anothe* 


108  I>TFE   OF    nANTKI-    TOOXF. 

pany  liad  they  given  immediate  liecd  to  tlie  iiiforma 
tion  tlius  communicated  to  them.     Tlie  Ilarrod  party 
remained  at  their  settlement  till  July  20.     At  that 
time,  some  of  his  men  liaving  discovered  a  spring 
near  their  town,  to  which  they  had  assigned  the  pretty, 
plagiarised    title   of   Fontahiblau — were   remaining 
around  their  discovery.     Tlie  Indians  made  one  ol 
their  characteristic  and  sudden  attacks,  killing  one 
of  their  number,  and  dispersing  the  othei-s.     One  of 
them  returned  safely  to  Harrod's  camp.     The  other 
(and  the  incident  is  characteristic  of  the  strange  and 
unex])ected  results  which  are  woven  in  the  lives  of 
these  men)  made  for  the  trail  that  led  to  the  Falls, 
(where  Louisville  now  is,)  and  descending  the  Ohio, 
and  even  the  great  Mississippi,  in  a  bark  canoe,  does 
not  seem  to  have  rested  till  he  got  around  to  Phila- 
delphia by  sea !     If  all  this  journey   was  the  result 
of  one  fright  by  Indians,  this  man  could  not  have 
been  of  the  stuH'  of  which  the  race  of  pioneers  were 
formed.     And  yet  there  was  some  courage  in  this 
voyage  in  a  bark  canoe ;  such  boats  being  occasion 
ally  formed  only  with  tomahawk  and  knife,  with  which 
a  tree  would  be  cut  down  and  skinned  —  begun  at 
Bunrise  and  finished  at  sundown. 

Tlie  judgment  of  Lord  Dunmore  in  respect  to  the 
probability  of  hostilities  with  the  Indians,  was  veri- 
fied. The  Shawanees,  occupying  the  Great  and  Little 
Miami,  and  other  of  the  Northwestern  Indians,  deter 


THE  rNDIAXS  DETEPc:snXE  TO  FIGHT.  10& 

mined  to  fight.  Thev  saw  the  rich  possessi  dh  of  then 
fathers  fading  from  them,  for  since  the  attention  ol 
the  settlers  had  been  given  to  the  Kentucky,  the  rapid 
increase  in  number  of  the  occupants  taught  them  that 
a  very  different  destiny  was  before  them,  than  when 
a  solitary  individual,  like  Boone,  sought  their  wilder- 
ness. They  went  to  the  fight  with  the  conviction,  in 
some  minds,  that  they  could  crush  at  once  the  emi- 
gration, and,  in  all  probability,  with  the  belief  in  the 
minds  of  others,  even  anion 2;  those  savao^e  tribes,  that 
the  day  of  the  Red  Man  would  soon  be  over.  Boone 
speaks  of  this  war  as  "  the  campaign  which  Gov- 
ernor Dunmore  carried  on  a^^^ainst  the  Shawanee 
Indians." 

Of  all  that  Boone  and  Stoner  did,  in  their  sixty- 
two  days'  journey,  the  imperfect  record  furnishes 
few  facts.  Undoubtedly  Boone  from  place  to  place 
continued  his  research  into  the  capacities  of  the  new 
country,  and  stored  away  in  his  mind  those  points  in 
its  topography  where  the  white  man  would  soonest 
find  facilities  for  his  settlement.  Of  the  rich  lands  — 
the  abundant  pasturage  —  the  hunting  ground  —  the 
water  power  —  the  forest,  he  informed  himself  thor- 
oughly. His  selection  by  the  Government  had  given 
him  a  confidence  that  his  labor  in  the  progress  of  do- 
minion over  the  wilderness,  was  recognized  and  ap* 
preciated  by  his  fellow  men. 

The  perseverance  and  yigor  which  must  have  char- 


110  LIFE    OF    DANIEL   BOONE. 

acterized  this  journey  — the  great  distance  traveled 
in  the  very  midst  of  that  which,  in  the  full  sense  of 
the  term,  was  an  enemy's  country — makes  this  one 
of  the  most  remarkable,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  lion- 
orahle,  of  the  incidents  of  the  life  of  tins  great  man. 

That  to  the  Virginian  Court  the  performance  of 
this  duty  by  Boone,  had  been  most  satisfactory,  is 
evidenced  by  the  fact,  that  immediately  upon  the 
close  of  his  trust.  Governor  Dun  more  assigned  him 
to  a  military  command.  It  is  curious  to  note  the  dif- 
ferent hmguage  which  Boone  uses,  in  liis  owp  narra- 
tive in  rehation  to  this.  When  he  had  been  deputed 
to  the  first  service,  he  says  he  was  solicited  by  the 
Governor.  When  the  military  office  was  bestowed, 
he  says  he  was  "  ordered  to  take  the  command  of 
three  garrisons ; "  so  soon  did  he  fall  into  the  language, 
as  undoui)tedly  he  did  into  the  habits  and  discipline, 
of  the  soldier.  These  garrisons  were  upon  the  fron- 
tier; the  Governor  wisely  judging  that  to  the  man 
who  could  evade  and  baffle  the  savages  while  alone, 
during  months  of  residence  and  the  travel  of  many 
hundreds  of  miles,  might  be  siifely  committed  the 
vury  nut-posts  of  the  war. 

This  campaign  ended  with  the  battle  of  Point 
Pleasant,  fought  where  the  Groat  Kenhawa  and  the 
Ohio  rivers  join.  It  is  the  ])loo(licst  battle  in  the  re- 
cords of  Virginia,  with  its  Indian  foe.  The  Virgin- 
•ans,  eleven  hundred  strong,  were  under  the  command 


BATTLE    OF    FOUNT    PLEASAXT.  Hi 

of  General  Andrew  Lewis.  The  Indians  were  led  bv 
their  celebrated  chief,  Cornstalk.  In  the  Shawanese 
tribe  and  Confederacy,  he  was  first.  He  had  the 
ability  to  lead,  and  the  battle,  under  such  control, 
could  not  but  be  decisive,  and  it  was  so.  The  In- 
dians fought  desperately,  and  in  the  records  of  the 
dead  and  wounded,  left  bitter  memories  of  their 
prowess.  The  loss  was  very  severe  to  the  Yirginians, 
seventy-five  being  killed,  and  one  hundred  and  forty 
wounded.  This  ended  the  campaign,  and  it  was  felt 
throughout  all  the  Indian  Nations. 

Boone,  after  the  same  careful  and  satisfactory  dis- 
charge of  his  duty,  returned  to  his  family,  at  Clinch 
River,  passing  the  winter  in  hunting,  as  an  occupation 
suited  to  his  vigorous  energies,  and,  in  all  probability, 
framing  in  his  mind  new  thought  of  futm-e  plans  for 
the  occupation  of  the  new  country. 

Before  entering  on  the  next  epoch  in  the  life  of  this 
remarkable  man,  it  will  be  of  interest  to  notice  the 
opinion  which  others  entertained  of  the  magnitude^ 
—  of  the  value  of  the  country  to  which  he  stood  in 
the  relation  almost  of  a  discoverer  —  certainly  in  that 
of  the  Pioneer.  Kentucky  was  to  the  enterprising  a 
field  of  hope.  There,  all  that  had  been  fancied  of  2 
ri(;h  and  luxuriant  country,  free  to  the  adventurous, 
and  in  which  the  enterprising  were  to  find,  so  soon  as 
the  blessing  of  a  good  government  should  be  extend- 
ed over  it,  every  good  that  the  remunerating  tillage 


112  LTVK   OF    nANTKL    nooXE. 

of  the  eartli  couM  furnisli  —  inKentiickj,  all  this  wa« 
to  be  realized.  The  language  used  by  Boone  an<i 
Finley,  was  repeated  in  less  inflated  and  in  calmei 
♦^enns,  but  witli  a  meaning  of  equal  strength,  by  thoife 
who  necessarily  came  out  to  see  this  good  land  for 
themselves.  It  had  a  value  which  they  felt  would 
repay  the  severe  toil  its  occupancy  was  costing,  and 
would  cost,  and  there  were  those  who,  like  Boone, 
lived  to  see  the  greatness  of  the  Free  State  realize  — 
more  than  realize  —  all  that,  when  they  looked  upo-i 
it  in  its  original  beauties,  had  been  uttered  and  delin- 
eated. Imlay  gives  his  sketch  of  its  appearance, 
which  while  rhapsodical  and  poetical,  is  yet  indicative 
of  the  impression  upon  the  early  traveler. 

"  Everything  here  assumes  a  dignity  and  splendor,  I  have 
never  seen  in  juiy  other  part  of  the  world.  You  ascend  a 
considerable  distance  from  the  shore  of  the  Ohio,  and  when 
you  would  suppose  you  had  arrived  at  the  summit  of  a 
mountain,  you  find  yourself  upon  an  extensive  level.  Here 
an  eternal  verdure  reigns,  and  the  brilliant  sun  of  latitude 
390  piercing  through  the  azure  heavens,  produces  in  this 
prolific  soil  an  early  maturity,  which  is  truly  astonishing. 
Flowers,  full  and  perfect,  as  if  thty  had  been  cultivated  by 
the  hand  of  a  florist,  with  all  their  captivating  odors,  and 
with  all  the  variegated  charms  which  color  and  nature  can 
produci',  here,  in  the  lap  of  elegance  and  beauty,  decorate  the 
smiling  grovel.  Soft,  zephyrs  gently  breathe  on  sweets,  aiid 
the  inhaled  air  gives  a  voluptuous  glow  of  health  and  vigor, 
tliat  seems  to  ravish  the  intoxiaitcd  senses.  The  sweet  son^- 
ters  of  the  forest  appear  to  feel  the  influence  of  the   genial 


VIRGINIA   ENCOURAGES   THE   SETTLERS.  113 

dim*'*,  and  in  more  soft,  and  modulated  tones  warble  theii 
tender  notes,  in  unison  with  love  and  nature.  Everything 
here  gives  delight,  and  in  that  wild  effulgency  which  beams 
around  us,  we  feel  a  glow  of  gratitude,  for  the  elevation  which 
our  all  bountiful  Creator  has  bestowed  upon  us.  You  must 
forgive  what  I  know  you  will  call  rhapsody,  but  what  I  really 
experienced  after  traveling  across  the  Alleghany  Mountain 
in  March,  when  it  was  covered  with  snow,  and  after  finding 
the  country  about  Pittsburgh  bare,  and  not  recovered  from 
the  ravages  of  winter.  There  was  scarcely  a  blade  of  grass 
to  be  seen  ;  everything  looked  dreary,  and  bore  those  marks 
of  melancholy  which  the  rude  frost  produces.  I  embarked 
.jnmediately  for  Kentucky,  and  in  less  than  nine  days  landed 
at  Limestone,  where  I  found  nature  robed  in  all  her  charms." 

Yirginia  now  determined  to  encourage  the  settle- 
ment of  a  land  wbicb  promised  to  be,  in  its  wide  ex 
tent  and  unexampled  fertility,  so  useful  and  so  pow- 
erful. The  authorities  offered  four  hundred  acres  of 
land  to  every  person  who  engaged  to  build  a  cabin, 
clear  a  piece  of  land,  and  produce  a  crop  of  Indian 
corn.  This  was  called  a  settlement-right.  Many  of 
these  settlements  were  made,  when  a  new  and  extra- 
ordinary feature  in  the  history  of  Kentucky  presented 
itself,  and  one  with  which  Boone  was  intim.atelj 
connected. 

Iticliard  Henderson,  of  ITortli  Carolina,  had  grown 
up  to  maturity  before  he  could  read  and  write,  and 
only  acquired  these  foundation  branches  of  education 
by  perseverance  at  a  period  when,  as  the  eai-ly  love 


114  T.rFF    OF    DANTT-X    BOONF. 

df  learning  lias  not  beer  fostered,  it  is  often  most  difli 
cult  to  form.  He  began  life  as  a  constiible,  but  poe 
8essing  genius,  and  that  power  of  voice  and  expres- 
sion in  conversation  and  public  speaking  which  is  the 
real  eloquence,  he  adopted  the  profession  of  the  law 
always  most  influential  in  a  new  settlement.  A  Brit- 
ish traveler,  (Dr.  Smyth,)  an  agent  of  Lord  Dunmore 
Jeseribes  him  as  of  superior  genius,  with  amazing 
talunt,  and  of  o  manner  so  agreeable  as  to  leave  him 
without  a  single  enemy  ;  and  that,  while  a  very  young 
man,  he  was  appointed  Associate  Chief  Judge  of 
North  Carolina.  Evidently,  to  this  gentleman  even 
his  judicial  honors  did  not  afford  sufficient  dignity, 
and  he  struck  out  a  bold  path  —  one  of  the  boldest 
ever  attempted  by  any  American.  He  spent  his  mo- 
ney somewhat  too  freely,  and  Dr.  Smith  observes  that 
his  extensive  genius  struck  out  a  bolder  road  to  for- 
tune and  fame  than  any  one  before  him  had  ever  at- 
tempted. He  founded  a  colony.  He  was  not  content 
'vith  any  possession  but  a  principality.  Dr.  Smyth 
tlius  rapidly  sketches  this  new  grasp  at  empire : 

"  Under  pretence  of  viewing  some  back  lands,  he  privately 
wwit  out  to  the  Cherokee  nation  of  Indians,  and  for  an  insig- 
nificant consideration,  (only  ten  wajjons  loaded  wilh  che.ip 
goods,  some  fire  arms  and  spirituous  liquors,)  made  a  pur- 
ohane,  from  the  chiefs  of  tha  nation,  of  a  vast  tract  of  terri- 
tory, equal  in  extern  to  a  kiiijjdom,  and  in  the  excellence  of 
cliniatc  and  soil,  extent  of  its  rivers,  and  be;iuliful  elegjuice 
of  situations,  inferior  to  none  ii  the  uinvcrse.     A  domain  of 


115 

no  less  than  one  hundred  miles  square,  situated  on  the  bacX 
or  interior  part  of  Virginia,  and  of  North  and  Soutii  Caro- 
lina ;  comprehending  the  rivers  Kentucky,  Cherokee  and 
.  Ohio,  besides  a  variety  of  inferior  rivulets,  delightful  and 
charming  as  imagination  can  conceive.  This  transaction  he 
kept  a  profound  secret,  until  such  time  as  he  obtained  the 
nnal  ratification  of  the  whole  nation  in  form.  Then  he  im- 
mediately invited  settlers  from  all  the  Provinces,  offering 
them  lands  on  the  most  advantageous  terms,  and  proposing 
to  them,  likewise,  to  form  a  legislature  and  government  of 
their  own ;  such  as  might  be  most  convenient  to  their  par- 
ticular circumstances  of  settlement.  And  he  instantly  va- 
cated his  seat  on  the  bench.  Mr.  Henderson  by  this  means 
established  a  new  colony,  numerous  and  respectable,  of 
which  he  himself  was  virtually  proprietor  as  well  as  gover- 
nor, and  indeed  legislator  also ;  having  framed  a  code  of 
laws  particularly  adapted  to  their  singular  situation  and  local 
circumstances. 

"In  vain  did  the  different  Governors  fulminate  their  pro 
clamations  of  outlawry  against  him  and  his  people ;  in  vain 
did  they  offer  rewards  for  apprehending  him,  and  forbid  ev- 
ery person  from  joining  or  repairing  to  his  settlement ;  un- 
der the  sanction  and  authority  of  a  general  law,  that  ren- 
ders the  formal  assent  of  the  Governors  and  Assemblies  of 
the  different  Provinces  absolutely  necessary  to  vindicate  the 
purchase  of  any  lands  from  the  Indian  nations.  For  this  in- 
stance being  the  act  of  the  Indians  themselves,  they  defended 
him  and  his  colony,  being  in  fact  as  a  bulwark  and  barrier 
between  Virginia,  as  well  as  North  and  South  Carolina,  and 
him  ;  his  territory  lying  to  the  westward  of  their  nation  " 

An  authority  more  reliable  than  that  of  Doctor 
Smyth — the  intelligent  and  well  judging  Governor 


IK)  LIFE   OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

Morelicad — recites  the  founding  of  Transylva.iia  in 
\n  interesting  detail. 

"In  tlie  autumn  of  the  year  1774,  there  originated  ic 
North  Carolina,  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  schemes  of 
ambition  and  specuhition,  which  was  exhibited  in  an  age 
pregnant  with  such  events.  Eight  private  gentlemen  — 
Richard  Henderson,  William  Johnston,  Nathaniel  ITart,  John 
Tuttrel,  David  Hart,  John  Williams,  James  Hogg,  and 
Leonard  Ilenley  Bullock,  contrived  the  project  of  purchas 
ing  a  large  tract  of  country,  in  the  west,  from  the  Cherokee 
Indians,  aiid  provisionary  arrangements  were  made,  with  a 
view  to  the  accomplishment  of  their  object,  for  a  treaty  to 
be  held  with  them  in  the  ensuing  year.  Tliis  was  the  cele- 
brated Transylvania  company,  which  formed  so  singular  a 
connexion  with  our  early  annals.  In  March,  1775,  Col.  Hen- 
derson, on  behalf  of  his  associates,  met  the  chiefs  of  the  Che- 
rokees,  who  were  attended  by  twelve  hundred  warriors,  at 
a  fort  on  the  Wataga,  the  south-eastern  branch  of  the  Hol- 
ston  River.  A  council  was  held,  the  terms  were  discussed, 
the  purchase  was  consummated  —  including  the  whole  tract 
of  country  between  the  Cumberland  and  Kentucky  rivers." 

Tliis  treaty,  so  curiously  formed  by  these  adventur- 
ous gentlemen  with  the  Indians,  and  which  transferred 
to  them,  for  a  brief  time  at  least,  a  sovereignity  so  ex- 
tensive, was  held  at  Wataga,  an  Indian  Town,  sit- 
uated on  the  soutli  brancirof  the  Holston  River.  As 
Boone  had  been  selected  by  Lord  Dunniore  to  guide 
through  the  wildorncss  his  best  surveyors,  so  whs  his 
sagacity  and  skill  recognized  in  this  new  trust.  IIo 
was,  in  fact,  the  man  who  was  relied  upon  to  secura 


TREATY   WITH   THE   INDIANS.  Ill 

the  possession  of  this  vast  country.  He  had  been 
(the  Indians  must  have  known  it  well,)  the  man  to 
whom  the  whites  were  indebted  for  their  knowledge 
of  the  rich  and  beautiful  land  which  was  once  all 
their  own,  in  undisturbed  possession,  and  which,  but 
for  the  courage  and  perseverance  of  Boone,  might 
liave  been  in  their  possession  for  years ;  for  it  has 
been  said  by  good  authority,  that  the  conduct  of  Boone 
anticipated  for  the  whites  the  possession  of  that  noble 
land,  many  years  ahead  of  the  period  when,  by  the 
succession  of  events,  it  would  have  fallen  to  them. 
The  Indians  saw  in  Boone,  the  man  who  had  wrought 
all  this,  and  yet  he  had  never  given  them  personal 
cause  for  hatred  or  revenge.  This  is  the  marked  dif- 
ference between  Boone  and  the  other  Pioneers.  He 
went  out  to  possess ;  too  many  of  them  went  forth  to 
slay  and  destroy.  Boone  was  chosen  to  represent 
the  intending  proprietors  in  their  immediate  nego- 
tiations. The  treaty  was  most  numerously  attended. 
There  twelve  hundi-ed  warriors  saw  the  great  Hunter, 
and  the  greater  Pioneer.  The  chiefs  of  the  Chero- 
kees  saw  for  themselves,  who  it  was  that  had  sought 
out  their  land.  And  yet,  so  wisely  was  this  coun- 
cil directed,  that  it  resulted,  as  has  been  stated,  in  the 
acquisition. 

Doctor  Smyth  thinks  the  consideration  paid,  a  tri- 
fling one,  but  it  is  elsewhere,  with  greater  probability 
stated  to  have  been  ten  thousand  pounds  sterling,  in 


IIS  LTFE   OF   DANIEL   IJOTXE. 

floods.  Tlie  unconscionable  profit  realised  m  Indian 
trades,  may  somowliat  reduce  tliis  liiiJjli  sounding  cost 

Judge  Hall  thinks  this  ])urchase  wiis  the  result  c»f 
the  careful  examination  and  accurate  secret  informa- 
tion obtained  by  Boone  on  his  fii-st  journey,  when,  as 
the  learned  Judge  thinks,  he  was  acting  as  the  confi- 
dential agent  of  those  who,  afterward,  became  the 
proprietoi-s  of  the  Transylvania  Colony.  If  this  be 
80,  never  was  an  agent  more  faithful ;  and  the  fact 
that  a  company  of  men,  intelligent  and  prominent 
Buch  as  these  were,  should  hinge  the  great  puq)oso 
of  their  life  on  his  statement,  is  a  vivid  illustration  of 
the  real  greatness  of  his  character.  He  sagaciously 
kept  his  counsel  and  theirs.  He  thoroughly  fulfilled 
all  that  had  been  intrusted  to  him.  John  Quincy 
Adams  said  of  La  Fayette,  that  he  had  the  great  tal- 
ent of  always  being  adequate  to  the  duty  to  which 
he  was  designated. 

When  these  proprietors  had  accomplished  their  ne- 
gotiation with  the  Indians,  their  next  step  was  to  pro- 
vide for  the  settlement  and  survey  of  their  possessions, 
and  Boone  was  immediately  selected.  lie  had  dis-, 
covered  the  country,  negotiated  for  it,  and  was  now 
to  make  the  first  mark  of  civilization  u]>on  it,  in  the 
exi)]oratioii  and  opening  of  a  road  from  the  settlement 
on  the  Ilolston,  to  the  Kentucky  Biver.  This  was  no 
light  labor.  In  the  cane-brakes  and  the  hills,  there 
would  have  been  work  enough  in  peaceable  times  tc 


OPENING   OF   THE   ROAD.  119 

hare  found  a  path  through  the  wilderness ;  how  much 
more,  when  a  savage  and  treacherous  race  was  all 
around,  who  would  very  readily  find  loop  "fioles  enough 
in  a  treaty  to  put  a  musket  ball  through,  especiall;^ 
as  every  mile  of  the  road  was  a  presage  of  their  own 
downfall. 

He  had  assigned  to  him  to  aid  in  this  service,  a 
company  of  men,  well  armed.  Bo3ne  says  they  were 
all  enterprising  men,  as  they  had  need  to  be,  if  the}' 
were  to  follow  Boone  through  the  wilderness.  Ho 
was  "  to  mark  out  a  road  in  the  best  passage  from  the 
settlement,  through  the  wilderness,  to  Kentucky,  with 
such  assistance  as  he  thought  necessary."  It  was  a 
perilous  task,  but  Boone  was  at  home  in  the  woods, 
and  knew  all  the  m^^steries  of  campaigning  there 
In  the  clearing  he  was  to  make,  would  soon  follow  the 
pack-horses  and  wagons,  in  which  Colonel  Henderson 
was  to  essay  the  furtherance  of  his  settlement.  Again 
Boone  left  his  family  for  a  scene  of  peril  and  ex- 
posure. It  will  be  seen  shortly,  that  these  constant 
absences  were  becoming  intolerable,  and  were  rem 
^.died. 

On  went  the  road-makers  :  the  road  is  the  compan- 
on  of  civilization.  The  treaty  was  held  in  Marcli, 
and  the  pioneers  appear  to  have  been  immediately 
set  at  work,  as  Colonel  Henderson  was  a  man  of  en- 
ergy, and  it  is  very  probable,  thought  that  the  soonei 
he  reduced  into  actual  possession  his  new  territory 


120  LITE    OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

the  better.  Tliey  accomplished  their  work  rapiilljr 
and  without  serious  obstacle,  until  they  had  arrived 
at  a  spot,  within  fifteen  miles  of  the  present  Boones- 
borough.  Here  the  Indians  broke  out  in  open  hostil- 
ity. The  road  had  assumed  a  visible  appearance,  and 
the  eavages  believed  it  best  to  arrest  its  further  pro- 
gress. They  made  an  assault,  which  proved  fatal  t( 
two  of  Boone's  party ,  thus  making  it  certain  that 
every  movement  towards  the  possession  of  that  land, 
would  be  marked  with  blood.  Tlie  thing  was  a  sur 
prise.  Cool  and  wary  as  the  Hunter  was,  the  craft 
of  the  Indian  was  often  his  superior.  Boone  acknow- 
ledges that  in  this  instance  he  was  "  surprised  and 
taken  at  a  disadvantage;"  but  he  declares,  like  a  sol- 
dier, that  lie  and  his  party  stood  their  ground.  The 
Indian  was  not  satisfied  with  this.  lie  followed  up 
his  attacks  rapidly,  and  the  company,  in  three  days 
afterwards,  lost  two  men  more.  Of  this  Boone  gives, 
in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Ilenderson,  an  interesting  ac 
count : 

April  1st,  1775. 
Dear  Colonel: 

"ARer  my  compliments  to  you,  I  shall  acquaint  you  with 
our  misfortunes.  On  March  the  25th,  a  party  of  Indians 
fired  on  my  company  about  half  an  hour  before  day,  and 
killed  Mr.  Twitty  and  his  negro,  and  wounded  Mr.  Walker 
very  deeply,  but  I  hope  ho  will  recover. 

"  On  March  the  28th,  as  wc  were  hunting  for  provisions, 
we  found  Samuel  Talc's  son,  who  gave  us  an  account  that 


LETTEE    TO    UENDEESON. 


12 


the  Indians  JEired  on  their  camp  on  the  27  th  day  My  brc»thei 
and  I  went  down  and  found  two  men  killed  and  scalped, 
rhomas  McDowell  and  Jeremiah  McPeters.  I  have  sent  a 
man  down  to  all  the  lower  companies  in  order  to  gather  them 
all  to  the  mouth  of  the  Otter  Creek.  My  advice  to  \  ou, 
sir,  is  to  come  or  send  as  soon  as  possible.  Your  company 
is  desired  greatly,  for  the  people  are  very  uneasy,  but  are 
willing  to  stay  and  venture  their  lives  with  you ;  and  now 
is  the  time  to  flusterate  their  (the  Indians')  intentions,  and 
keep  the  country,  whilst  we  are  in  it.  If  we  give  way  i<i 
them  now,  it  will  ever  be  the  case.  This  day  we  start  from 
the  battle  ground,  for  the  mouth  of  the  Otter  Creek,  where 
we  shall  immediately  erect  a  fort,  which  will  be  done  before 
you  can  come  or  send ;  then  we  can  send  ten  men  to  m.eet 
you,  if  you  send  for  them.. 

I  am,  sir,  your  most  obedient 

Daniel  Boone. 
"  N.  B.     We  stood  on  the  ground  and  guarded  our  bu^ 
gage  till  day,  and  lost  nothing.     We  have  about  fifteen  miles 
to  Cantrick's  at  Otter  Creek. 


CHAPTER    VII. 

•OOHK     AND     niB    OOMPAXT    BinLD    A    FORT HE     REMOVra    1118    FAMHT     W 

IT OTHER  KAMILIES  REMOVE  TO  THE  FORT ARRIVAL  OF  HENKKR'iON  — 

fiOONESBOROUGD TRAN8TLTANIA  LAND  COMPANY OTHER  SETTLEMKNTt 

—  THE   FIRST    LEGISLATURE BOONE  A    DELEGATE JOHN   rU>TD HEH 

DKRSOn's    address  —  BOONE    AS  A    LEGISLATOR  —  DIVINE   SERVICE COU 

CALLAWAT's    FAMILY   ARRIVES THE    INDIANS    CAPTURE   THREE    GIRLS  — 

THE    PURSUIT    AND    THE    RESCUE THE    INDIANS    ATTACK    OTHER   POSTS 

WDIAN  MODE  OF  WARFARE THE  WAR  Wmi  GREAT  BRITAIN ALARM  Of 

TH«  SBTTLERS RETURN  OF  MANY  OF  THEM. 

Boo>rE  wrote  the  foregoing  letter  on  the  daj  that 
the  building  of  the  fort  was  commenced.  It  was  a 
rude  structure  but  a  strong  one,  and  furnished  a  most 
important  rallying  point  for  the  settlement.  It  wa* 
situated  adjacent  to  the  river,  with  one  of  the  angles 
resting  on  the  bank  near  the  water,  and  extending 
from  it  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram.  Tlie  lengtli 
was  about  two  hundred  and  sixty  feet,  and  the  breadth 
one  hundred  and  fifty.  Colonel  Henderson  perj->etu- 
ated  the  remembrance  of  this  famous  garrison,  by  a 
sketch  of  the  fort,  of  considerable  accuracy  of  detail. 
Butler  says  that  a  fort,  in  those  rude  military  times, 
consisted  of  pieces  of  timber,  shar]>ened  at  the  ends 
and  firmly  lodged  in  the  ground.  IJows  of  these 
oickets  covered  the  desired  space,  wliicli  embraced 


A   FEOXTIEK    J^OET,  12 1 

the  cabins  of  tlie  inhabitants.  Slight  as  all  this  was, 
to  the  Indian  it  was  formidable,  who  much  rather 
preferred  the  encounter  in  the  open  plain,  or  the 
woods,  or  the  canebrake.  To  the  pioneers,  this  pro- 
tection  was  invaluable.  The  fort  built  by  Boone 
?eems  to  have  been  very  well  planned  and  construct- 
ed, although  the  clearing  was  just  sufficient  to  admit 
the  fortification,  and  brought  it  in  what  would  seem 
to  us  a  most  uncomfortable  contiguity  of  position  to  the 
woods ;  affording  to  the  foe  a  shelter  and  an  ambush 
directly  at  the  fort.  K  all  the  frontier  forts  had  been 
as  well  built  as  was  this  one,  it  would  have  saved 
great  suffering.  The  corners  had  houses  of  hewE 
logs  projecting  from  them ;  the  spaces  were  filled  up 
with  cabins  of  rough  logs,  close  together.  The  gates 
were  strong  and  stout.  The  fort  was  not  finished  till 
the  fourteenth  day  of  June.  Boone  says,  with  strong 
simplicity  of  expression,  they  were  "  busily  employed 
about  it."  In  its  progress,  they  lost  one  man  by  the 
attack  of  the  Indians.  The  savao^e  saw  this  stronc 
house  in  their  m^'dst  with  dismay,  for  they  could  see 
in  it  a  strength  that  their  arts  could  not  overthrow 
It  was  the  beginnmg  of  the  end. 

When  the  Pioneer  had  finished  the  fort,  he  saw  in 
It  the  sufficient  guard  for  a  garrison,  and  he  left  a 
company  there,  who  should  keep  possession  of  the 
place  and  cultivate  the  land  adjacent.  Two  great 
objects  were  gained.     The  proprietors  of  the  territory 


124  LIFK    OF    DANIPX    IJOONK 

had  secured  a  central  point  to  which  their  folk  wera 
coiiM  resort,  and,  wliile  there  was  force  enough  there, 
they  c<Mild  show  the  Indians,  by  their  pursuit  of  agri- 
culture, that  their  object  was  a  peaceable  one.  Boone 
returned  to  his  family,  and  determined,  at  all  hazards, 
to  remove  them  to  the  settlement.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  under  two  circumstances  only  did  this  truly  brave 
man  seek  to  bring  his  kindred  to  the  beautiful  land 
he  had  discovered,  aware,  as  he  so  thoroughly  was,  of 
all  its  dangers.  The  first  was,  when  he  knew  he  was 
Burrounded  by  a  large  and  powerful  company ;  and 
the  second  was,  when  a  fortification  was  built  wliich 
could  adequately  protect  them.  lie  knew  the  civili- 
zing effect  of  the  society  of  a  wife  and  a  mother,  and 
it  was  in  noble  consistency  with  the  devotion  of  ser- 
vice he  had  rendered  in  all  stations  to  those  in  whose 
employ  he  was,  that  he  desired,  even  at  the  risk  of 
exposure  of  the  kindred  dearest  to  him,  to  give  a  per- 
manency and  a  liealtliful  vigor  to  the  new  settlement. 
In  the  path  of  one  daring  woman  otliers  would  fol- 
low, and  the  wife  of  Boone  was  the  one  most  worthy 
of  leading  in  this  valuable  enterprise. 

His  wife  and  daughters  agreed  to  accompany  him. 
Boone  glides  in  his  narrative  rapidly  over  the  circum- 
stances of  the  journey,  which  he  says  was  "  safe,  with- 
out any  other  difliculties  than  sucli  as  are  common  tc 
the  passage,"  to  announce  with  evident  complacency 
and  gratulatiou,  that  they  were  the  first  white  women 


MRS.   BOONe's   ARRR'AL.  125 

rhai  tiver  stood  on  the  banks  of  the  Kentucky  Eiver 
Pioneera  were  they  —  first  of  a  band  of  heroic,  self 
devoting  women,  who  were  subjected  to  such  sights 
and  sounds  of  horror  as  only  brave  hearts  could  have 
borne,  but  who,  in  the  midst  of  all,  fulfilled  the  home- 
cheering  mission  of  their  sex  ;  who  were  surrounded 
by  peril,  but  never  forsook  father,  and  brother,  and 
husband. 

A  distinguished  citizen  of  Kentucky  (Orlando 
Brown,  Esq.)  relates,  in  connection  with  this  subject, 
the  following  incident : 

"An  old  lady  who  had  been  in  the  forts  was  describing  to 
Dr.  Brown  the  scenes  she  had  witnessed  in  those  times  of 
peril  and  adventure ;  and,  among  other  things,  remarked  that 
during  the  first  two  years  of  her  residence  in  Kentucky,  the 
most  comely  sight  she  beheld,  was  seeing  a  young  man  dy- 
ing in  his  bed  a  natural  death.  She  had  been  familiar  with 
blood,  and  carnage,  and  death,  but  in  all  those  cases  the  suf- 
ferers were  the  victims  of  the  hidian  tomahawk  and  scalping 
knife ;  and  that  on  an  occasion  when  a  young  man  was  taken 
sick  and  died,  after  the  usual  manner  of  nature,  she  and  the 
rest  of  the  women  sat  up  all  night,  gazing  upon  him  as  an 
object  of  beauty." 

What  the  ordinary  perils  of  the  journey  were,  may 
be  imagined.  To  traverse  for  hundreds  of  miles  a 
wilderness  where  an  imperfect  road  was  a  curiosity  — 
when,  at  every  thicket,  the  probabilities  were  almost 
even  that  a  foe  would  be  found,  and  when  the  wild 
beast  tracked  every  foot-step  —  these  were  the  inci 


120  lifp:  of  daniel  boone. 

dents  of  the  journey  of  those  feniiiles ;  and  to  oje  4 
them,  the  reinenibnince  was  always  present,  that  ud 
(lei  jiij^t  such  circumstances  she  had  lost  her  eldefil 
eon,  when  the  best  hopes  of  early  youth  were  with 
Iiim.  Tlie  shelter  of  the  fort  soon  received  them,  and 
it  was  difficult  to  judge  as  to  which  Wiis  most  wel- 
comed, the  brave  and  reliable  Pioneer,  or  those  whc 
came  with  him,  as  evidences  that  there  was  yet  a  con- 
nection between  the  fort  and  the  gentle  and  the  pleas- 
ant things  of  life. 

Mi*s.  Boone  was  soon  rewarded  for  her  courage  and 
enterprise.  When  Boone  had  projected  and  in  part 
executed  his  first  great  scheme  of  civilization  —  the 
one  which  was  so  fatally  arrested  near  Cumberland 
Gap  —  there  were  with  him,  as  part  of  the  adventur- 
ous company  of  pioneers,  the  families  of  McGary, 
Ilogan  and  Dexter,  and  they  ha<l  given,  in  terrible 
sacrifice  to  the  new  empire,  the  life  of  a  son — their 
loss  having  been  such  as  Boone  experienced  —  fur  the 
Indian  seldom  put  his  knife  deej)er  into  the  home 
of  the  white  man,  than  on  tliat  dreadful  occasion. 
Events  developed  themselves  in  the  progress  of  this 
history,  to  prove  how  faithfully  Boone  had  fulfilled 
the  hope  of  all  who  confided  in  him.  Bemembering 
his  manly  and  brave  conduct  —  his  patience  —  the 
gentle  manner  in  which  he  had  yielded  to  the  remon 
Btrances  of  bereaved  mothers,  and  returned,  even  at 
the  risk  of  ever}*   great  hope  in  him — when  they 


OTHER    FAMILIES    EMIGRATE.  12'< 

heard  that  Boone  was  again  to  test  the  fortunes  ol  the 
wilderness,  they  determined  to  go  with  him,  and  make 
one  more  ventm-e  upon  the  winning  of  the  land  which 
Boone  had  so  truthfully  and  glowingly  described. 

Tne  party  that  started  were  quite  respectable  in 
force.  The  possession  of  twenty-seven  guns  was  an 
argument  which  the  Indian  respected.  After  traveh 
mg  together  for  some  time,  for  some  unexplained  rea- 
son, they  separated.  The  parties  of  McGary,  Denton, 
and  Hogan,  were  left  in  the  rear,  while  Boone  pushed 
on.  Various  fortunes  befell  these,  but  after  losing 
their  way  —  after  leaving  their  cattle  with  those  yomig 
men  —  all  terminated  safely  by  their  arrival  at  the 
fort. 

The  fort  built  by  Boone,  was,  on  its  completion  tha 
signal  for  other  settlements.  As  they  knew  that  they 
could  fall  back  on  this,  in  case  of  extremity,  men  be- 
gan at  this  or  that  favorite  location,  to  make  a  per- 
manent abiding  place.  Such  was  the  influence  of 
the  strong  position  taken  by  him.  He  seems  to  have 
realized  its  value,  and  in  recording  a  skirmish,  which 
darkened  the  day  before  that  which  should  have  been 
their  "  merry  Christmas  "  by  the  loss  of  one  man  by 
the  Indians,  he  says  quaintly,  "  the  Indians  seemed 
detenumed  to  persecute  us  for  erecting  this  fortifi 
nation." 

As  the  strength  of  the  fort  became  known,  othei 
umigrants  came  in,  among  them  Richard  Callaway 


(28  LIU'.    OF    DANIKI.    BOOXK. 

but  the  chief  arrival  was  that  of  the  head  of  tlie  col 
ony,  Uenderson.  lie,  with  forty  armed  men,  and 
othei-s  unarmed,  tor  unlike  Young  Lochinvar  he  did 
not  ride 

"All  uimnneJ  an  J  alone," 

With  all  the  paraphernalia  of  pack-horses,  moved 
their  way  to  the  fort,  designating  it  as  the  future  seat 
of  government  for  the  territory.  The  party  movoJ 
on  with  sure  step,  traversing  the  road  which  theii 
faithful  pioneer  had  prepared  fur  them,  and  without 
which  the  journey,  80  important  in  its  results,  could 
not  have  been  taken.  This  journey  to  take  possession 
of  such  vast  estates,  with  a  company  of  soldier-like 
men,  and  upon  the  path  arranged  for  them  by  the 
great  discover  of  the  country,  had  something  in  it  oi 
the  magnificent,  and  was  one  of  the  extraordinary 
scenes  acconijnmying  the  career  of  Boone,  most  of 
whose  manhood  seems  to  have  been  passed  amidst 
stirring  incidents. 

There  was  no  want  of  occupation  or  of  the  meana 
of  subsistence  for  those  who  were  gathered  at  the  fort 
The  great  object  of  the  settlement  was  to  conquer  the 
forest  and  constitute  the  farm;  this  furnished  work 
en(>ugh.  Such  liuntcrs  as  were  assembled  there,  found 
10  the  fresh  woods  around  them  sufHciency  of  gama 
If  the  hunter  ventured  too  far  in  his  eager  pursuit,  he 
.Tjis  reminded  by  Boone  of  his  danger,  and  the  saga- 
cious counsels  of  their  leader  taught  the  canip  a  dis- 


EXCITING   TIMES.  12, 

cipline  which  was  of  inestimable  value.  These  wer^ 
days  when  the  approaching  conflict  with  Great  Brit- 
ain was  commencing  its  agitation ;  when  the  savaget? 
became  aware  that  a  mighty  power  would  soon  be  at 
their  side,  glad  to  enlist  their  prowess  against  the  set 
tier ;  when  thus  from  the  trained  soldier,  and  the  mec 
of  the  woods  —  from  the  forest  and  the  field  —  dangei 
menaced.  An  intelligent  historian  says,  "  Boone  fig- 
ured in  these  exciting  times,  the  centre  figure,  tower- 
ing like  a  Colossus  amid  that  hardy  band  of  pioneers 
who  opposed  their  breasts  to  the  shock  of  the  struggle 
which  gave  a  terrible  significance  and  a  crimson  hue 
to  the  history  of  the  old  "  Dark  and  Bloody  Ground.'" 
As  the  events  of  the  opening  scene  of  the  devolu- 
tion reached  the  settlers,  there  could  be  no  uncertain- 
ty or  doubt  as  to  the  side  which  would  be  espoused 
by  them.  When  the  news  of  the  fight  of  Lexington 
reached  a  party  of  emigrants,  who  had  made  a  rest- 
ing place  near  the  head  waters  of  the  Elkhorn,  where 
the  land  lay  smiling  to  the  sun,  they  immediately 
transferred  the  name  of  tht  battle-field  to  their  own 
new  home.  The  Bay  of  Boston  was  "  a  far  away," 
but  these  gallant  men  of  the  forest  felt  their  pulse 
beat  quick  as  they  listened  to  the  story  of  the  Soris 
M'  Liberty.  They  must  have  felt  that  the  incidents 
of  a  fight  for  freedom  would  not  always  be  confined 
to  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic ;  and  they  could  not  but 
liP  p-e  realized  that  their  own  perils  were  greatly  in 
F*  9 


130  LIFK    OF    DANIKL    mx-JNT!. 

creased  In-  tlic  i)rol)al)le  union  of  the  ])ayonet  of  ilia 
British  sohJier,  with  the  tomahawk  of  the  savage. 

Colonel  Henderson  having  arrived  at  the  fort, 
which  seems  now  to  have  had  conferred  upon  it  the 
title  of  Boonesborough,  he  determined  to  organize  his 
government.  The  proprietors  of  the  Transylvania 
Company  knew  tliat  it  was  necessary  for  them  to  be 
m  earnest,  for  as  intelligent  men,  they  must  have 
known  the  questionable  cliaracter  of  their  proceed- 
ings. He  ope*ied  a  Land  OlHce  and  selected  its  offi- 
cers. In  a  short  period  over  an  half  million  of  acres 
had  been  entered  in  this  extensive  office.  In  a  colo- 
ny so  wide  spread,  thousands  of  acres  was  not  of  great 
consideration.  The  titles  of  the  leases  were  in  the 
name  of  "  The  proprietors  of  the  Colony  of  Transyl- 
vania, in  America."  The  reservation  of  a  perpetual 
rent,  if  this  singular  domain  had  been  preserved,  would 
have  soon  led  to  the  same  disastrous  scenes  which 
have  signalized  the  leasehold  estates  of  the  country. 
While  the  settlements  are  sparse,  to  secure  the  pow- 
erful aid  of  tlic  proprietors,  the  agreement  to  pay  the 
rent  is  readily  made,  but  when  the  tenant  feels  him- 
self fully  competent  in  all  respects  to  manage  his 
own  property,  the  quit-rent  becomes  an  intoleiablo 
burthen. 

Th(»se  who  entered  hind  in  the  office  at  Boonesbor- 
ough believed  the  title  secure.  They  desired  a  papei 
title    -it  had  the  appearance  of  security;  andwliilo 


BOOXE    A   LEGISLATOR.  13 J 

their  property  was  situate  wliere  the  Indian  woulc 
have  langlied  at  the  ''  deed  "  or  "  article,''  the  olr 
habits  of  the  Eastern  States  were  yet  upon  them 
and  this  office  found  abundant  occupation. 

Tliere  were  now  four  settlements  from  which,  for 
the  organization  above  mentioned,  delegates  were 
summoned  —  Boonesborough,  Harrodsburgh,  (settled 
in  the  summer  of  1774,  by  the  erection  of  a  log  cabin 
by  James  Harrod,)  the  Boiling  Spring  settlement,  and 
that  of  St.  Asaph's  —  these  having  sprung  up  in  the 
wilderness  wherever  courageous  men  believed  them- 
selves strong  enough  to  make  a  stand  to  resist  the  en- 
emy. These  gatherings  of  the  pioneers  responded  to 
the  call  made  upon  them  to  form  a  State,  and  this  ex- 
traordinary Legislature  met  on  the  twenty-third  day 
of  May,  1775  ;  the  log-built  fort  which  Boone  erected 
being  at  once  the  fortress,  the  city,  the  capitol.  ISTe- 
ver  had  legislature  so  few  constituents  to  so  much 
territory. 

Colonel  Henderson  managed  his  territory  in  a  very 
digiiified  manner.  He  did  not  take  his  place  among 
the  delegates,  but  appeared  in  the  character  of  presi- 
dent or  sovereign  of  the  country.  Here  our  Hunter 
and  Pioneer  appears  in  a  civil  dignity,  as  he  heads 
the  list  of  delegates  from  Boonesborough.  His  faithful 
brother,  Squire,  now  reappeais  in  the  narrative,  by 
his  side,  as  an  associate  with  him,  as  does  his  friend, 
Callaway.     Indeed,  if  this  procedure  had  been  in  qui 


132  LIFE   OF    DANTKL    JlOONit. 

day,  it  would  have  looked  exceedingly  like  a  *  packov 
delegation."  The  gentlemanly  John  Floyd  was  of 
the  representation  from  St.  Asaph's,  and  must  have 
been  of  inestimable  service  to  their  councils,  since 
Governor  Morehead  describes  him  as  alternately  a 
surveyor,  a  legislator,  and  a  soldier ;  an  ornament 
an<l  a  benefactor  of  the  settlements ;  of  excellent  in- 
formation ;  an  intellectual  man,  and  of  undauntec 
courage  ;  his  person  singularly  attractive ;  his  com- 
plexion unusually  dark ;  his  eyes  and  hair  deep  black ; 
and  his  tall,  spare  figure  dignified  by  the  accomplish- 
ments of  a  Virginian  gentleman. 

The  Assembly  opened  with  all  decorum,  with  an 
act  which  is  of  lustre  to  the  principle  and  cliaracter  of 
those  men  of  wild  and  suffering  days.  Among  their 
number  was  a  clergyman,  the  Eev.  John  Lythe,  by 
whom  divine  service  was  perfi^rmed  ;  thus  herahling, 
with  the  recognition  of  Heaven,  the  first  Legislative 
Council  of  Kentucky.  Tliey  had  not  then  shaken  oflf 
the  idea  of  their  Colonial  dependence,  as  President 
Henderson  addresses  them  as  convened  in  the  fif- 
teenth year  of  the  reign  of  His  Majesty,  Iving  of 
Great  Britain. 

Tlie  address  of  Mr.  Henderson  is  a  remarkable  one. 
He  tells  them  that,  although  only  representing  one 
hundred  and  fifty  persons,  they  are  placing  the  first 
corner  stone  of  an  edifice,  the  height  and  magnifi- 
cence of  whose  superstructure  can  only  become  great 


138 

and  glorious  in  proportion  to  the  excelleLce  cf  iti 
foundation.  He  trusts  their  sentiments  will  be  wor 
thy  the  grandeur  of  the  subject. 

'Nov  ought  it  to  be  omitted,  as  a  significant  fea 
ture  in  his  speech,  that  he  (and  this  was  in  1775)  dis- 
tinctly considers  the  only  legitimate  source  of  all  po- 
litical power  to  be  the  people.  Tame  platitudes  as 
are  all  such  declarations  now,  in  that  day  these  opin- 
ions were  enlightened  beyond  the  ordinary  mind,  and 
were  advanced  at  cost  and  hazard.  He  alludes  to 
their  remote  frontier,  surrounded  on  all  sides'  by  dif- 
ficulties, and  subject  to  one  common  danger,  and  if 
Jeremy  Bentham  had  been  in  existence  of  manhood, 
he  would  have  sent  his  compliments  to  the  President 
of  Transylvania,  for  such  a  sentence  as  this  :  "  If  an} 
doubt  remain  among  you,  with  respect  to  the  force 
and  efficiency  of  whatever  laws  you  now  or  hereafter 
make,  be  pleased  to  consider  that  all  power  is  origi- 
nally in  the  people  :  make  it  their  interest,  therefore, 
hy  imjpartial  amd  heneficent  laws,  and  you  may  he  sure 
yf  their  inclination  to  see  them  enforced^ 

It  seems  that  Lord  Dunmore  was  greatly  scandal- 
ized by  the  bold  movement  of  the  Transylvania  pro- 
prietors, whom,  in  a  proclamation,  he  had  desig- 
nated as  "one  Richard  Henderson  and  other  disor- 
der y  persons,  his  associates."  Within  the  shelter  of 
the  walls  of  the  fort,  the  president  does  not  spare  tha 
uolle  governor,  but  fires  into  him  an  attack,  whidi, 


134:  UVE   OF   DANIEL    BOONE. 

if  Lord  Dunmore  had  not  bad,  about  those  days,  jiist 
as  much  else  of  occupation  as  the  expiring  and  trenib- 
lir;;  davs  uf  roval  rule  could  cntertiiin,  ini<^ht  have 
been  the  occasion  of  a  compulsory  visit  by  Hender- 
son to  the  seat  of  authority  in  Virginia.  He  suggests 
that  the  "  moral  character  of  his  settlers  would  de- 
rive little  advantage"  by  being  placed  in  competition 
with  that  of  the  representative  of  the  crown. 

Evidently,  the  proprietors  relied  on  their  seclusion 
and  distance,  else  their  convention  of  a  Legislature 
against  the  will  of  the  governor,  would  have  run 
uncomfortably  near  the  serious  oflfence  of  high  treason. 

He  acted  upon  the  conviction  that  good  English 
was  utterly  unintelligible  to  the  Indians,  else  he 
would  not  have  proclaimed  the  fiict^ — and  a  sure  fact 
it  was  —  that  the  ignorance  of  the  Lidians  of  the 
weakness  and  want  of  order  of  the  Colony,  had  pre- 
7ented  their  attack.  As  a  cunning  topic,  and  one  at 
the  mention  of  which,  he  knew  there  would  be  a 
"  profound  sensation,"  among  the  bold  and  roving 
audience  before  him,  he  speaks  of  "  the  wanton  de- 
struction of  our  game,  the  only  support  of  life  among 
many  of  us,  and  for  want  of  which  the  country  would 
be  abandoned  ere  to-morrow,  and  scarcely  a  proba- 
bility remain  of  its  ever  becoming  the  habitation  of 
any  Christian  people." 

The  answer  of  the  delegates,  which  was  made  in  al 
"ornj,  has,  as  its  most  imi)ortant  feature,  the  claim  foi 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  LEGTSLATUEE.       135 

that  Assembly,  as  an  absolute  right,  to  frame  rules  foi 
the  government  of  their  little  society,  without  giving 
umbrage  to  Great  Britain  or  any  of  the  Colonies. 

The  records  of  this  extraordinary  House,  indicate 
that  they  who  projected  the  Transylvania  Colony, 
were  men  of  mind.  From  the  beginning,  while  act 
ing  with  great  boldness,  they  had  also  originated  and 
matured  their  plans  with  eminent  sagacity.  It  is  very 
curious  to  note  that  this  handful  of  men,  almost  with- 
out constituents,  and  all  gathered  just  out  of  hearing 
of  the  war-whoop,  and  all  within  one  log  edifice,  fol- 
lowed with  due  care  all  parliamentary  forms.  One 
of  their  earliest  orders  was  to  direct  their  sergeant-at- 
arms  to  bring  up  before  them  an  outsider,  a  Mr.  John 
Guess,  for  an  insult  ofi*ered  Col.  Callaway.  It  indi- 
cates the  subordination  and  discipline,  that  in  this 
way  this  result  was  noticed.  It  would  have  been  suf- 
ficient punishment  to  have  left  the  ofi'ender  one  night 
outside  the  garrison  walls. 

Our  great  Hunter  was  not  a  mere  spectator  of  the 
proceedings  of  this  Legislature.  It  would  have  been 
most  excusable  had  he  been,  and  that  from  utter 
amazement,  for  it  was  but  a  few  months  —  scarcely 
yeare  —  since  he  had  been  the  only  white  man  in  all 
that  country,  far  and  wide,  with  not  the  first  atom  of 
human  government — its  lore,  its  law,  its  rules — about 
him  ;  and  here  he  was  in  the  midst  of  a  formal  as- 
semblage.     But  he  made  his  presence  kixown,  and 


13G  LIFE   OF    DANIKL    BOONT. 

true  to  the  practical,  earnest  habit  of  his  life,  doing 
that  which  he  could  do  best,  on  the  very  first  day  the 
entry  is  this  : 

"  On  motion  of  Mr.  Diuiiel  Boone,  leave  was  given  t4 
bring  in  a  bill  for  preserving  game,  and  a  committee  was 
appointed  for  that  purpose,  of  which  Mr.  Daniel  Boone  waa 
chairman." 

His  next  bill  was  one  for  improving  the  breed  of 
horses,  and  both  these  bills  passed,  were  signed  by 
the  proprietoi*s,  and  became  laws. 

Nor  is  it  to  be  passed  over,  before  leaving  this  sub- 
ject, that  this  infant  colony  honored  itself  by  'ntro- 
diicing  a  bill  to  prevent  profane  swearing  and  Sab- 
bath breaking  ;  the  desecration  of  the  Creator's  i.ame, 
shocking  the  moral  sense,  even  among  these  solitudes. 

Tlie  session  was  three  days.  Col.  Ilendei*son  kept 
a  diary  of  the  events  that  signalized  it ;  and  it  is  of 
interest  to  read  the  description  he  gives  of  the  place 
where  this  Legislature  held  its  deliberation.  Never 
in  the  history  of  mankind,  was  there  a  more  fitting 
arena  for  a  council  of  forest  men — bold  hunters  — 
pioneers  —  identified  with  the  occupancy  and  con- 
quest of  the  woods. 

They  ended,  as  they  had  begun,  by  the  celebiatian 
of  divine  service.  The  remaining  history  of  tiie  wt- 
tlement  will  follow  in  due  course.  The  moral  elicct 
of  such  a  convocation  could  not  but  have  been  must 
imi)ortant.     Tliese  men  were  known  to  be  the  *our»d 


UIRLS    CAPTURED    BY    INDIANS.  131 

ers  of  tlie  settlements,  of  all  others  the  boldest  and  the 
bravest.  That  it  should  have  been  among  the  first 
acts  of  their  organization,  to  establish  certain  just 
principles  of  action  —  equitable  and  honest  regulations 
—  was  a  strange  event  in  history  ;  and  brief  as  was 
the  existence  of  the  Colony  or  State  of  Transylvania, 
it  left  its  mark,  strong  and  deep,  in  the  moulding  of 
the  future. 

As  the  year  1776  opened  —  a  year,  which,  to  all 
parts  of  America,  seaboard  and  frontier,  was  to  be 
important  and  memorable  —  other  emigrants  came  in, 
and  among  the  most  welcome  was  the  family  of  Col. 
Callaway.  His  wife  and  two  daughters  came  to  the 
fort,  while  Col.  Benjamin  Logan  brought  his  wife  and 
family  to  Logan's  Fort. 

That  it  was  not  an  imaginary  peril  which  surround- 
ed the  settlers,  was  soon  painfully  proved,  and  by  an 
incident  which,  unquestionably,  was  longer  remem- 
bered by  every  female  in  the  new  country,  than  any 
other.  It  was  the  capture,  by  the  Lidians,  of  the  two 
daughters  of  Col.  Callaway — Misses  Betsey  and  Fran- 
ces—  and  Jemima,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Boone. 
His  own  narrative  of  this  interesting  event,  is  exceed- 
ingly meager  ;  it  may  be  because  he  was  one  of  tho 
principal  actors  in  it.  Fortunately,  John  Floyd,  (ouy 
jf  the  surveying  party  that  Lord  Dunmore  had  sent 
Boone  to  rescue,)  has  given  an  animated  description 
This,  and  the  additions  to  it,  gathered  by  the  intelli 


138  LIKK    OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

gent  historian,  Peck,  from  one  of  the  captured  parties^ 
will  always  remain  a  vivid  chapter  in  the  true  stories 
of  the  border. 

"  On  the  fourteenth  of  July,  1T76,  Betsey  Callaway,  hex 
Bister  Frances,  and  Jemima  Boone,  a  daughter  of  Captain 
Boone,  the  two  last  about  fourteen  years  of  age,  carelessly 
crossed  the  river  opposite  to  Boonesborough,  in  a  cam^e,  at 
a  late  hour  in  the  afternoon.  The  trees  and  shrubs  on  the 
opposite  bank  were  thick,  and  came  doun  to  the  water's  edge. 
The  girls,  unconscious  of  danger,  were  playing  and  splashing 
the  water  Nvlth  the  paddles,  until  the  canoe,  floating  with  the 
current,  drifted  neiir  the  shore.  Five  stout  Indians  lay  there 
concealed,  one  of  whom,  noiseless  and  stealthy  jis  the  serpent, 
crawled  down  the  bank  until  he  reached  the  rope  that  hung 
from  the  bow,  turned  its  course  up  the  stream,  and  in  a  di- 
rection to  be  hidden  from  the  view  of  the  fort.  The  loud 
shrieks  of  the  captured  girls  were  heard,  but  too  late  for 
their  rescue.  The  canoe,  their  only  means  of  crossing,  was 
on  the  opposite  shore,  and  none  dared  to  risk  the  chance  of 
swimming  the  river,  under  the  impression  that  a  large  body 
of  savages  was  concealed  in  the  woods .  Boone  and  Calla- 
way were  both  absent,  and  night  set  in  before  their  return, 
and  arrangements  could  be  made  for  pursuit.  Next  morn 
ing,  by  daylight,  we  were  on  the  track,  but  'bund  thoy  had 
totally  prevented  our  following  them,  by  warkmg  some  dis- 
tance apart  through  the  thickest  canes  they  could  find.  We 
observed  their  course,  and  on  which  side  we  had  lell  their 
sign,  and  traveled  u])wards  of  tiiirty  miles.  We  tlun  ima- 
gined that  ihey  would  be  less  aiutious  in  traveling,  and  made 
a  turn  in  order  to  cross  their  traee,  and  had  gone  but  a  few 
miles  before  we  found  their  traJcs  in  a  bullalo  path ;  pur- 
sued   and    overtook    tl'.'Ui,   on    going    about    ten    mile^ 


THE    CAPTR'ES    RESCUED.  1  31j 

luat  as  the  J  were  kindling  a  fire  to  cook.  Oar  study 
nad  been  more  to  get  the  prisoners,  without  giving  the  In 
dians  time  to  murder  them  after  they  discovered  us^  than  to 
kill  them.  We  discovered  each  other  nearly  at  the  same 
time.  Four  of  us  fired,  and  all  rushed  on  them,  which  pre- 
vented them  from  carrying  away  anything  except  one  shot 
gun,  without  ammunition.  Mr.  Boone  and  myself  had  a 
pretty  fair  shoot,  just  as  they  began  to  move  off  I  am  weU 
convinced  I  shot  one  through,  and  the  one  he  shot  dropped 
his  gun  ;  mine  had  none.  The  place  was  very  thick  with 
canes,  and  being  so  much  elated  on  recovering  the  three  little 
broken-hearted  girls,  prevented  our  making  fiirther  search. 
We  sent  them  off  without  their  moccasins,  and  not  one  of 
them  with  so  much  as  a  knife  or  a  tomahawk." 

In  introducing  this  extract,  it  was  said  that  it  will 
always  remain  among  the  most  interesting  of  the  ti'ue 
narratives  of  the  border  and  the  frontier ;  for  it  can- 
not be  concealed  that  the  historian  finds  his  chief  dis- 
couragement in  the  record  of  the  life  and  story  of  the 
bold  and  the  brave,  that  Fiction  has  been  in  the  field, 
and  so  occupied  the  place  that  belongs  to  Truth,  that 
after  the  lapse  of  years,  it  is  the  most  difticult  duty  to 
find  what  actually  was  done,  rather  than  what  was 
imagined.  Especially  vexatious  is  it  to  observe,  that 
of  this  most  eventful  hour  in  the  life  of  Boone,  when 
those  dearest  to  him  were  taken  from  his  side,  and  by 
his  brave  and  sagacious  pursuit  so  gallantly  rescued, 
his  amanuensis,  Filson,  who  had  the  precious  advan- 
tage of  being  where  the  very  best  opportunity  pre- 
sented itself  for  knowing  all  the  details  from  Boone 


140  LITE   OF   DANIEL   BOONE. 

himself,  sliould  allow  the  affair  to  be  so  summarily 
disposed  of  in  "  these  few  lines:  "  "  On  the  fourteenth 
day  of  July,  1776,  two  of  Col.  Calaway's  daughters 
and  one  of  mine,  were  taken  prisoners  near  the  fort. 
I  immediately  pursued  the  Indians,  with  oidy  eight 
men,  and  on  the  sixteenth,  overtook  them,  killed  two 
of  the  party,  and  recovered  the  girls."  Such  is  the 
narrative  which  Boone  gives  of  an  affair,  which,  in 
the  memoir  of  many  anotlier  man,  would  have  been 
the  very  jewel  of  his  life ;  and  yet  there  is  a  noble- 
ness in  the  quiet  language.  Boone  saw  only  his  duty 
in  the  scene,  and  in  that  word — duty  —  he  placed  big 
energies. 

Tbis-fourteenth  of  July  was  a  busy  day  for  the  new 
Bettlements.  Not  content  with  the  capture  of  the 
children,  the  Indians  divided  themselves  into  differ- 
ent parties,  and  attacked  several  other  forts,  ravaging 
and  destroying  the  labor  of  the  settler,  and  evincing, 
in  their  own  cruel  and  characteristic  manner,  their 
determination  to  destroy  the  new  empire  of  the  white 
man,  since  it  could  only  exist  on  the  ruin  of  their 
^wn ;    a  sad  truth  wliich  they  soon  began  to  realize. 

At  this  juncture  the  Indians  seem  to  have  made  an 
organized  series  of  attacks  —  skilful,  watclit'ul  and 
cunning.  The  open  field  tight  was  never  to  the  taste 
of  the  savage.  lie  desired  such  a  fight  as  could  bt» 
had  by  a  cover  —  from  an  ambush  —  out  of  a  cane- 
brake —  wherever  the  knowledge  of  the  life  passed 


mDIAl^-   TACTICS.  14-. 

among  the  woods  might  make  hiir  mc  re  than  equa.. 
to  the  white  man.  In  his  entire  history,  this  has  been 
the  policy  of  the  Indian.  It  is  manifested  at  this  day, 
in  the  expiring  struggles  of  the  western  savage  to  re- 
tain some  grasp  of  the  great  domain,  once  all  his  own, 
In  the  long  and  destructive  war  with  the  Seminoles 
in  Florida,  the  terrible  assaults  which  left  their  sad 
record  in  the  death  of  so  many  of  the  very  bravest 
and  best  of  the  army,  were  of  this  character.  The 
Indian  was  patient  and  enduring  beyond  the  white ; 
and  the  hours  which  the  soldier  gave  to  sleep,  the 
savage  employed  in  stratagem.  He  would  use  every 
art,  every  device  and  disguise,  which  his  limited  ob- 
servation  suggested.  He  would  linger  and  wait  for 
the  moment  when  the  blow  could  be  struck  with  most 
certainty,  and  it  made  the  revenge  most  gratifying  if 
the  murderous  fight  could  take  the  settler  by  sur- 
prise. They  knew  so  much  of  the  habits  and  appear- 
ance of  the  wild  beasts,  as  to  be  able  to  imitate  them, 
and  used  their  knowledge  in  making  such  imitation  a 
part  of  their  system  of  warfare.  But  in  all  this,  they 
had  not  the  concentrated  purpose  of  the  white  man. 
To  them,  the  plot  which  did  not  at  the  instant  suc- 
ceed, became  valueless ;  hence,  if  the  yell  and  the 
ihout,  the  midnight  blow,  and  the  rush  from  the  am- 
bush, was  unsuccessful,  their  disappointment  was  ex- 
•sessive ;  and  it  does  not  seem  that  they  had,  as  the 
settlers  had,  plans  in  preparation  to  take  the  place  of 


142  LIFE   OF   DANIEL    IW^hNK. 

those  suddenly  frustrated.  Tlie  poor  Indian  used  tlis 
tactics  wliicli  his  limited  knowludi^e  suggested  ;  but, 
horrible  as  they  were  in  appearance,  it  was  extraordi- 
nary circumstances  which  ever  made  them  trium- 
phant over  the  whites. 

Boone  narrates  the  sufferings  of  the  settlers  with 
more  detail  and  more  feeling  than  is  used  in  the  allu- 
eion  which  he  gives  to  the  capture  of  his  daughter. 
It  touched  him  keenly  that  the  Indian  seemed  to  neg- 
lect no  hour  which,  either  by  night  or  day,  promised 
to  afford  some  o])portunity  for  assault.  He  says  it 
■was  extremely  distressing.  The  Indians  shot  down 
the  cattle,  and  attempted  to  kill  the  innocent  hus- 
bandmen, while  engaged  in  cultivating  the  soil  foi 
his  family's  sui^port.  Evidently,  the  Indian  had 
grown  enraged  in  witnessing  the  calm  and  determined 
manner  in  which,  under  the  guidance  and  leadership 
of  Boone,  the  signs  of  a  permanent  establishment  of 
the  settlements  were  manifesting  themselves. 

This  was  one  of  those  periods  in  the  history  of  Ken- 
tucky when  it  trembled  in  the  balance,  whether  all 
that  had  been  gained  in  the  attempt  to  civilize  and 
subdue  the  wilderness  should  be  maintained  or  sur- 
rendered. Boono  seems  to  have  been  equal  to  the 
emergency.  lie  had  known  the  savage  so  thoroughly 
that  they  had  no  device  but  that  his  memory  suggest- 
ed a  parallel  in  his  experiences,  and  he  was  prepared 
to  meet  it.     The  poor  settlers,  scattered  about,  looked 


ALARM    OF   THE   SETILEKS.  14:S 

to  him  as  their  great  leader,  and  he  maintained  hia 
position.  It  seems  to  have  been  of  the  characteris- 
tics of  his  remarkable  career,  that  when  the  perils 
and  the  responsibilities  of  the  scene  concentrated,  and 
became  collected  upon  one,  he  was  there  to  sustain 
them,  and  when  the  most  dangerous  hour  was  over, 
and  the  excitement  of  greater  numbers  was  experi- 
enced, he  stepped  aside  from  the  place  of  power,  and 
Bought  to  conceal  himself  rather  than  to  obtrude. 
Kow,  the  settlements  all  around  him  were  in  trouble, 
and  his  own  narrative  indicates  how  deeply  he  gave 
his  sympathies.  He  realized  that  if  the  settlers  were 
compelled  to  retreat  all  might  be  lost,  and  the  labor 
of  years  thrown  aside. 

There  were  those  in  the  forts,  and  especially  at 
Boonsborough,  who  had  made  all  their  calculations 
for  peaceful  experiences.  They  were  sensible  of  the 
value  of  the  land,  but  were  not  willing  to  live  in  a 
succession  of  alarms.  The  whole  country  was  pass- 
ing into  that  condition  of  war  and  rumors  of  war, 
which  the  struggle  with  Great  Britain  produced.  The 
timid  and  the  irresolute  left  the  settlements  and  re 
treated  to  the  seaboard.  The  Indian  soon  became 
awaie  that  he  had,  in  the  royalist,  a  new  ally,  and  the 
new  hope  sprung  in  his  heart,  of  conquering,  by  the 
aid  of  the  British,  the  colonists,  or  at  least  of  driving 
them  back  again  beyond  the  mountain  passes,  whicli 
had  been  crossed  at  such  hazard  and  with  such  bra 


144  m'E   OF   DANIEL   BOONK. 

very.  Tlie  alarm  was  on  every  midnight  hour.  The 
Indian  essayed  to  surprise  the  solitary  sentinel,  or  to 
seize  the  wanderer  from  the  fort.  It  was  a  fre(|uenl 
accompaniment  of  the  night,  that  the  yell  of  an  at 
tack  designed  to  be  murderous,  was  heard  at  the  very 
gates.  These  were  no  times  for  those  who  had  come 
into  the  new  colony  only  to  make  merchandize  of  its 
lands.  It  was  not  for  such  traffic  with  horrors  that 
they  had  prepared  themselves,  and  they  found  it  easy 
to  persuade  thejuselves  that  it  was  wisest  to  let  the 
storm  pass  over,  before  they  finished  their  plans.  They 
left,  and  in  such  numbers  as  materially  to  embarrass 
the  colony.  Col.  Henderson  found  it  easier  to  dis- 
pose of  his  lands  in  Transylvania  than  to  people  them 
with  men  prepared  for  the  battle,  as  well  as  for  the 
council.  They  left,  ready  to  come  back  when  the 
bold  and  brave  men  who  remained,  should  have  pro- 
claimed that  the  foe  had  been  extirpated.  Boone  saw 
his  duty  in  remaining,  to  be,  as  he  was,  the  calm  and 
brave  leader,  who,  with  a  sagacity  and  courage  that 
had  IH»  ebb  or  flow,  kept  quietly  on,  wliether  the  In 
dian  dissembled  in  false  peace,  or  raged  in  anger. 


CHAPTEE    YIIl 

KB    EE70LUTI0NAIIT  WAE HARASSED    BY    TEE    IXDIANS  —  GEN,  CIARKE's 

JOURNAL MILITARY  FORCE    OF  THE  SETTLEMENTS HENDERSDN's    LAND 

TITLES  —  THE    COMPROMISE THE    SETTLEES'  PETITION  TO  BB    TAKEN  UN- 
DER THE  PROTECTION  OF  VIRGINIA THE  INDIANS  ATTACK  BOONESBOROUGH 

FORT  AND  ARE  REPULSED THE  ATTACK  RENEWED  BY  GREATER  NLTilBERS 

THE    WHITES    AGAIN     SUCCESSFUL REINFORCEMENTS  ARRIVE NEWg 

ARRIVES  OF  Washington's  victory  over  howe. 

Eyidentlt,  tlie  commencement  of  hostilities  with 
Great  Britain  entered  deeply  in  its  effect  on  the  con- 
dition of  the  colony.  When  the  Indian  was  alone, 
and  had  against  him  all  the  population,  he  was  bad 
enough,  and  his  cunning  and  his  cruelty  made  the 
possession  of  a  frontier  farm,  a  scene  of  constant 
alarm  ;  but  when  that  Indian  came  in  the  increased 
force  of  an  ally  of  a  powerful  government,  willing  to 
supply  him  with  the  arms  and  munitions  of  war,  aj- 
whose  leaders  seemed  to  have  calculated  on  the  attach 
cf  the  Indian  as  a  most  summary  way  of  breaking  up 
the  labor  of  the  pioneer  —  when  the  Indian  was  seen 
thus  allied,  the  settler  had  good  reason  to  tremble 
The  fort  at  Boonesborough  was  the  object  of  distinct 
and  determined  hata  ed.  It  was  the  place  where  the 
strength  of  the  settler  concentrated,  and  in  which  and 
G  10 


146  LIFK    OF    DANIKL    BOONE. 

from  which  it  could  be  made  avaihible.  All  thcs^ 
circumstances  tended  to  thin  out  the  inhabitants  of 
the  fort,  but  those  that  staid  were  of  the  ckiss  of  men 
whose  names  are  always  written  in  their  country's 
Buffering.^  and  successes. 

Tliat  winter  of  1776-77  was  a  gloomy  one.  As  tho 
dcJitary  messenger  found  his  way  from  the  seaboard, 
he  brought  the  news  of  a  deeper  and  deeper  gloom 
of  war  with  a  great  nation ;  of  commerce  destroyed 
and  trade  relinquished ;  of  old  communities  needing 
all  their  resources  for  self-support  and  self-protection ; 
and  of  the  certainty  that  but  little  of  assistance  could 
be  spared  to  the  frontier.  It  told  of  the  determina- 
tion expressed  in  arming  and  scheming ;  in  the  trans- 
port of  soldiery  ;  in  fierce  threatening;  in  parliament- 
ary denunciation  and  royal  resolves  to  make  the  war  a 
short  one,  by  a  vigorous  campaign.  If  these  were  sad 
tidings  to  the  populated  colonies  of  the  Atlantic,  what 
alarm  was  there  in  all  this,  for  the  scattered  forts  of 
the  wilderness  !  It  was  just  such  an  hour  as  is  ever 
the  frame  which  receives  the  Man,  and  Boone  filled 
it  —  filled  it  with  an  ability  which  it  is  not  yet  too  late 
to  eulogize. 

In  the  fort  and  outside  the  fort,  the  Indian  made 
Boone  and  the  colonists  aware  of  their  unrelenting 
enmity.  McClung  says,  they  were  Incessantly  ha- 
rassed by  flying  parties  of  Indians.  While  at  work 
m  the  fields,  they  were  waylaid,  and   .vhile  hunting. 


HARASSED    BY    INDIAiqs.  147 

ftliot  at ;  and  tlie  welcome  to  the  first  of  tne  garrison 
who  appeared  in  the  morning,  was  a  shot  from  some 
Indian  who  had,  for  the  purpose,  watched  during 
all  the  night ! 

If  any  one  doubts  that  this,  all  over  the  colonies, 
was  a  period  of  peril,  let  them  read  the  testimony  of 
Gen.  Washington  —  February  10,  1776  —  written  to 
Joseph  Heed,  and  which  2:)ortrays  the  real  condition 
of  the  country : 

"I  know  the  unhappy  predicament  in  which  I  stand.  1 
know  that  much  is  expected  of  me ;  I  know  that,  without 
men,  without  arms,  without  amunition,  without  anything  fit 
for  the  accommodation  of  a  soldier,  little  is  to  be  done,  and, 
what  is  mortifying,  I  know  that  I  cannot  stand  justified  to* 
the  world  without  exposing  my  own  weakness,  and  injuring 
the  cause  by  declaring  my  wants,  which  I  am  determined 
not  to  do,  farther  than  unavoidable  necessity  brmgs  every 
man  acquainted  with  them.  My  situation  is  so  irksome  to 
me  at  times,  that  if  I  did  not  consult  the  public  srood,  more 
than  my  own  tranquillity,  I  should  long  ere  nis,  have  put 
everythmg  on  the  cast  of  a  die.  So  far  from  my  ha\ing  an 
army  of  twenty  thousand  men,  well  armed,  I  have  been  here 
with  less  than  half  that  number,  including  sick,  furloughed, 
and  on  command,  and  those  neither  armed  nor  clothed  as 
they  should  be.  hi  short,  my  situation  has  been  such,  that 
I  have  been  obliged  to  use  art  to  conceal  it  from  my  own 
officers." 

The  Colonies  had  too  much  to  do  in  looking  aftei 
their  own  safety,  to  g'-^e  much  attention  to  the  fron 


14S  LIFE   OF   DANIEL    BOOyF. 

tier ;  and  tl'.nugh  a  reinforcement  for  the  fort,  front 
Virginia,  had  been  expected,  it  did  not  arrive.  Tliia 
added  to  the  causes  wliicli  dishearted  so  many.  The 
Indian  found  out  that  the  numbers  were  lessening, 
and  it  renewed  the  vigor  of  his  attack.  Where- 
ever  the  pettier  exposed  himself,  he  was  attacked  ; 
and  he  was  a  bold  man  who  ventured  out  of  the  pro- 
tection of  the  guns  of  the  fort. 

Tlie  interesting,  though  too  brief,  diary  of  George 
Rogci's  Cla/ke,  in  its  memoranda  of  the  chief  occur- 
rences of  th'j  winter,  illustrates  this  scene  of  constant 
alarms.  J.t  is  in  extraordinary  contrast  to  what  would 
now  be  the  record  of  the  rich  land  where  quiet  citi- 
zens foll(jw  in  their  honest  occupations  the  arts  of 
peace.  Though  a  few  lines  suffice  to  tell  the  stjry, 
there  is  moaning  in  each  line.  The  record  is  of  the 
deatli  of  th'j  pioneers — of  the  men  who  sought  to  sub- 
due the  wilflerness,  and  who,  like  Boone,  left  the  or- 
dinary routine  of  existence  to  write  their  names  in  bold 
service  for  their  country. 

Gen.  Clarke  tlms  notes  the  incidents  of  the  times  : 

"  Dec.  2r)th.  Ton  men,  going  to  the  Ohio  for  powder, 
met  on  the  waters  of  the  Licking  Creek  by  Indians,  and  de- 
feated. John  G.  Jones,  William  Graden,  and  Josiah  Dixon 
were  killed. 

^^  Dec.  20. h.  A  large  party  of  Indians  attacked  McClel- 
land'R  Fort,  P.ii  wounded  John  McClelland,  Charles  White, 
Kohert  To'id,  and  Edward  Worlliington  —  the  two  first 
oaortally. 


GEN.    CLAREIE's    JOURNAL.  1 4G 

"  Dec.  SOth.    Charles  White  died  of  his  wound. 

"  Ja?i.  6th,  1  777.   John  McQelland  died  of  his  wound. 

^^  March  5th.  Thomas  Shores  and  William  Fay  killed  at 
the  Shawanese  spring.  The  Indians  attempted  to  cut  oflf 
from  the  fort  a  small  paity  of  our  men  ;  a  skirmish  ensued  ; 
we  had  four  men  wounded,  and  some  cattle  kiLed.  A  small 
party  oflndians  attacked,  killed,  and  scalped  Hugh  Wilson* 
A  large  party  of  Indians  attacked  the  stragglers  about  the 
fort."'^ 

Such  is  the  journal  of  the  occurrences  of  that  me- 
morable winter.  It  was  gloomy  and  sad  It  exhib- 
its, with  the  accuracy  of  a  recital  made  ut  the  very 
time,  how  fearful  was  that  pioneer  enterprise  at  that 
time.  In  the  midst  of  all  of  it,  Boone  reu-.ained  firm. 
He  seems  to  have  been  the  man  on  whose  judgment 
they  all  relied.  Characterized  as  he  has  been,  by  a 
competent  historian,  as  having  "  a  quich  T^erception 
of  expedients  —  much  prudence  and  caation — un- 
yielding perseverance,  and  determined  valor,  com- 
bined with  superio:;  strength  and  activity  of  person  ' 
— he  was  the  true  leader  for  this  long-coutinued  and 
severe  trial.  He  kept  the  great  wheel  of  civilization 
from  rolling  back. 

At  this  time,  the  whole  military  force  of  the  col- 
ony was  about  one  hundred  men,  of  wh\ch  Boones- 
borough  had  twenty-two,  Harrodsburgh  sixty-five, 
and  Logan's  Fort  fifteen.  Tnree  hundred  had  gone 
back,  alarmed  at  the  positive  peril  which  was  so  im- 
minent.    While  all  those  who  were  left  had  the  cou 


150  UFi:  OF  dani!:l  b<x»xk. 

Btant  and  harassing  duty  of  a  <lay  and  night  guard 
while  the  savage  kept  his  fierce  watch ;  while  al 
these  dangers  pressed  and  calamities  impended — the 
Bettlemcnt  of  the  country  was  becoming  a  fixed  and 
a  permanent  thing.  The  Colony  of  Transylvania  was 
preparing  to  become,  by  another  name,  known  among 
the  communities  of  men. 

Col.  Uendei-son  found  his  domain  a  source  of  great 
trouble  and  vexation.  Tlie  Proprietary  Government 
which  he  had  attempted  to  establish,  fcund  itij  decay 
in  the  impression,  which  soon  became  general,  that 
Col.  Henderson  had  tiiken  too  much  upon  himself  in 
asserting  the  validity  of  his  title,  and  that  there  was 
danger  in  holding  land  whose  possession  had  no  bet- 
ter avouchment.  The  bold  independence  of  his  course 
made  him  an  object  of  jealous  supervision  by  Vir- 
ginia. This  convening  of  a  Legislature  by  a  Lord 
Proprietor,  was  a  step  which  it  was  needful  to  main- 
tain with  more  power  than  he  could  command. 

Tliose  who  were  brought  by  him  from  North  Caroli- 
na, believed  in  his  title — their  attachment  being  prob- 
ably somewhat  the  result  of  the  old  clanship  feeling 
which  the  Scotch  had  introduced  into  that  State.  Not 
BO  with  the  Virginians,  who  believed  in  their  own  "An- 
cient Dominion,"  over  all  the  ''  western  parts  of 
Fincastle  county  on  the  Kentucky  Uiver,"  as  that  do- 
main was  designated.  There  were  others  (and  they 
tjay  have  been  of  that  clasa'  who  kept  clear  of  all 


15i 

danger)  wlio  contented  themselves  with  securing  good 
lands,  and  declining  to  perfect  a  title  till  the  mastery 
was  settled. 

Tl.e  Royal  Charter,  as  Virginia  read  it,  gave  to  her 
axl  the  land  to  which  the  designation  of  Kentucky 
had  been  given  ;  and  when  Col.  Henderson  purchased 
the  title  of  the  Indians,  he  usurped,  (so  Virginia 
claimed,)  the  preemption  or  right  of  purchase  which 
belonged  to  the  colony.  The  title  of  Henderson  was 
declared  null  and  void ;  but  Henderson  was  a  man  of 
power  and  influence,  as  has  been  shown,  and  he  had 
BO  much  persuasion  over  the  government,  that  a  spe- 
cies of  compromise  was  made,  by  which  his  claim 
was  considered  good  as  against  the  Indians.  It  an- 
ticipates to  say  that  he  received  a  liberal  grant  of 
land  lying  on  the  Ohio,  below  the  mouth  of  Green 
River,  and  twelve  miles  square.  He  deserved  it ;  for 
to  him  does,  in  all  probability,  Kentucky  owe  the 
gratitude  belonging  to  him  who  brought  Daniel  Boone 
prominently  into  the  stirring  action  of  public  life. 

It  was  an  important  feature  in  the  series  of  troubles 
which  surrounded  Boone,  that  this  was  the  season  of 
the  great  and  growing  discontents  in  relation  to  these 
land  titles.  It  probably  stirred  the  blood  of  the  sol- 
dier and  the  pioneer,  to  find  that  so  many  of  those 
who  came  into  the  wilderness,  did  so,  the  better  to 
pursue  some  cool  and  calculating  plot  against  the 
Dwners  of  the  soil     The  land  speculators  never  were 


152  LIFE  OF   DANn-:i.   BOONK. 

of  that  class  of  men  to  whom  Boone  assimilated,  ana 
he  coukl  not  but  be  indignant  tliat  when  such  im- 
minent peril,  as  that  which  nowsuiToiiiided  them,  re- 
qniied  the  united  action  of  all,  Col.  Henderson,  who 
had  done  so  much  to  form  the  colony,  should  be  so 
Irr.duced.  There  is  a  curious  document  in  existence. 
It  is  styled  "A  petition  of  the  inhabitants  and  some 
of  the  intended  settlers  of  that  part  of  North  Amer- 
ica, now  denominated  Transylvania,"  addressed  to 
the  Convention  of  Virginia.  It  so  forcibly  illustrates 
the  history  of  the  country,  that  a  copy  of  the  mate- 
rial part  of  it  is  given  : 

"  Whcroas  some  of  your  petitioners  became  adventurers 
in  that  e<»untry,  from  the  advaiitiif^eoiis  reports  of  their  friends 
who  first  explored  it,  and  t>thers  sinee  alhired  by  the  specious 
show  of  the  easy  terms  on  which  the  land  was  to  be  pur- 
chased from  those  who  style  themselves  proprietors,  have,  at 
a  great  expense  and  many  hardships,  settled  there,  under  the 
faith  of  holding  the  lands  by  an  indefeasible  title,  which  those 
gentlemen  assured  them  they  were  capahle  of  making.  But 
your  petitioners  have  been  greatly  alarmed  at  the  late  con- 
duct of  those  gentlemen,  in  advancing  the  price  of  the  pur- 
chase  n^<»ney  fmm  twenty  shillings  to  fitty  shillings  sterling, 
per  hundred  acres,  and,  at  the  same  time,  have  increased  the 
fee«  of  entry  and  surveying  to  a  most  exorhitant  rate ;  and, 
hy  the  short  period  prefixed  for  taking  up  the  lands,  even  on 
those  extravagant  terma,  they  plainly  evince  their  intentions 
rtf  rising  in  their  demands  as  the  settlers  increase,  or,  their 
insatiable  avarice  shall  dictate.  And  your  petitioners  havo 
been  more  jtistly  alarmed  at  such  uuaecount;ihle  and  arbitra 


hv"'' 


PETITION.  15.^ 

ry  proceedings,  as  they  have  lately  learned,  from  a  copy  ot 
the  deed  made  by  the  Six  Nations  with  Sir  William  John- 
son,  and  the  commissioners  from  this  colony,  at  Fort  Stan- 
wix,  in  the  year  1768,  that  the  said  lands  were  included  in 
the  cession  or  grant  of  all  that  tract  which  lies  jn  the  south 
side  of  the  rivers  Ohio,  beginning  at  the  mouth  of  Cherokee 
or  Hogohege  River,  and  extending  up  the  said  River  Ketta 
ning.  And,  as  in  preamble  of  the  said  deed,  the  said  con- 
federate  Indians  declare  the  Cherokee  River  to  be  their  true 
boundary  with  the  southard  Indians. 

"  Your  petitioners  may,with  great  reason,  doubt  the  valid- 
ity  of  the  purchase  that  those  proprietors  have  made  of  the 
Cherokees  —  the  only  title  they  set  up  to  the  lands  for  which 
they  demand  such  extravagant  sums  from  your  petitioners, 
without  any  other  assurance  for  holding  them,  than  their  own 
deed  and  warrantee ;  a  poor  security,  as  your  petitioners 
honestly  apprehend,  for  the  money  that,  among  other  new 
and  unreasonable  regulations,  these  proprietors  insist  should 
be  paid  down  on  the  delivery  of  the  deed.  And,  as  we  have 
the  greatest  reason  to  presume  that  his  majesty,  to  whom 
the  lands  were  deeded  by  the  Six  Nations,  for  a  valuable 
consideration,  will  vindicate  his  title,  and  think  himself  at 
liberty  to  grant  them  to  such  persons,  and  on  such  terms  as 
he  pleases,  your  petitioners  would,  in  consequence  thereof, 
be  turnejd  out  of  possession,  or  obliged  to  purchase  their 
lands  and  improvements  on  such  terms  as  the  new  grantee 
of  proprietor  might  think  fit  to  impose  ;  so  that  we  cannot 
help  regarding  the  demands  of  Mr.  Henderson  and  company 
as  highly  unjust  and  impolitic,  in  the  infant  sta  e  of  the  set- 
tlement,  as  well  as  greatly  injurious  to  your  petitioners,  whc 
would  cheerfully  have  paid  the  consideration  at  first  stipula- 
ted by  the  company,  whenever  their  grant  had  been  confirmed 
by  the  crown,  or  otherwise  authenticated  by  the  supreme 
G* 


154  LIFE   OK    DANIKL    IKKJ.VK. 

L^slaturc.  And,  as  wo  are  anxious  to  concur,  in  every  r<v 
s|Mn't,  with  (lur  brethren  of  the  riiiti'd  G»lonies,  for  our  jus 
rights  and  privih'^es,  as  far  as  «"'r  int'int  ^.  ft  lament  and  re 
mote  situation  will  admit  of, 

"  Wt  humbly  expect  and  inipluic  to  be  taken  under  the 
protection  of  the  honorable  Convention  of  the  Colony  of 
Virginia,  of  which  we  cannot  help  thinking  ourselves  stUl  a 
part,  and  requo><t  your  kind  interposition  in  our  Ix'halt',  thiit 
we  may  not  suffer  under  the  rigorous  demands  and  imposi- 
tion  of  the  gentlemen  styling  themselves  proprietors,  who, 
the  better  to  elTect  their  oppressive  designs,  have  given  thcni 
the  color  of  a  law,  enacted  by  a  score  of  men,  artfully  picked 
from  the  few  adventurers  who  went  to  see  the  country  last 
summer,  overawed  by  the  presence  of  Mr.  Henderson." 

Tlie  charge  against  the  memorable  Legislature  that 
convened  in  the  open  air,  and  so  wisely  and  with  such 
dignity,  essayed  the  duties  of  law-making,  should 
Lave  been  omitted.  There  are  about  eighty-eight 
signatures  to  the  memorial ;  but  it  is  gratifying  tc 
know  that  not  one  of  those  who  were  delegates  from 
Boonesborough  to  the  l^egislature  of  Transylvania, 
affixed  their  names  to  it.  The  declaration,  by  the 
G(yieral  Assembly  of  Virginia,  against  the  title  of  the 
Transylvania  Company,  and  the  erection  of  the  county 
of  Kentucky,  settled  the  questi«>n,  and  Transylvania, 
witii  all  its  brief  annals,  vanished  into  history. 

On  the  fifteenth  of  April,  1777,  the  Indians  made 
an  attack  on  Boonesborough,  with  a  party  of  over  one 
hundred,  and  notwithstanding  all  this  great  force  — 
gi-eat  in  proportion  to  the  small  ;jarrison  —  the  latter 


ATTACK   ON   BOONESBOROUGH-  155 

ost  but  one  man.  So  faithfully  did  tlie  savages  keep 
within  themselves  the  sad  record  of  their  own  losses, 
which  unquestionably  were  severe,  that  Boone  was 
not  able  to  tell  what  had  been  their  suffering.  In 
this  engagement,  as  in  many  others,  the  Indians  felt 
how  powerless  all  their  ferocity  was  against  the  civ- 
ilization of  the  whites.  The  Indian  might  have 
poured  his  fierce  warriors  into  the  fort,  storming  it, 
whatever  was  the  bravery  of  the  garrison,  if  the  sav- 
age had  known  the  uses  of  a  scaling-ladder.  But 
as  they  had  not  —  having  spent  all  their  force  on  one 
desperate  movement  —  thus  repulsed,  they  fled,  leav- 
ing the  garrison  painfully  conscious  that  the  time 
might  come  when  bolder  and  better  discipline  might 
direct  the  forest  warrior  to  victory.  They  carried  off 
their  dead  —  a  practice,  Boone  says,  common  among 
them.  It  shows  the  inefficiency  of  their  judgment. 
It  was  done  to  prevent  their  loss  being  known,  while 
its  effect  was  so  to  embarrass  and  occupy  the  living, 
as  to  diminish  their  strength,  just  when  they  most 
needed  it. 

The  fight  of  the  fifteenth  of  April  being  over,  the 
garrison  rested,  but  knew  well  that  it  w^as  but  for  a 
brief  period,  and  that  a  renewed  attack  might  be  ex* 
pected. 

Nor  were  they  in  error.  On  the  fourth  of  July  — 
a  date  which,  for  one  year,  had  been  a  famous  one  — 
the   campaign  was   renewed  in  a  more   determined 


156  LIFK   OF   DAinEL   BOONE. 

manner.  At  tliis  time,  the  Indians  had  reinforced 
tlieir  numbers  —  a  thing  which  the  garnson  would 
have  been  only  too  glad  to  have  done,  but  which 
seemed  almost  impossible.  Two  hundred  savagea 
were  in  the  fight,  at  this  time,  and  the  fort  was  sub 
jeeted,  for  forty-eight  hours,  to  their  murderous  at- 
tack. Tliey  used  all  their  arts,  and  put  forth  all  their 
Btrengtli.  Tliere  were  about  ten  Indians  to  one  white 
man  ;  but  tlie  fort  had  been  built  by  one  who  knew 
the  strength  of  the  Indian,  and  the  means  best  adapt- 
ed to  guard  against  liiin.  The  fort  stood  the  onset 
durinjr  all  these  fearful  hours.  The  woods  were  vocal 
with  the  war-cries  of  the  infuriated  Indian.  Boone's 
trarrison  fouMit  with  the  consciousness  that  defeat  or 
surrender  was  the  presage  to  a  fierce  death,  and  they 
fought  with  such  wise  courage  and  vigor,  tliat,  in  all 
this  siege,  their  loss  was  only  the  same  as  in  the  bat- 
tle of  the  fifteenth  of  Apri. —  one  man  —  and  the 
number  of  tlieir  wounded,  two  less.  All  this,  by  in- 
ference, illustrates  Boone's  good  judgment.  He  must 
have  noticed,  like  a  good  commander,  the  every  inci- 
dent of  tlie  former  attack,  and  guarded  and  secured 
the  most  defenceless  position.  By  the  power  of  a 
good  Providence,  Boone  successfully  fought  out  this 
battle,  also,  and  ho,  in  simple  language,  records  that, 
"  finding  themselves  not  likely  to  j)revail,  they  raised 
the  siege  and  departed."  At  this  attack,  the  Indiana 
h;i<l,  Iii-tt'ud   of  CMiu^cntrjitiiiLT  :iU   tlu'ir  force  on  one 


CONTrNTJED    SKIRMISHES.  157 

fort,  separated  into  different  parties,  and  by  vigor 
ously  assaulting  all  the  settlements,  prevented  the'! 
rendering  to  each  other  any  assistance.  Boone  kne'W 
the  Indians  well,  and  calculated  coolly  on  the  proba- 
bilities of  their  arrival.  The  bold  resistance  and  the 
Blight  loss,  establishes  the  fact  that  he  vras  at  all 
times  prepared  for  them,  knowing,  as  he  did,  their 
desperation. 

And  they  were  desperate.  He  says  that  they  were 
numerous,  and  dispersed  through  the  country,  intent 
upon  doing  allthe  mischief  that  savage  barbarity 
c^uld  invent.  This  last  affair  seems  to  have  been  the 
crisis  of  this  campaign.  He  relates  that  on  the  twen 
ty-fifth  of  July,  forty -five  men  arrived  from  ITorth 
Oarc)lina,  and  on  the  twentieth  of  August,  Col.  Bow- 
man arrived  with  one  hundred  men  from  Virginia. 
ISTow  they  began  to  strengthen,  and  from  hence,  for 
the  space  of  six  weeks,  they  had  skirmishes  with  the 
Indians,  in  one  quarter  or  another,  almost  every  day. 
The  savages  learned  the  superiority  of  the  Long 
Knife,  as  they  called  the  Virginians,  being  outgen 
eraled  in  every  battle. 

During  all  this  period,  the  settlement  of  which 
Boone  was  in  charge  knew  no  peace  —  no  exemption 
from  the  unrelenting  hostility  of  the  Indian,  intent 
upon  the  most  savage  assault.  Such  was  the  educa- 
tion and  the  experiences  of  Boone  with  the  Indiaa 
Such  a  life  has  made  niost  men  revengeful  and  cruel 


158  LIFE   OF    DANIEL    MOONR. 

It  18  in  scenes  like  these  that  the  pioneer  was  tangh 
to  consider  the  Indian  as  a  wild  beast,  subject  to  the 
same  law  of  unrelenting  extermination,  and  to  be  pui- 
Bued  and  trodden  down  with  enduring  memory  of 
wronir.  And  it  is  here  that  the  cliaracter  of  Boone 
rises  above  his  contemporaries.  He  seems  to  have 
always  mot  the  attacks  of  the  Indian  with  a  bravery 
that  knew  no  diminution.  He  led  campaigns.  He 
was  the  lirst  to  break  in  upon  tlieir  dominions  —  the 
first  to  lead  successfully  the  footstep  of  a  civilization 
they  detested,  and  through  whose  influences  they 
were  fading  from  the  earth ;  and  yet  his  life  shows 
that  he  never  seems  to  have  gone  beyond  the  line  of 
his  duty — never  used  his  power  in  wanton  cruelty; 
and  his  kind  treatment  by  the  Indians,  when  he  fell 
in  their  personal  power,  confirms  this.  They  knew 
him  as  a  foe,  but  a  generous  and  a  brave  one. 

Gen.  Clarke's  diary,  before  quoted,  in  its  record  for 
May,  1777,  has  the  following  entry : 

"  ^fay  2^>J.  A  large  party  of  Indians  attacked  Boonesbor 
ough  Fort.  Kept  a  warm  fire  till  11  o'clock  at  night.  Be 
gun  it  next  moniing,  and  kept  a  warm  fire  till  midnight, 
attempting  several  times  to  burn  the  fort.  Three  of  our 
men  were  wounded  —  not  mortally. 

"20///.  A  party  went  out  to  hunt  Indians — one  wounded 
S<|uire  Boone,  and  escaped." 

Boone  does  'iot  ai>pcar  to  have  made  record  of  this, 
and   it  is  (juite  probnble  t)iat  the  entry  in  General 


NT^WS    OF    HOWE'S    DEFEAT.  15& 

c;iarke-s  journal  may  be  an  error  of  date.  It  indicates 
the.  life  -K-hieli  the  grarrison  was  compelled  to  lead  • 
nor  will  the  incident  be  passed  over,  that  the  faithful 
RBd  hold  brother  of  Boone  was  by  his  side. 

About  the  twentieth  of  September,  news  was  re- 
e«ivecl  at  Boone's  residence  that   Gen.  Washino-ton 

o 

had  defeated  Howe,  and  it  spread  throuo-h  the  settle- 
ment bv  express.  It  gave  the  settlers  the  knowledge 
■)f  the  i^rreat  man  whose  career,  as  the  leader  of  his 
30untry  to  victory,  had  besfun.  Gen.  Clarke,  in  no- 
ting in  his  diary,  says,  ''''Joyful  news,  if  true?'^  '  It 
was  only  by  some  messenojer  reaching  them  at  peril 
of  his  life,  that  these  pioneers  received  the  news  of 
the  great  movements  of  the  country,  though  them- 
selves all  the  while  were  acting  a  bold  part  in  the 
struggle,  though  so  remote  from  the  public  observa- 
tion, that  they  might  have  been  annihilated,  and  nol 
a  vestige  of  the  settlement  left,  before  aid  could  have 
been  rendered  them  by  the  far-off,  seaboard  States. 


^  a, 


CHAPTER    IX. 

8Kf    OtOROE  R.  CLARKE  —  VIRGINIA  GRANTS  POWDER  TO  TUB  C*  tX>NT — TBI 

BRrrisn  garrisons  at  Detroit,  vincennes,  and  kaskaskia — gknkral 

CLARKE  SECURIS  THE  AID  OK  BOONE SIMON  KENT«)N — HIS  CAPTIVTTT  AND 

CRUEL  TREATMENT  BY  THE  INDIANS HIS  KE.SCITE THE  ANTICIPATED  RE- 
UNION OF  THE  SURVIVORS THE  OLD  AGE  OF  KENTON AN  INDIAN  AT- 
TACK  BOOXE  IS  WOUNDED  AND  NARROWLY  ESCAPES BOONe's  DARING 

AND  SERVICES  TO  THE  EMIGRANTS BOONE,   WITH  THIRTY  MEN,  PLANS  AN 

EXPEDITION  TO  THE  BLUE  LICKS. 

Gen.  George  Hogers  Clarke,  it  seems  to  be  con- 
ceded by  historians,  was  the  great  military  leader  of 
Kentucky  —  taking  the  direction  of  those  affairs,  the 
foundation  for  the  success  of  which  Boone,  in  his  ca- 
pacity as  pioneer,  had  laid.  To  him  that  great  State 
is  deeply  indebted,  and  her  historians  have  given  full 
measure  to  their  praise.  lie  had  shown  his  power  in 
the  Council,  when  he  overthrew  the  claim  of  Hender 
son,  and  he  was  entering  on  a  long  and  glorious  ca- 
reer in  the  field.  lie  had  been  engaged  in  "  Dun- 
morels  "  war,  and  at  its  close  had  been  offered  a  com 
mission  in  the  English  service,  which,  fortunate.j  for 
his  own  country,  he  declined. 

He  had  impressed  the  settlers  in  Transylvania  with 
the  conviction  that  their  allegiance  was  due  to,  na 
Uioir  titles  should  come  from,  Virginia  ;  and  he  x^afl 


GRANT    OF    POWDER    FROM    VIRGINIA.  iGj 

sliosen  as  their  commissioner  or  representative  to  the 
General  Assembly  of  Virginia.  He  consulted  with 
Governor  Henry,  who  took  it  into  his  counsels  to  ad- 
vise, on  a  subject  so  important,  his  best  men.  Clarke 
told  the  story  of  the  frontier,  and  requested  from  Yir- 
ginia  the  material  aid  of  five  hundred  weight  of  gun- 
powder. But  it  was  even  then  doubtful  whether  the 
claim  of  Henderson  might  not  be  established,  and  the 
ammunition  was  only  conditionally  provided.  Strange 
that  such  men  as  were  gathered  at  that  Council, 
would  not  listen  to  the  recital  of  the  real  condition 
of  the  frontier  —  of  its  harassing  difficulties  —  of  the 
alliance  of  the  Indians  with  the  British  —  and  that 
Boonesborough  stood  as  a  bulwark  to  resist  the 
savages. 

All  this  was  unheeded.  Yirginia  did  not  realize 
that  in  the  calm  bravery  of  Daniel  Boone,  the  savage 
found  an  obstacle,  the  which  if  he  could  surmount, 
his  way  was  open  to  a  long  march  of  wild  fury 
against  the  settlements  of  the  Yirginians.  The  Coun- 
cil made  so  many  conditions  about  the  powder,  that 
Clarke  told  them,  in  memorable  phrase,  that  "  a  coun- 
try which  was  not  worth  defending  was  not  worth 
claiming."  Thi  s  allusion  to  an  independent  sovereign  - 
ty,  recalled  the  Council  to  reason,  and  the  ammuni- 
tion was  sent. 

Upon  his  return.  Gen.  Clarke  made  such  examina- 
tion of  the  scene  and  circumstances  of  the  ludiac 

11 


162  LIFK    OK    DANreL    BCJONK. 

warfare,  as  to  induce  liiin  to  concentrate  his  views  tc 
this  —  that  to  strike  the  boldest  blow,  Wiis  to  conquer 
Detroit,  Vincenncs,  and  Kaskaskia,  where  were  the 
stations  from  which  the  savages  obtained  supplies  of 
ammunition  and  food.  It  was  at  these  places  that  the 
Indians  learned  that  a  reward  would  be  given  for 
their  production  of  human  scalps  I  and  that  prisoners 
would  be  the  most  acceptable  gifts.  He  formed  his 
plan  —  visited  Virginia  —  laid  it  before  the  best  of 
V^irginia  —  before  Jefferson,  and  Henry,  and  Wythe, 
and  Mason  ;  and,  encouraged  by  them,  went  forward. 
lie  needed  men  who  knew  the  whole  frame-work  of 
Indian  life,  and  he  selected  Daniel  I^oone.  To  the 
Pioneer  who  had  kept  Boonesborough,  any  bold  ser- 
vice might  be  assigned  ;  and  it  is  another  of  the  great 
incidents  of  his  history,  that  authority,  in  looking  for 
those  who  would,  with  most  fearlessness  and  good 
judgment,  conduct  a  great  undertaking,  found  its 
6earch  concentrated  on  him. 

Collins  states,  that  the  war  in  Kentucky  had  been 
a  border  war,  and  its  conduct  an  irregular  and  a  pre- 
datory one  —  more  like  the  scenes  which  Scott  so  of- 
ten describes  and  which  characterized  the  counties 
that  lay  on  the  line  separating  England  from  Scotland. 
Everv  man  fnuudit  for  himself  —  selecting  his  own 
ground,  and  determining  his  own  time  —  and  finishing 
the  campaign  when  he  chose.  "  The  solitary  back- 
woodsman would  sharpen  his  hunting  knife,  shouldo. 


INDIANS    ENCOURAGED    BY    THE    BRITISH.  16S 

his  rifle,  and  provide  himself  with  a  small  quantity 
of  parched  corn  as  a  substitute  for  bread,  and  then 
start  on  an  expedition  into  the  Indian  country."  Ho 
soon  learned  to  more  than  rival  the  Indian  in  all  stra- 
tagem and  concealment,  and  to  seize  every  opportu- 
nity of  harassing  the  foe. 

The  garrisons  of  Detroit,  Yincennes  and  Kaskaskia, 
lost  no  opportunity  of  promoting  and  encouraging 
the  Indian  depredations  on  the  Kentucky  frontier,  and 
to  prejudice  their  own  people  against  the  frontier  set- 
tlers. The  Indian,  if  he  could  come  back  to  strong 
military  posts,  whence  he  could  again  issue,  laden 
with  all  that  he  desired  with  which  to  continue  the 
warfare,  was  willing  to  see  the  war  go  on.  He  did 
not  comprehend  that  it  was  for  him  a  choice  whether 
he  should  have  a  British  or  an  American  master  ;  but 
considering  the  settlers  as  his  foe,  he  gladly  made  his 
offensive  and  defensive  league  with  the  adherents  of 
the  crown,  and  believed  himself  likely  to  retake  all 
his  old  hunting  ground.  For  this  he  knew  no  step 
so  decisive,  as  to  destroy  Boonesborough.  That  fort 
was  obnoxious,  because  it  had  been  a  first  effort  of 
the  settler,  and  had  been  a  successful  one  ;  and  it  waa 
dreaded,  because  it  held  in  safety  the  man  who  had 
Bhown  the  world  that  the  skill  of  the  white  man  wag 
oroof  even  against  the  terrors  of  a  solitude  in  the 
wilderness,  when  its  sway  by  the  savage  was  undis 
Duted. 


104  LIFE   Of    DANIEL    BOONE. 

Boone  was  aware  of  all  the  subtlety  of  the  Indian, 
and  seems  to  have  met  it  at  all  its  different  exhibi- 
tions. When  Gen.  Clarke  assumed  the  general  super- 
vision of  the  frontier  settlements,  a  company  of  spies 
was  organized,  for  the  payment  of  whom,  the  general 
pledged  the  faith  of  Virginia.  The  value  of  their 
Bervice  was  appreciated  in  every  hour.  Tliese  men, 
taking  the  duty  by  detachments,  roamed  up  and  down 
the  Ohio,  keeping  a  bright  watch  for  signs  of  Indian 
api)roacli,  as  Boone  did  not  intend  that  his  fort  should 
encounter  a  second  sudden  attack.  lie  appointed 
two  of  these  spies  —  and  one  of  these  was  the  re- 
nowned Simon  Kenton  —  a  man  wliose  career  of  mem- 
orable activity  v.-as  so  distinguished,  that  in  the  an- 
nals of  Kentucky  he  is  placed  second  only  to  our 
great  Pioneer,  as  among  the  founders  of  the  State. 
It  has  ever  been  among  the  qualities  of  those  who 
write  their  names  illustriously  in  the  annals  of  tho 
world,  that  when  called  to  lead  in  great  enterprises, 
tlieir  selection  of  those  who  shall  be  their  assistants, 
is  such  as  to  indicate  their  acute  knowledge  of  men 
and  estimate  of  character.  In  selecting  Kenton, 
B<jone  brought  into  service  a  man  whose  naine  is 
cherished  in  Kentucky  as  the  bold  and  brave. 

The  life  of  Kenton  was  one  of  romance.  At  the 
Hge  of  sixteen  he  had  fixed  his  affections  on  a  young 
■^irl,  who  dil  not  return  them,  but  preferred  another. 
Kenton  was  an  uninvited  guest  at  the  wedding,  and 


SIMON   KEN'iON.  165 

m  the  rougli  manners  of  tliose  days,  was  severely 
handled.  Meeting  his  favored  rival  some  short  time 
afterwards,  a  fight  ensued,  in  which  Kenton  though', 
he  had  killed  Inm,  and  he  fled  the  society  of  civilized 
man.  He  changed  his  name  to  Simon  Butler, 
plunged  into  the  forest,  and  thenceforth,  one  stirring 
adventure  after  the  other  succeeded,  in  all  of  which 
he  bore  a  bold  part  —  courageous  and  vigorous  —  and 
encompassed  by  danger  constantly. 

He  suffered  all  manner  of  cruelty  ;  eight  times  he 
was  condemned  to  run  the  gauntlet,  always  one  of 
the  most  cruel  of  the  Indian  inventions  of  horror ; 
three  times  tied  to  the  stake  ;  once  nearly  killed  by 
a  blow  from  an  axe.  He  knew  all  the  terrors  of  be- 
ing the  Indian's  foe.  On  one  occasion  he  had  taken 
an  Indian  horse,  and  soon  afterwards  fell  into  their 
hands.  "  After  beating  him  till  their  arms  were  too 
tired  to  indulge  that  gratifying  recreation  any  longer, 
they  secured  him  for  the  night.  This  was  done  by 
first  placing  him  upon  his  back  to  the  ground.  They 
next  drew  his  legs  apart,  and  lashed  each  foot  firmly 
to  stakes,  or  saplings,  driven  in  the  ground.  A  pole 
was  then  laid  across  his  breast,  and  his  hands  tied  to 
each  end,  and  his  arms  lashed  with  thongs  around  it, 
the  thongs  passing  under  his  body  so  as  to  keep  the 
pole  stationary.  After  all  this,  another  thong  was 
passed  around  his  neck,  and  the  end  of  it  secured  to 
a  stake  in  the  ground,  his  head  being  stretched  back 


106  LIFE   OF   DAJJIPX    BOONE. 

BO  as  not  entirely  to  choke  him.  In  this  urii^inal  man 
ner  he  was  left  to  pass  the  night.  The  detail  of  this 
cruelty  is  not  inappropriate  to  this  history,  as  the  con- 
trast between  this  treatment,  and  that  to  which  Boone 
was  siiV)jected  wlien  a  prisoner,  as  he  on  several  occa- 
Bions  was,  indicates  very  apparently,  that  towards 
Boone,  the  Indians,  while  they  recognized  him  as  the 
great  leader  in  the  settlements  they  hated,  and  the 
expeditions  that  destroyed  them, —  yet  such  was  their 
confidence  in  his  real  worth,  that  towards  him  they 
had  no  bitterness  of  revenge.  All  this  confirms  the 
idea  that  the  Indians  never  confounded  Boone  with 
the  mere  Indian-killer.  Tliey  could  respect  a  mag- 
nanimous foe  ;  and  Boone  had  often  the  greatest  rea- 
son to  congratulate  himself  that  he  had  been  an  open 
and  an  honorable  warrior  —  never  striking  the  unne- 
cessary blow,  but  ending  the  tight  when  the  victory 
was  won. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-four,  Kenton  was  rescued  from 
captivity,  by  the  wife  of  an  Indian  trader  —  a  Mrs. 
Ilarvey  —  who  was  wvn  by  his  fine,  manly  deport- 
ment. To  his  latest  hour,  the  old  man  recollected  tlie 
interposition  of  this  lady,  and  her  pleasant  image 
filled  a  thousand  dreams.  This  affair  is  kindred  to 
the  romances  which  were  frecjuent  in  the  hunter's 
life,  making  their  true  history  rcpU'tc  with  incidents 
RO  singular  as  to  be  kindred  to  the  fictions  of  the  ro 
mancer. 


101 

"  This  lady  had  become  interebted  in  him,  and  upon  his 
solicitation,  promised  to  assist  him  and  two  other  (vcntucki- 
ans,  prisoners  with  him,  to  procure  rifles,  ammunition,  6zc.. 
without  which,  a  journey  through  the  wilderness  could  not 
be  performed.  Engaging  in  their  cause  with  all  the  enthu- 
siasm of  her  sex,  she  only  awaited  an  opportunity  to  per- 
form her  promise.  She  had  not  long  to  wait.  On  the  third 
of  June,  1779,  a  large  concourse  of  Indians  assembled  at 
Detroit,  to  take  a  "  spree."  Preparatory  to  getting  drunk, 
they  stacked  their  guns  near  Mrs.  Harvey's  house,  who,  as 
soon  as  it  was  dark,  stole  silently  out  to  the  guns,  selected 
three  of  the  best  looking,  and  quickly  hid  them  in  her  gar- 
den, in  a  patch  of  peas.  Avoiding  all  observation,  she  has- 
tened to  Kenton's  lodgings,  and  informed  him  of  her  success. 
She  told  him,  at  midnight,  to  come  to  the  back  of  her  gar- 
den,  where  he  would  find  a  ladder  by  means  of  which  he 
could  climb  over  and  get  the  guns.  She  had  previously 
collected  such  articles  of  food,  clothing,  ammunition,  &c.,  as 
would  be  necessary  in  their  adventure.  These  she  had  hid 
in  a  hollow  tree,  well  known  to  Kenton,  some  distance  out 
of  town.  No  time  was  now  to  be  lost,  and  the  prisoners  at 
once  set  about  getting  things  in  order  for  their  flight.  At 
the  appointed  hour,  Kenton,  with  his  companions,  appeared 
at  the  designated  spot,  discovered  the  ladder,  and  climbed 
into  the  garden,  where  they  found  Mrs.  Harvey  sitting  by 
the  guns,  awaiting  his  amval.  To  the  eyes  of  the  grateful 
young  hunter,  no  woman  ever  looked  so  beautiful. 

"  There  was  little  time,  however  for  compliments,  for  all 
around  could  be  heard  the  yells  of  the  drunken  savages 
—  the  night  was  far  advanced,  and  in  the  mornmg  the  gune 
would  be  missed.  Takmg  an  affectionate  leave  of  him,  with 
many  tender  wishes  for  his  safety,  she  now  urged  him  to  be 
gone.     Heapii  g  thanks  and  blessings  on  her,  he  lefl:  her,  and 


tC8  LIFK   OF    DANIEL    BOOXE. 

rejoined  his  companions.  Kenton  never  saw  her  afterwards 
but  he  never  forgot  her,  for  more  than  half  a  century  after 
wards,  when  the  wilderness,  and  the  savages  who  peopled  it, 
were  alike  exterminated  before  the  civilizing  march  of  the 
Anglo  Saxon,  the  old  pioneer,  in  words  that  glowed  with 
gratitude  and  admiration,  delighted  to  dwell  on  the  kindness, 
and  expatiate  on  the  eourafre  and  virtue  of  his  bonefiictress, 
the  fair  trader's  wife.  In  his  reveries  he  said  he  had  seen 
ner  a  thousand  times  sitting  hy  the  guns  in  the  garden." 

Simon  Kenton  (for  when  he  ascertained  that  be  bad 
not  killed  the  young  man  with  wbom  be  bad  the  en- 
counter, lie  took  bis  own  name  again,)  lived  to  be  a 
very  old  man,  and  as  such  addressed  to  the  present 
generation  one  of  the  last  words  wbicb  tbe  pioneers 
^poke.  When,  in  tbe  fall  of  1782,  Gen.  Clarke,  to  re- 
venge tbe  disaster  of  tbe  Blue  Licks,  spread,  with  an- 
other army  of  fifteen  bundred  men,  disaster  and  de- 
struction through  the  whole  Indian  country,  Kenton 
was  in  command  of  the  army.  His  experience  in  the 
service  of  Boone  had  given  him  an  unsurpassed  know- 
ledge of  woodcraft,  and  he  was  tbe  reliance  of  tbe 
army.  When  this  ex])edition  was  returning,  and 
when  they  were  at  the  mouth  of  tbe  Licking,  on 
November  4th,  the  romantic  engagement  was  made 
that  those  who  survived  for  fifty  yeai-s,  should  meet 
and  talk  over  the  i)erils  of  the  past.  This  was  first 
suggested,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  by  a  dying  soldier, 
who  breathed  his  last  as  he  was  descending  the  hill 
near  tbe  ])lace  where  Cincinuatti,  in  all  the  glories  ot 


REUNION    OF   THE    ?IONEEKS.  169 

a  great  city,  now  arises.  It  was  then  all  one  dense 
wilderness  —  the  forest  was  the  occupant  of  the  land, 
whose  value  is  now  estimated  only  by  millions. 

The  fifty  years,  in  the  sure  progress  of  the  wheels 
of  time,  rolled  around,  and  the  fourth  of  !N"ovember, 
1832,  was  the  day  when  this  extraordinary  reunion 
was  to  take  place.  Simon  Kenton  had  not  forgotten 
It,  and  to  encourage  the  attendance  of  all  who  sur- 
vived, he  wrote  the  following  address  —  a  gentle  and 
a  kindly  word  for  the  Old  Brave  : 

*'•  Fellow  Citizens: — Being  one  of  the  first,  after  Col. 
Daniel  Boone,  who  aided  in  the  conquest  of  Kentucky,  and 
the  west,  I  am  called  upon  to  address  you.  My  heart  melts 
on  such  an  occasion.  I  look  forward  to  the  contemplated 
meeting  with  melancholy  pleasure ;  it  has  caused  tears  to 
flow  in  copious  showers.  I  wish  to  see  once  more  before  I 
die,  my  survi\ing  friends.  My  solemn  pledge  made  fifty 
years  ago,  hinds  me  to  meet  them.  I  ask  not  for  myself, 
but  you  may  find  in  our  assembly  some  who  have  never  re- 
ceived any  pay  or  pension,  who  have  sustained  the  cause  of 
their  country,  equal  to  any  other  service,  who  in  the  decline 
of  life  are  poor.  Then  you  prosperous  sons  of  the  west  for- 
get not  those  old  and  gray-headed  veterans  on  this  occasion  j 
let  them  return  to  their  families  with  some  little  manifesta- 
tion of  your  kindntss,  to  cheer  their  hearts.  I  add  my 
prayer:  may  kind  heaven  grant  us  a  clear  sky,  fair  and 
pleasant  weather  —  a  safe  journey  and  a  happy  meeting,  and 
smile  upon  us,  and  our  families,  and  bless  us  and  our  nation, 
on  the  approaching  occasion. 

"Simon  Kenton." 
H 


170  LIFE    OF    DAMKL    B<X)>'K 

The  cholera,  in  its  wild  ravages,  pre\cnted  tho 
mectintr  from  beini:  attended  as  could  have  been  de- 
Bired.  The  municipal  authorities  of  the  great  city  of 
Cincinnati,  entertained  those  who  did  attend  ;  but  the 
pestilence  being  in  the  city,  deterred  the  old  man  from 
approaching  it.  He  shared  the  usual  fate  of  the  pio- 
neer. The  State  that  he  had  built  up,  forgot  him,  oi 
recognized  him  only  by  the  cheap  pageant  of  a  forma 
welcome  to  Frankfort,  by  the  Legislature  there  as- 
eembled  —  a  welcome  somewhat  in  contrast  to  the 
fact  that  he  had  been  allowed  to  wander  in  tattered 
garments,  an  unknown  stranger,  through  the  streets 
Tlie  recompense  his  country  gave  him,  at  last,  and 
that  obtained  through  the  good  oflBces  of  Judge  Bur- 
nett ajul  Gov.  Vance  —  was  a  pension  of  two  hundred 
and  forty  dollars.  He  died  in  April,  1S3G,  "  in  sight 
of  the  place  where  the  Indians,  fifty-eight  years  be- 
fore, had  proposed  to  torture  him  to  death."  He  died 
surrounded  by  his  family  and  friends,  and  supported 
by  the  consolations  of  the  gospel. 

Our  readers  will  not  overlook  the  significant  ex 
pression  which  the  old  man  useg,  in  his  letter :  ''  Be- 
ing one  of  the  first,  aft^r  Colonel  Daniel  Boone^  who 
aided  in  the  conquest  of  Kentucky,  and  tue  "West." 
He  b-ings  his  most  valuable  testimony  to  the  lame  of 
the  great  Pioneer,  and  places  him  in  the  front  of  those 
who  aided  in  securing  for  civilized  man,  the  west — 
the  word  which  is  now  identified  witli  a  great  nation. 


MEN  ATTACKED  NEAE  THE  FOET.        171 

every  hour  rising  higher  and  higher  in  all  the  worth 
and  wealth  that  makes  a  community  illustrious  — the 
word  whicli  has  gone  throughout  the  earth,  as  desig- 
nating the  land  where,  in  the  midst  of  free  institu- 
tions, the  path  to  prosperity  lies  fully  open  to  whoever 
treads  it  with  honest  industry.  Boone  gave  to  hia 
countrymen  the  key  to  all  this  priceless  region. 

During  Boone's  occupancy  of  the  fort,  he  had  con- 
stant occasion  to  see  the  value  of  an  efficient  and  un- 
ceasing guard.  He  knew  his  foe,  and  he  felt  that 
with  such  an  enemy,  there  was  no  hour  for  quiet.  On 
one  occasion,  Kenton,  while  engaged  in  the  spy  ser- 
vice, for  which  he  had  been  detailed  by  Boone,  early 
one  morning,  having  loaded  his  gun  for  the  chase,  and 
just  before  leaving  being  at  the  gate  of  the  fort,  saw 
that  two  men  in  the  fields  were  fired  upon  by  the  In- 
dians. The  men  were  not  hit,  and  ran,  the  Indiana 
being  in  pursuit,  and  the  pursuit  was  successful.  So 
closely  did  horrors  encompass  the  walls  of  Boonesbo- 
rough,  that  one  of  these  poor  fellows  was  tomahawked 
and  scalped  within  a  few  hundred  feet  of  the  fort. 
Kenton  soon  turned  the  order  of  things,  shooting  the 
savage  dead,  and  giving  chase  to  others.  Boone,  in 
the  fort,  hearing  the  alarm,  rushed  out  with  ten  men. 
Ihe  Indians  did  not  retreat  without  a  fight  —  Kenton 
killing  one  of  them  in  the  act  of  firing  at  Boone's 
party.  Engaged  in  this  skirmish,  Boone  did  not  at 
first  perceive  in  how  large  force  the  Indians    had 


172  LIFE   OF    DAMKL    BOONE. 

gathered.  He  found  liimself  suddenly  cut  off  Ijv  a 
body  of  savages  who  had  placed  themselves  betwecD 
him  and  the  fort.  The  hour  was  one  of  those  in 
which  a  bold  movement  is  tlie  only  one  that  can  be 
made.  He  gave  the  word  for  a  fire  and  a  charge, 
and  his  men  obeyed  him  ;  but  in  their  onset,  the  In- 
dians gave  one  fearful  fire,  and  Boone  and  six  of  his 
men  fell  to  the  ground,  wounded.  Boone's  leg  was 
broken,  and  an  Indian  was  after  his  life,  for  in  a 
moment  the  uplifted  tomahawk  was  over  his  head. 
Kenton's  sure  rifle  ended  the  scene,  bringing  down 
the  savage,  and  rescuing  Boone.  They  succeeded  in 
getting — wounded  and  all  —  into  the  gate.  The  nar- 
rative significantly  says,  that  Booiie  was  a  silent  many 
and  not  given  to  compliment^  but  was  warm  in  hia 
gratitude  to  Kenton.  Such  were  the  scenes  which 
relieved  the  dullness  of  frontier  life  ! 

Tlie  times  were  busy  —  busy  in  all  the  incidents  of 
war.  The  hand  of  the  colonist,  on  seaboard  and  fron- 
tier, was  ready  at  a  moment  to  strike  for  the  fulfill- 
ment of  the  ] (lodges  made  at  Philadelphia,  on  July 
4tli,  177*'>.  But  in  the  midst  of  all  the  strife,  the  em- 
igration to  the  land  opened  by  Boone,  went  on.  The 
rich  soil — the  delightful  climate — the  independent 
home,  attracted  the  traveler;  and,  with  and  without 
a  fainily,the  settler  dared  all  the  horrors  of  Indian 
neighborhood,  for  the  luxury  of  being  the  master  of, 
and  living  on.  his  own  land.     Mr.  Peck  truthfullj 


and  interestingly  narrates  that  the  record  of  the  ser- 
vices rendered  by  Boone  to  the  emigrants,  would 
be  a  volume  of  memorials  of  the  best  of  actions. 

"  As  dangers  thickened,  and  appearances  grew  more  alarni- 
ing,  as  scouts  came  in  with  rumors  of  Lidians  seen  here  and 
there,  and  as  the  hardy  and  bold  woodsmen  sat  around  their 
camp-fires,  with  the  loaded  rifle  at  hand,  rehearsing,  for  the 
twentieth  time,  the  tale  of  noble  daring,  or  the  hair-breadth 
escape,  Boone  would  sit  silent,  apparently  not  heeding  the 
conversation,  employed  in  repairing  the  rents  in  his  hunting- 
shirt  and  leo-Hns,  mouldino;  bullets,  or  cleaning  his  rifle.  Yet 
the  eyes  of  the  garrison  were  upon  him.  Concerning  '  In 
dian  signs,'  he  was  an  oracle.  Sometimes,  with  one  or  two 
trusty  companions,  but  more  frequently  alone,  as  night  closed 
ui,  he  would  steal  away  noiselessly  into  the  woods,  to  recon- 
aoiter  the  surrounding  wilderness ;  and  in  the  day-time, 
stealthily  would  he  creep  along,  with  his  trusty  rifle  resting 
on  his  arm,  ready  for  the  least  sign  of  danger ;  his  keen, 
piercing  eyes,  glancing  into  every  thicket  and  cane-brake,  or 
watching  intently  for  '  signs  '  of  the  wily  enemy.  Accus- 
tomed to  range  the  country  as  a  hunter  and  a  scout,  he  would 
frequently  meet  the  approaching  travelers,  on  the  road,  and 
pilot  them  into  the  settlement,  while  his  rifle  supplied  them 
with  provisions.  He  was  ever  more  ready  to  aid  the  com- 
munity, or  engage  in  public  services,  than  to  attend  to  hig 
private  interests." 

When  Boone  was  alone  in  the  wilds  of  Kentucky, 
for  months  without  the  companionship  of  one  human 
being,  he  submitted  to  the  severe  deprivation  of  be- 
mg  without  b'rad,  salt,  or  sugar.     This  was  a  tria] 


174  LIFE    OF    DAXIEL   BOOXE. 

which  all  were  not  so  willing  to  endure.  There  wai 
great  complaint  in  the  garrison  for  the  want  of  salt 
It  was  a  necessity  which  entered  into  the  business  of 
life,  and  it  must  be  had.  It  was  a  duty  only  to  be 
performed  amid  peril,  as  certain  to  come  as  the  pro- 
gress of  time ;  but  the  man  to  discharge  the  duty  waa 
at  hand.  Boone,  who  had  thus  far  maintained  the 
inviolability  of  his  fort,  defending  it,  and  making  it 
the  terror  of  the  red  man,  determined  to  leave  it  for 
the  even  more  dangerous  position  of  a  march,  and  an 
encampment,  where  there  would  be  no  fort  to  protect 
them,  and  where  they  would  meet  the  Indian  in  cir- 
cumstances much  more  favorable  to  the  success  of  the 
latter.  He  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a  party  of 
thirty  men,  and  left  his  family.  He  had  often  left 
them  for  scenes  of  peril,  and  he  knew  all  the  proba- 
bilities of  these  forays  in  sufficient  force  to  make  him 
notice  that  he  was  more  likely  to  go  out  for  the  last 
time,  than  to  return  in  safety ;  but  in  this,  as  in  ah 
his  life,  he  saw  that  his  duty  was  to  go  forward,  and 
he  fulfilled  that. 


CHAPTEE   X. 

mi  Bi  7E  LICBjs      -  THE   EXPEDITION- BOOXe's   ADVENTURE    WT13.   TWO    « 

DIAXS THE        OIANS  PLAN  aN  ATTACK BOONE  IS  TAKEN  PRISONER  WaELT 

HUNTING 1    «  PARTY  SURRENDER  AND  ARE  SPARED    THROUGH  HIS  INFLU 

ENCE BOOXX  IS  AFTERWARDS  TRIED  BY  COURT  MARTIAL  AND  HONORABLE 

ACQUITTED-  BOONE  AND  HIS  COMPANIONS  ARE  TAKEN  TO  OLD  CHILLICOTHX 
^THENCE  t  >  DETROIT REGARD  OF  THE  ENGLISH  FOR  BOONE THE  IN- 
DIANS REFLrsC  A  LARGE  RANSOM THEY  RETURN  TO  OLD  CHILLICOTHE  WITH 

BOONE  ALO.SE THEY  ADOPT  HIM    INTO    THEIR  TRIBE THEY  SET  HIM  TO 

MAKING    SALT,  AND  PERMIT  HIM  TO  HUNT. 

Booxe's  expedition  was  to  the  Blue  Licks,  famous 
for  their  richness  in  the  product  of  salt,  and  esteemed 
by  the  settler  as  the  possession,  in  the  defence  of 
which  all  the  force  of  the  frontier  should  be  eno^asred. 
Thev  soon  became  memorable  in  the  battle  history  of 
chat  region.  The  principal  spring  is  situated  on  the 
northern  bank  of  the  Licking  Biver,  about  two  hun- 
dred yards  from  that  stream.  It  is  in  Nicholas  coun- 
ty, in  the  north-east  middle  part  of  Kentucky.  Tliey 
who  now,  at  each  return  of  the  season,  visit  the.^e 
springs,  would  not,  but  for  the  tradition,  believe  them- 
selves on  the  spot  where  the  very  necessities  of  life 
were  won  only  by  fierce  conflict,  and  whose  ground 
will  ever  be  memorable  for  its  severe  struofo-le  bo- 


176  LIFE    OF   DANIEL    BOONE. 

twoen  the  settler  and  the  savage.  There  are  now  al 
the  elegancies  of  a  ftishionable  watering-place  — gieal 
hotels  —  the  luxurious  aj^pcnaages  of  refinement  — 
all  that  can  minister  to  cultivation  and  taste.  The 
house  is  of  the  vast  length  of  six  hundred  and  seventy 
leot,  and  there  are  galleries  around  it  where  the  vis- 
itor can  find  his  walk  extended  over  eighteen  hun- 
dred feet. 

All  tliis  is  in  strange  contrast  to  the  scenes  which 
Boone  witnessed.  He  and  his  party,  after  a  march 
through  the  woods  where  every  mile  was  won  by  sa- 
gacious movement,  arrived  in  safety,  and  proceeded 
to  the  work  of  preparing  salt  for  the  garrison.  Tliey 
worked  never  out  of  the  grasp  of  their  rifles.  There 
was  never  an  hour  of  complete  security,  for  the  Indian 
would  hear  that  the  great  leader  of  the  settlers  had 
left  the  cover  of  the  fort,  and  was  in  the  forest.  Boono 
went  on  actively,  f«^r  he  had  to  prepare  the  salt  for 
all  the  different  garrisons.  It  was  a  task  which  had 
to  be  done  rapidly,  for  the  cessation  of  it  —  the  turn- 
ing of  the  mainifiicturing  into  a  fight  —  was  probable 
each  day.  The  Indians  were  soon  to  investigate  what 
the  Long  Knives  were  after,  with  the  big  kettles,  and 
the  popular  expression  that  "salt  could  not  save 
them,"  might  be  realized  entirely  too  soon  But 
these  founders  of  a  nation  learned  every  day  that  dif- 
uculty  is  the  companion  of  success  ;  and  tliey  worked 
')n.     It  was  almost  easier  to  fight  Indians,  than  ta 


ANECDOTE   OF    BOONE.  177 

bring  salt  over  the  mountains  on  pack-horses  from 
the  seaboard. 

Connected  with  the  expedition  to  the  Salt  Springs, 
IS  an  incident  which  should  be  noted,  as  it  shows  how 
often,  in  historical  events,  the  ideal  is  placed  for  the 
real,  and  what  is  originated  in  fiction  becomes  re- 
ceived as  authentic,  because  not  investigated.  Mr, 
Flint,  in  his  clear,  though  imaginative,  history,  re- 
lates that  when  Boone  was  at  the  Salt  Licks,  the  fol- 
lowing adventure  occurred : 

"  Boone,  instead  of  taking  a  part  in  the  diurnal  and  unin- 
terrupted labor  of  evaporating  the  water,  performed  tl>3 
more  congenial  duty  of  hunting,  to  keep  the  company  in  pro- 
visions while  they  labored.  In  this  pursuit,  he  had  one  day 
wandered  some  distance  from  the  bank  of  the  river.  Two 
Indians,  armed  with  muskets  —  for  they  had  now  generally 
added  these  efficient  weapons  to  their  tomahawks  —  came 
upon  him.  His  first  thought  was  to  retreat.  But  he  di& 
covered,  from  their  nimbi eness,  that  this  was  impossible 
His  second  thought  was  resistance,  and  he  slipped  behind  a 
tree,  to  await  their  coming  within  rifle-shot.  He  then  ex- 
posed himself,  so  as  to  attract  their  aim.  The  foremost  lev- 
eled his  musket.  Boone,  who  could  dodge  the  flash,  at  the 
pulling  of  the  trigger,  dropped  behind  his  tree  unhurt.  The 
next  object  was  to  cause  the  fire  of  the  second  musket  to  be 
thrown  away  in  the  same  manner.  He  again  exposed  a  part 
of  liis  person.  The  eager  Indian  instantly  fired,  and  Boone 
evaded  the  shot  as  before.  Both  the  Indians,  having  throv.Tj 
away  their  fire,  were  eagerly  striving,  but  with  trembling 
oandsj  to  reload.  Trepidation  and  too  much  haste  retarded 
H*  12 


173  lAFE   OK    DANIIX    IKK^lNK. 

Uieir  olijeci.  Roone  drew  his  rifle,  and  one  of  them  fell  dead 
The  two  antagonists  now  on  equal  gn uinds,  the  one  unsheath- 
ing his  knife,  and  the  other  poising  his  tomahawk,  rushi*d 
U)ward  the  dead  body  of  the  fallen  Indian;  Boone,  placing 
Dis  loot  on  the  dwid  body,  dexterously  received  the  Mell- 
iiniixl  ix^manawk  of  his  powerful  ent-my  on  the  barrel  of  his 
rifle,  thus  preventing  his  skull  from  being  cloven  by  it.  In 
iie  XcTj  ^7;hjd?.  offering,  the  Indian  had  exposed  his  b<vly 
<o  the  knife  of  Boone,  who  pluiig  ^d  it  in  his  body  to  the 
lilt." 

Xow  tliis  lias  been  received  as  true,  and  by  the  ciir- 
/ent  public  judgment  was  deemed  very  appropriate 
ind  probable,  because  Boone  was  considered  as  a  sort 
of  wild  adventurer  and  forest  hero,  on  a  large  scale, 
rije  government  of  the  United  States  has  given  the 
5tory  to  sculi)ture  ;  having  at  great  cost  caused  it  to 
be  commemorated  in  stone,  in  a  group,  place<]  over 
die  northern  door  of  tlie  rotunda  of  the  Capitol  at 
Washington.  The  incident,  as  a  symbol  of  what 
•jiight  liave  occurred,  is  appropriate,  but  as  giving  to 
ail  ages  a  portraiture  of  what  did  take  place,  is  value- 
less, because  no  such  incident  took  place.  Boone 
«'us  much  more  likely  to  be  in  the  most  arduous  of 
the  labor.  The  man  who  is  really  brave,  has  gen- 
erally seen  so  much  of  the  danger  that  needless  ex- 
[V)sures  are  avoided.  Those  who  make  our  statues 
and  pictures,  too  frequently  look  to  the  coloring  and 
gronpmg  rather  than  to  the  preservation  of  the  actual 
fact.     Tims,  in  the  famous  picture  of  fhe  Landing  of 


NEW    EXPEDITION   AGAINST   BOONESl  OEOTJGH.  1Tb 

the  Pilfirrims,  the  Indian,  Samoset,  is  made  prominen 
as  extending  his  hand  to  the  disembarking  wanderer; 
while,  in  truth,  it  was  not  till  long  afterward  that  he 
came  among  the  Pilgrims,  and  astonished  them  by 
uttering,  in  their  own  language,  his  memorable  salu 
tation  of  "  Welcome  Englishmen." 

The  salt-makers  pursued  their  vocation  for  nearly  a 
month,  and  had,  though  a  watchful,  a  peaceful  labor, 
but  the  rest  was  a  temporary  one.  The  news  of  their 
occupation  of  the  Licks,  soon  reached  the  Ind'an.  It 
aroused  the  enemy  to  the  fact  that  it  might  be  prac- 
ticable, in  the  absence  of  Boone,  to  make  a  new  at- 
tack on  the  fort,  and  an  expedition  was  formed,  con- 
sisting of  one  hundred  and  two  Indians  and  two 
Frenchmen.  This  was  destined  for  Boonesborough. 
Boone  emphatically  says  "  that  place  being  particu- 
larly the  object  of  the  enemy."  Another  historian 
says  it  was  '^  a  particular  mark  for  Indian  revenge." 

Of  the  thirty  men  whom  Boone  had  brought  out, 
three  had  returned  to  the  garrison  with  the  salt,  and 
were  bearing  home  news  of  the  good  condition  of  the 
party  —  tidings  whose  sad  reverse  was  so  soon  to 
follow. 

On  the  seventh  of  February,  Boone  was  out  hunt- 
ing. The  old  sport  he  followed,  not  for  amusement, 
but  to  provide  food  for  the  party.  It  was  a  disastrous 
hunt  for  the  Pione*^^.  He  had  wandered  some  dis 
tance  from  his  men  —  the  exemption  from  any  at 


ISO  LIFK    UK    DANIEL    BOONE. 

tack  for  nearly  a  montli  having  emboldened  Ijiiu  — 
and  while  engaged  in  the  chase,  he  was  suddenly  sur 
prised  by  this  expedition  of  the  Indians  and  French- 
men. Boone,  on  seeing  the  danger,  attempted  to  es- 
cape by  flight,  but  the  young  men  were  too  fleet  for 
him  —  though  he  was  yet  in  the  prime  of  life  —  and 
lie  was  captured.  His  sagacity  seems  not  to  have 
been  at  fault  in  any  emergency.  Instead  of  obstinate 
and  fruitless  resistance,  which  would  have  excited  the 
anger  of  the  Indians,  he  yielded  in  the  manner  most 
gratifying  to  them.  He  was  again  their  prisoner.  It 
will  be  recollected  that  he  was,  in  all  probability, 
known  to  them  as  the  leader  of  the  white  men,  and^ 
yet  his  influence  over  the  Indian,  acquired  by  consum- 
mate sagacity,  soon  began  to  develope  itself.  He 
eays  the  Indians,  in  his  capitulation,  promised  him 
generous  usage. 

What  was  become  of  the  party  he  had  left  at  the 
Blue  Licks,  now  occupied  Boone's  mind  most  pain- 
fully. His  course  of  conduct  was  of  the  most  ditH- 
cult.  Tlie  Indians  were  determined  to  seize  them, 
and  Boone  prepared  for  what  he  believed  the  wisest 
course.  He  ingratiated  himself  immediately  with  the 
Indians,  for  which  he  always  seems  to  have  possessed  a 
rare  faculty.  He  was  well  known  to  them,  ami  it  was 
in  their  knowledge  that  he  had  never  sancti.^ned 
any  cruel  or  unusual  procedure  towards  them.  The 
fact  that  h«  soon  won  their  contidence,  illustrates  this 


SURRENDER    OF    BOOXE  S    PARLY.  181 

He  would  gladly  have  warned  the  party  of  the  dan- 
ger, so  that  they  cou.d  have  fled  to  tlie  fort,  bat  this 
was  impossible,  and  he  j^repared  for  the  bold  move- 
ment of  a  surrender,  trusting  to  liis  power  over  tlie 
Indian,  to  secure  his  nieij.  He  approaclied  them  ; 
and  it  shows  the  mastery  that  Boone  had  over  his  fol- 
lowers, that  tlie  signs  which  he  made  to  them  to  yield 
themselves,  were  immediately  obeyed.  They  might 
have  sold  their  lives  dearly,  and  before  capture  have 
made  the  Licks  memoral^le  for  a  bloody  conflict ;  but 
Boone  judged  wiser.  He,  in  all  probabihty,  told  the 
Indians  that  if  his  men  had  assurance  of  kind  treat 
ment,  the  capture  would  be  easy  ;  but  that,  if  no  such 
assurance  was  given,  the  battle  would  be  bloody. 
The  party  surrendered  ;  and  Boone  records  that  the 
Indians  kept  their  word.  Neither  death  nor  torture 
awaited  them. 

For  the  surrender  of  his  party,  Boone,  a  short  time 
afterward,  when  released,  underwent  a  trial  by  court- 
martial.  The  charges  were  preferred  by  Col.  Calla- 
way, an  intimate  friend  of  Boone,  and  Col.  Benja- 
min Logan.  Boone  defended  himself,  and  so  effect- 
ually vindicated  his  conduct,  and  demonstrated  the 
Bagacity  of  his  course,  that,  not  only  was  he  honorably 
acquitted,  but,  at  its  close,  an  immmediate  promotion 
to  a  majority  followed. 

The  expedition  against  Boonesborough  seems  iin 
mediately  to  have  been  relinquished  — indicating  ai 


183  LITE   OF    DANreL   IxXiNK. 

Dncc  the  go)d  effects  of  the  policy  pur&aed  bjL'oone, 
Ilad  tlie  salt  party  fought  and  been  conquered,  as  waa 
too  probable,  as  the  numerical  advantage  of  the  In- 
dians was  very  great,  and  the  wliites  had  not  the  ad- 
vantages of  furtifications,  the  Indians,  flushed  with 
their  triumph,  would  have  gone  on  to  the  fort,  which 
would  have  been  surprised,  and,  as  its  leader  was  a 
prisoner  and  its  garrison  diminished,  the  settlement, 
in  the  winter,  would  have  been  captured,  and  the 
tnost  fearful  results  followed.  As  it  was,  the  whole 
plan  of  the  campaign  was  changed,  and  with  the 
great  Pioneer  and  twenty -seven  of  his  braves  as  pris- 
oners, the  Indian  expedition  returned  in  triumph. 
Tliey  then  proceeded  with  their  spoil  to  the  chief 
Indian  town  on  the  Little  Miami,  to  old  Chillicothe. 
Tlie  march  was  in  the  severe  weather  of  February, 
which  Boone  and  his  companions  in  captivity  were 
probably  better  able  to  endure  than  the  Indians. 
Boone  says,  the  journey  was  uncomfortable  —  a  very 
mild  word  for  a  captivity  under  such  circumstances, 
lie  rather  quaintly  says  that  they  received  as  good 
treatment  as  prisoners  could  expect  fn^m  savages. 
This  was  on  the  eigliteenth  day  of  February.  Boone 
must  have  made  good  use  of  his  time  and  opj)ortuni- 
*ies,  for  (»n  the  tenth  of  ^larch,  he  liad  so  won  on 
them  that  tliey  selected  ten  of  his  men,  and  sent  them, 
with  himself,  under  a  guard,  to  Detioit.  It  was  an- 
other h^ig  and  j»ainful  march  through  the  wilderness 


EOONE    TAKEN    TO    DETROIT.  18b 

occupying  twenty  days.  Of  the  route  and  circiim 
stances,  Boone  has  left  no  record  ;  but  it  is  quite  ev- 
ident  that  he  was  all  the  while  laboring  to  fix  himself 
in  their  confidence  so  firmly,  that  it  wonld  enable 
him  to  command  his  time  and  opportunity.  He  had 
the  ultimate  end  in  view,  at  all  hours,  and  made  his 
plans  complete,  like  a  master  mind,  as  he  was. 

It  has  been  said  that  it  entered  into  the  calculatiora 
of  Boone  that  it  was  the  policy  of  Hamilton,  the  En- 
glish official  who  was  in  command  of  Detroit,  that 
for  scalps  he  gave  a  reward,  and  for  prisoners ;  and 
that  he  deemed  it  wisest  to  have  the  Indians  encour- 
aged in  bringing  in  prisoners  rather  than  scalps.  What 
a  change  has  been  wrought  in  the  opinions  of  man- 
kind in  the  last  half  century !  It  could  not  now  be  a 
regulation  of  war,  that  the  savage  should  be  encour- 
aged to  mutilate  his  victim,  without  drawing  on  the 
nation  who  could  thus  ofi'end  the  moral  sense  of  man- 
kind, the  most  severe  reprobation.  It  is  not,  howev- 
er, in  the  truth  of  history  wisest  for  us  to  declaim 
against  the  policy  of  the  English  in  the  Bevolution,  in 
the  employment  of  the  savage,  as  if  they  were  the 
only  ones  who  had  erred.  ^Notwithstanding  the  in- 
dignant language  used  by  Jefi'erson  in  the  Declara- 
tion, in  which  the  incitement  of  the  savage  to  deeds 
of  blood,  is  recited  as  one  of  the  chief  acts  of  tyranny 
of  George  III. —  it  is  to  be  feared  that  the  assistanca 
of  the  Indian  was   welcomed   by  oui    own   people, 


184  LIFE   OF    DJLNIKL    IK>>NK. 

without  inquiring  too  closely  into  the  warfare  he  [  rac 
ticed.  Yet  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  our  leading  men  did 
not  cultivate  their  ferocity  or  imitate  it.  One  of  the 
Johnsons,  who  resided  on  the  Mohawk,  and  whose  in- 
fluence over  the  tribes  was  so  very  great  as  to  make 
his  will  their  law,  made  repeated  efforts  to  take  John 
Tayler,  of  Albany,  prisoner,  as  Gov.  TayL  r  was  one 
of  the  chief  actors  in  the  Revolution.  After  the 
Revolution,  and  when  a  number  of  years  had  elapsed, 
at  a  sale  of  some  books  in  Albany,  Gov.  Tayler  dis- 
covered the  family  Bible  of  the  Johnsons.  He  bought 
it,  and  sent  it  to  the  exiled  chieftain,  who  was  living 
in  Canada ;  saying  that  it  was  in  return  for  the  treat- 
ment he  had  received  from  him  during  the  war.  Tlie 
extraordinary  answer  returned  by  Johnson  was,  that 
if  he  had  cauglit  liim  in  the  Revolution,  lie  would 
have  given  him  to  the  Indians, 

Notwithstanding  Gov.  Hamilton's  reputation  as 
dispensing  rewards  for  scalps,  it  is  due  to  him  to  note, 
that  Boone  records  that  on  his  arrival  he  was  treated 
by  the  governor  with  great  humanity. 

He  alludes  to  his  journey  with  tlie  Indians,  and 
Bays  they  treated  him  well,  or,  as  he  says,  entertained 
him  ;  indeed,  as  Filsun  writes  it,  (though  this  seems 
language  stronger  than  I><)nne  would  naturally  have 
asod,)  "their  affection  for  him  was  so  great."  The 
exaggerated  sentence,  however,  conveys  the  truth  that 
Boone  had  so  well  excercised  his  powers  of  kiudnesi 


MOTIVES    OF   THE   ESTDIAXS.  18 1 

and  his  sagacity  with  the  Indians,  that,  although  he 
had  been  the  commander  of  a  strong  fortress  —  one 
whic:  annoyed  and  angered  them  more  than  any 
other  —  he  had  made  them  generous  and  friendly  to 
ward  him. 

The  motive  that  induced  the  Indians  to  risk  the 
journey  to  Detroit  with  Boone,  was  two-fold.  It  was 
to  inspire  the  English  with  a  sense  of  the  great  ser- 
vice which  they  had  rendered  by  securing  such  a 
captive,  and  to  show  Boone  the  friendly  relations  ex- 
isting between  them  and  the  royal  troops.  It  was  a 
refinement  of  cruelty,  though  not  intended  as  such, 
to  take  a  white  man  to  a  polished  and  agreeable  place 
like  Detroit,  and  not  to  allow  him  to  remam.  It  could 
not  well  have  been  that  they  claimed  a  reward  for 
Boone,  as  for  the  other  prisoners,  because  that  would 
have  given  to  the  English  commandant  full  authority 
over  them.  It  was  rather  an  exhibition  of  the  great 
captive,  in  triumph,  since  all  barbarians  are  alike, 
whether  led  by  a  Shawanese  chieftain,  or  by  Titus  al 
Rome. 

Boone  still  wore  the  appearance  of  satisfaction  with 
his  position.  It  was  necessary  to  secure  such  confi- 
dence as  should,  at  the  proper  time,  leave  liim  un- 
guarded, and  he  looked  around  Detroit  with  his  In- 
dian guard,  as  if  it  had  not  inducement  to  alienate 
b'm  from  them. 

His  residence  at  Detroit  was  about  a  month.     It 


ISO  Ln-E   OF   DANIFX    BOONE. 

was  a  peculiar  position  for  a  prisoner.  He  knew  that 
at  aiiV  l-our  lie  might  be  summoned  to  resume  hid 
toilsome  and  painful  march  as  a  captive.  He  was  in 
constant  communication  with  men  like  himself — of 
similar  birth  and  habit  —  and  yet  he  was  an  append- 
age to  a  tribe  of  wandering  savages.  The  English 
gentlemen  at  Detroit,  estimated  the  worth  of  the  no- 
ble-hearted Pioneer,  and  evidencing  the  kind  human 
nature  that  civilization  cultures,  they  pressed  upon 
him  the  ofter  of  money,  and  whatever  else  his  neces- 
sities re<|uired.  Boone  phiintively  says,  they  were 
"sensible  of  his  adveree  fortune,  and  touched  with 
human  sympathy."  lie  acted  towards  his  generous 
friends  with  a  dignity  which  we  cannot  contemplate 
without  having  the  old  man's  memory  lie  nearer  our 
hearts.  He  declined  their  offer,  because  he  looked 
forward  through  the  probabilities  of  his  life,  and  saw 
no  pri)spect  of  his  being  able  to  repay.  lie  gave  them 
"  many  thanks  fur  tlieir  kindness — their  unmerited 
generosity." 

In  Detmit,  the  arrival  of  this  celebrated  Pioneer 
must  have  been  an  event  of  extraordinary  interest 
Caged  by  the  savage,  he  showed  no  fear ;  but  with  all 
the  horror  of  Indian  captivity  before  him,  was  yet 
the  simple-hearted  i)ioneer.  The  intelligent  English 
knew,  through  the  notice  taken  of  him  by  Lord  Dun 
more,  by  IIcndei*son,  and  by  the  })eo]>le  generally,  hi? 
consequence  and  w jrth.     They  had  received  no  sucr 


181 

vii^itor,  and  it  was  unquestionably  a  serious  grief  tc 
them,  that  the  Indian  insisted  upon  retaining  him. 
Yet  tliej  did  not  dare  to  thwart  the  Indian,  because 
the  war  against  the  Colonies  needed,  they  thought, 
eucli  terrible  alliance. 

That  the  interest  manifested  in  Boone  by  Com- 
mandant Hamilton  was  not  feigned,  was  shown  by 
his  offer  to  the  Indians  of  the  sum  of  one  hundred 
pounds  sterling  —  a  very  large  ransom,  in  the  value 
of  money  in  those  days.  That  such  an  ofier  was  re- 
fused, indicates  the  great  value  which  the  Indians  at- 
tached to  the  possession  of  Boone  ;  but  it  also  provea 
another  thing,  that  the  government  of  Britain,  in  the 
administration  of  its  power  by  the  authorities  in  the 
Colonies,  regarded  tlie  alliance  of  the  Indian  as  so 
valuable  as  to  induce  every  effort  to  please  them. 
Else,  certainly  such  a  prisoner  as  was  Boone,  would 
have  been  taken  into  the  guardianship  of  the  military 
power.  But  there  was  much  about  Boone  for  the  In- 
dian to  admire.  This,  all  his  intercourse  with  tliem 
seems  t"»  prove.  The  Indians  occasionally  found  a 
white  man  in  whom  they  had  every  confidence,  and 
for  whom  they  manifested  as  much  of  friendship,  if 
not  of  affection,  as  was  in  their  natures.  It  was  so, 
two  hundred  years  before,  in  the  instance  of  Corlear, 
the  Hollander,  who  obtained  such  possession  of  the 
Indian  heart  as  to  be  all-powerful  with  them,  and  so 
that  their  synonym  for  honor  and  beauty,  was  his 


188  LITE   OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

name.  Boone  was  qniet  and  silent.  This  pleased  the 
Indian.  It  was  so  different  from  the  noisj  brawling 
of  the  mere  hunter,  that  in  his  taciturnity  the  Pioneer 
seemed  to  assimilate  the  character  of  the  man  of  the 
woods.  lie  was  brave.  His  conduct  had  proved 
this  ;  but  he  won  his  bravery  as  a  soldier  and  not  as 
a  tyrant.  He  seemed  to  be  willing  to  deal  with  the 
Indians  as  having  manhood  and  humanity  about  them, 
instead  of  waging  a  war  of  extirpation,  as  against 
wild  beasts.  Tlie  Indians  could  not  imagine  how  Boone 
could  be  a  perpetual  foe  to  them. 

They  probably  believed  that  time  would  reconcile 
him  to  his  captivity,  and  that  if  they  could  identify 
him  with  them,  he  would  be  of  invaluable  service  to 
them.  Hence,  it  was  dangerous  to  let  him  remain  too 
long  at  Detroit,  and  having  satisfied  their  vanity  by 
the  exhibition  of  their  powerful  prisoner,  they  deter- 
mined to  return  to  the  wilderness.  The  men  who 
had  been  taken  prisoners  with  Boone  at  the  Salt  Licks, 
were  left  as  prisoners  with  the  British  —  where  they 
received  the  fortune  of  war,  as  dispensed  by  those 
who  respected  the  captured  soldier  —  a  fate  infinitely 
preferable  to  that  which  would  have  been  theirs,  if 
Boone  had  not,  by  his  prudent  course,  rescued  them 
from  a  bloody  death  or  a  cruel  captivity. 

r>(»oTie  left  Detroit  on  the  tenth  of  April.  Tlie  com- 
mandant doubtless  lamented  the  sad  circumstancea 
which  prevented  him  from  ai^suming  full  power  ove? 


EETUEN   TO   THE   WILDERNESS.  18 

nim ;  for  when  the  ransom  was  offered,  it  was  with 
the  intention  to  allow  Boone  to  return  to  his  home,  a 
prisoner  on  parole.  Probably  the  safety  of  Boone 
with  his  captors  was  considered  very  problematical, 
as  the  British  officers  knew  that  any  sudden  and  se- 
vere disaster  occurring  to  the  savages,  might  induce 
them  to  murder,  in  revenge,  whatever  white  man  was 
in  their  power.  The  march  of  the  Indians  was  again 
towards  old  Chillicothe,  and  it  was  a  long  and  a  fa- 
tiguing one  ;  but  during  its  progress,  Boone  looked 
around  and  made  an  intelligent  observation  of  the 
general  appearance  of  the  country.  That  region 
whose  every  acre  is  now  the  scene  of  a  prosperous 
activity,  by  whose  resources  the  nation  is  cheered  and 
enriched,  lay  there  in  all  its  forest  wealth ;  but  the 
judgment  of  the  Pioneer  determined  it,  as  he  says,  to 
be  "  an  exceeding  fertile  country,  remarkable  for  fine 
springs  and  streams  of  water."  Boone's  own  record 
of  his  conduct  in  captivity  is  remarkable : 

"  At  Chillicothe  I  spent  my  time  as  comfortably  as  I 
could  expect ;  was  adopted,  according  to  their  custom,  into 
a  family,  where  I  became  a  son,  and  had  a  great  share  in  the 
affection  of  my  new  parents,  brothers,  sisters  and  friends.  1 
was  exceedingly  familiar  and  friendly  with  them,  always  ap- 
pearing as  cheerful  and  satisfied  as  possible^  and  they  put 
great  confidence  in  me.  I  often  went  a  hunting  vrith.  them, 
and  frequently  gained  their  applause  for  my  activity  at  oui 
shooting  matches.  I  was  careful  not  to  exceed  many  of 
•ihem  in  shooting  ;  for  no  people  are  more  envious  than  thej 


190  LIFE  OF  DANIEL   lW>ON-E. 

In  this  sport.  I  could  observe  !ti  their  countenances  and  ges 
tures,  the  greatest  expressions  of  joy  when  they  exce*-dr»c 
me ;  and,  when  the  reverse  happened,  of  envy.  The  ShawSr 
nesc  king  took  great  notice  of  rne,  and  treated  me  with  pn>- 
found  respect,  and  entire  friendship,  often  entrusting  me  tc 
hunt  at  my  liberty.  I  frequently  returned  with  the  spoils  of 
the  W(M)«ls,  and  as  often  presented  some  of  what  I  had  taken 
to  him,  expressive  of  duty  to  my  sovereign.  My  food  and 
lodt;iiig  were  in  common  with  them ;  not  so  good,  indeed, 
OS  I  could  desire,  but  necessity  made  everything  ao^eptable." 

Boone  had  so  coinj)letcly  concealed  his  purposes, 
and  so  ingratiated  himself  with  his  captors,  that  they 
thought  that  they  had  secured  him.  In  order  to  iden- 
tify him  as  closely  as  possible  with  them,  and  attach 
him  to  them  by  a  tie  which  they  thought  could  not 
be  broken,  they  adopted  him  into  their  tribe.  Mr. 
Peck,  whose  narrative,  from  having  been  collected  in 
some  of  its  leading  incidents  from  Boone  himself,  is 
the  standard  authority,  next  to  the  account  prepared 
by  Filson,  from  Boone's  information,  gives  some  par- 
ticular which  are  curious  and  interesting.  Black- 
fish,  a  distinguished  Shawanese  chief,  had  lost  a  son, 
who  was  a  warrior.  These  were  days  when  vacan- 
cies in  an  Indian  family  were  quite  likely  to  occur, 
if  the  rilles  of  the  settlers  could  get  a  chance  to  make 
themselves  felt.  Blackfish  selected  Boone  as  the  indi- 
ridual  who  should  supply  the  loss  to  him,  and  it  was 
proposed  to  him  that  he  should  be  a<Iopted  by  all  the 
duo  f»rmri  into  the  tribe.     True  to  his  sagaciims  poJ- 


ADOPTED    INTO    THE    TRIBE.  19!i 

icy,  Boone  (consented,  for  he  knew  well  that  the  dis- 
tinction between  the  wise  and  the  foolish,  is  often  that 
the  former  allows  a  plan  to  be  fully  matured  before  he 
acts  on  it,  while  the  latter  is  hasty,  and  before  tlie 
power  is  completely  within  grasp,  acts  upon  it. 
Boone  had  now  been,  the  Indians  thought,  somewhat 
thoroughly  tested.  He  had  been  in  the  forest  and  in 
the  city,  and  in  both  had  seemed  to  be  contented. 
Tliey  knew  that  in  the  city  especialty,  he  had  often 
good  opportunity  to  get  away  ;  for,  in  all  probability, 
the  British  would  have  looked  leniently  on  his  escape 
as  they  would,  and  rightly,  have  known  that  his  feel- 
ings towards  them  would  have  been  softened  by  their 
kindness.  They  saw  in  him  a  man  distinguished  in 
all  that  they  thought  adorned  manliood,  and  if  they 
could  win  such  a  one  to  their  tribe,  it  was  most 
desirable. 

Mr.  Peck  says,  "  The  forms  of  the  ceremony  of 
adoption  were  often  severe  and  ludicrous.  The  hair 
of  the  head  is  plucked  out  by  a  tedious  and  painful 
operation,  leaving  a  tuft  some  three  or  four  inches  in 
diameter,  on  the  crown  for  tlie  scalp-lock,  which  is 
cut  and  dressed  up  with  ribbons  and  feathers." 

After  all  this,  he  is  thoroughly  washed,  and  "  the 
white  blood "  rubbed  out.  He  is  then  taken  to  the 
Council  House,  where  a  speech  is  made  him,  in  which 
he  is  assured  of  all  the  honors  intended  and  services 
expected.     After  this,  follows  a  luminous  painting  of 


102  LITE    OF    DA.VIEL    BOOST. 

head  and  face,  and  tlie  ceremony  concludes  with  a 
feast  and  the  pipe. 

To  all  this  Boone  submitted.  Thej  might  make 
tlie  Pioneer,  darkened  by  the  exposure  of  so  many 
hnntincrs  and  campaigns,  to  resemble  an  Indian,  but 
they  could  not  put  in  his  lieart  purposes  of  revenge 
or  love  of  cruelty.  Iii  all  of  it  he  saw  but  one  thing, 
and  that  was,  that  it  facilitated  his  great  design  of 
reaching  home  at  some  period. 

B<ione  relates  his  sagacious  and  courtier-like  man- 
ner of  leaving  the  honors  of  the  shooting-match  to  be 
won  by  the  Indian.  He  soon  saw  that  he  was  win- 
ning their  confidence,  but  he  could  not  but  notice 
that  they  did  not  entirely  trust  him.  lie  was  allowed 
to  hunt ;  but  they  counted  his  balls,  and  he  wiia 
obliged  to  show  what  game  he  had  shot,  and  thus 
prove  that  he  had  not  concealed  any  of  the  ammuni- 
tion to  be  used  in  an  escape.  But  Boone  had  an  art 
beyond  them,  for  he  divided  the  balls  into  halves  and 
used  light  charges  of  powder.  The  Indian,  with  all 
liis  watchfulness,  never  supected  this  ;  and  Boone  had 
too  much  self-control  to  show  the  least  exultation  in 
outwittifig  them. 

lie  never  seems  to  have  forgotten  the  great  "  mis- 
sion "  which  he  always  believed  was  his  —  the  subjn 
gation  and  development  of  the  beautiful  and  f»M*tilo 
west,  to  the  settler.  I^ven  as  a  wandering  captive, 
his  heart  was  not  so  lioavv  but  that  he  could  o}>serve 


EMPLOYED    IN    SALT-MAKING.  15,^3 

the  beauty  of  the  soil,  and  while  he  was  hunting 
around  Chillicothe,  his  investigation  and  research  were 
continued.  He  hunted  for  them,  and  he  says  he 
"  found  the  land,  for  a  great  extent  about  this  river, 
to  exceed  the  soil  of  Kentucky,  if  possible,  and  re- 
markably well  watered."  He  could  scarcely  imagine 
the  possibility  that  any  land  could  exceed  his  beloved 
Kentucky,  to  which  he  had  called  the  attention  of 
the  world,  and  towards  which,  while  he  was  a  pris- 
oner, the  settler,  anxious  to  realize  the  truth  of  all 
that  Boone  had  said,  was  pressing  with  all  his  vigor, 
daring  every  hour  the  same  captivity  in  which  the 
Pioneer  himself  was  held. 

The  Indians  recollected  in  what  pursuit  they  had 
found  Boone,  and  had  a  very  practical  idea  of  making 
him  useful  to  them.  So  they  took  him  to  the  Salt 
Springs  on  the  Scioto,  as  they,  like  their  white  breth- 
ren, desired  this  indispensable  article.  In  all  the  de- 
partments of  duty  they  found  their  prisoner  useful, 
and  he  turned  to  every  service  which  they  required 
of  him  with  a  readiness,  the  sincerity  of  which  they 
could  not  question.  Salt-making  was  not  exactly  in 
the  Indian's  line.  It  belonged  too  much  to  work,  and 
the  Indian,  in  his  forest,  was  too  lordly  to  submit  to 
any  physical  exertion  not  prompted  by  his  pleasure. 
For  ten  days  he  was  busy,  and  his  Indian  guard  un- 
doubtedly admired  the  quiet  industry  with  whiclj 
their  adopted  son  ministered  to  their  comfort.  Hi? 
I  13 


194 


LIKE    OF    DANIEL    BOOITK. 


narrativo  shows,  also,  this  extra* •rdinary  fact,  tlial 
Buch  was  his  superiority  in  hunting,  that  these  wild 
men,  brought  up  to  know  n<»  otliei  occupation,  era 
ployed  him  t«»hiint  \'>>v  tlicin. 


CHAPTEK    XI. 

ifFAIRS  AT   BOONESBOROUGH BOONe's  TV^IFE  RETURNS  TO  NORTH  C<iROLIW4 

—BOONE  RETURNS  FROM  THE  SALT  LICKS  TO  CHILLICOTHE HE  FINDS  THB 

INDIANS  PREPARING    AN  EXPEDITION    AGAINST    BOONESBOROUGH  ~    BOONK 

MAKES  HIS  ESCAPE,   AND  ARRIVES  AT  THE  FORT HE  HASTILY  REPAIRS  THB 

FORT BOONe's  EXPEDITION  TO  PAINT  CREEK DEFEAT  OF  THE  INDIAN3 

—  RETURN  OF  THE  PARTY ARRIVAL    OF    A  LARGE  BODY  OF  INDIANS,  LXD 

BTDUQUESNE THE  GARRISON  SUMMONED  TO  SL*RRENDER. 

Boone  had  now  been  absent  from  the  fort  four 
months  and  three  days.  It  was  a  long  and  weary  time. 
In  all  of  it,  he  had  no  intercourse  with  those  who  were 
most  dear  to  him,  and  of  friends  or  family  he  could 
hear  nothing.  Of  the  general  progress  of  events  he 
had  learned  at  Detroit,  but  obtained  his  information 
there  from  sources  the  most  anxious  to  impress  upon 
a  leading  mind  like  his,  that  to  the  feeble  Colonies, 
seaboard  and  frontier,  all  was  gloomy  and  disastrous, 
and  that  the  British  had  conquered,  and  would  soon 
completely  destroy  the  rebellion.  All  the  news  the 
Indians  brought  him  was  of  their  own  success.  At 
the  fort,  the  capture  of  Boone  and  his  party  was 
known,  but  the  circumstances  could  not  have  been, 
else  a  different  course  of  conduct  would  have  been 
maintained.     They  had  learned,  by  the  report  br  Dughl 


1 90  LIFE   OF    DANIEL    IKXjNE. 

Dv  prisoners  effecting  an  escape,  that  he  had  been  at 
Detroit.  Indeed,  the  English  authorities  would  nata 
rally  have  given  all  currency  to  the  fact  that  they 
had,  by  their  allies,  captured  the  great  leader  of  the 
iettlers.  Such  a  deed  would  convey  a  more  forcible 
idea  of  the  prowess  of  the  Indian,  and  would  be  effect- 
nal  in  disheartening  the  Americans.  But  it  seema 
that  the  garrison  and  Boone's  friends  took  the  obviou8 
view  of  the  subject,  that  once  in  the  British  power, 
the  Indian  would  relinquish  their  distinguished  pris- 
oner to  the  royal  troops.  That  he  was  brought  to 
Detroit  only  to  be  shown  as  a  part  of  a  triumphal  dis- 
play, they  (lid  not  imagine  ;  and  as  his  subsequent 
fate  was  unknown,  they  imagined  that  he  had  been 
Bent  far  ofi'  into  the  interior,  into  Canada.  The  con- 
Bequences  of  the  absence  of  their  leader  soon  begun 
to  develop  themselves  in  the  want  of  attention  to  the 
defences  of  the  fort.  Ilad  they  known  the  real  state 
of  Boone's  affairs,  it  is  probable  a  different  course 
would  have  been  adopted. 

It  was  not  known  to  them  that  the  anxiety  of  the 
Indians  to  possess  themselves  of  Boonesborough  had 
been  so  great  that  the  capture  of  Boone  resulted  from 
a  winter  expedition  —  a  thing  very  unusual  —  direct- 
ed to  the  subjugation,  if  possible,  of  the  fort.  It  is 
probable  that  it  was  in  the  belief  that  the  Indians 
would  not  move  during  the  winter,  that  induced  the 
•alt-making  party  to  venture  away  from  the  garrison 


THE    FORT    AT    BOOXKSBuEOUGH.  191 

Boone  had  been  so  miicli  the  leader  of  the  forces  at 
Boonesborough,  and  had  so  concentrated  in  himself 
•■he  preparations  constantly  in  readiness  against  sur- 
prise, that  when  he  was  away  there  was  none  to  take 
nis  place.  "  The  fort,"  says  Flint,  "  was  a  perfect 
parallelogram,  including  from  a  half  to  a  whole  acre 
A  trench  was  then  dug  four  or  five  feet  deep,  and 
large  and  contiguous  pickets  planted  in  the  trench,  so 
as  to  form  a  compact  wall,  from  ten  to  twelve  feet 
above  the  soil.  The  pickets  were  of  hard  and  dura- 
ble timber,  about  a  foot  in  diameter.  The  soil  about 
them  was  rammed  hard.  At  the  angles  were  small 
projecting  squares,  of  still  stronger  material,  and 
planting,  technically  called  flankers,  with  oblique 
port-holes,  so  that  the  sentinel  could  rake  the  external 
front  of  the  station  without  being  exposed  to  shot 
from  without.  Two  immense  folding  gates  were  the 
means  of  communication  from  without." 

The  garrison  evidently  believed  that  the  danger  to 
Boonesborough  was  not  immediate.  The  gallant  con- 
duct of  Gen.  Clarke  —  the  more  diffused  settlements 
—  the  increased  emio^ration — all  induced  a  disoro:an 
ization ;  and  the  probabilities  are  that  if  the  Indian 
had  possessed  the  sagacity  then  to  attack  the  fort, 
while  they  held  its  leader  as  prisoner,  it  would  liave 
been  compelled  to  yield,  and  what  Boone  had  so  often 
defended,  woujd  have  been  a  subject  of  the  savages^ 
triumph. 


£98  LIFE  OF   DANIEL   B03M. 

Tilt'  w.iV  ..f  BooDe  had  seen  too  mnch  of  the  frontie. 
life,  and,  by  the  most  painful  experience,  known  its 
dangers,  not  to  realize  that  the  residence  at  Boones- 
borough  was  a  precarious  one,  when  her  husband  was 
awav.  She  had  her  family  around  her.  Wliile 
Boone  was  there,  though  it  was  a  strange  and  wild  life 
for  the  nurture  of  children,  when  the  midnight  might 
at  every  recurrence  be  the  hour  for  a  bloody  death ;  yet 
for  the  lore  of  the  husband  and  the  father,  it  might 
be  borne.  She  had  estimated  all  these  dangers  when 
she  left  North  Carolina.  Boone's  absence  had  now 
continued  so  long  as  to  render  it  much  more  than 
doubtful  whether  he  would  ever  again  apj>ear.  The 
life  of  the  settler  was  suspended  upon  a  thread,  and 
it  seemed  most  probable  that,  in  Boone's  case,  it  was 
severed-  Boone  himself  relates  that  his  wife  des- 
paired of  ever  seeing  him  again.  She  knew  that 
Boone  had  once  before  been  a  prisoner,  and  had  es- 
caped, and  she  had  heard  from  him  his  statement  that 
it  was,  in  Indian  judgment,  a  grievous  crime  ;  that  it 
Beamed  io  them  almost  unforgiveable  that,  when  they 
had  spared  the  life  of  a  captive,  he  should  leave  them, 
especially  as  his  stay  with  them  enabled  him  to  com- 
municate such  information  of  what  their  real  condi 
tion  was ;  and  although  her  anxieties  were  relieved 
by  the  knowledge  that  he  had  been  taken  to  Detroit, 

er  fears  and  sorrow  returned  when  she  found  that 
all  trace  of  him  ceased  there.     Tier  husband,  in  his 


MBS.    BOONE    EETORNS    TO    NORTH    CAEuLINA.  I9fc 

narrative,  says,  that  she  expected  that  the  Indians 
uad  killed  him.  She  had  seen  her  brio-ht  and  cher- 
ished  son  shot  down  by  the  savages,  though  he  had 
done  them  no  harm.  How  could  she  anticipate  any 
other  fate  for  the  bold  leader  who  had  so  often  made 
the  Indian  feel  his  prowess. 

But  there  was  something  more  than  the  sorrow  for 
her  husband's  probable  loss.  Boone  relates  that  she 
was  "  oppressed  with  the  distresses  of  the  country," 
as  well  as  "  bereaved  of  me,  her  only  happiness."  In 
all  these  circumstances  of  peril  and  sorrow,  the  earn- 
est energy  of  the  woman  did  not  forsake  her.  She 
determined  to  leave  the  fort,  and  return  to  her  father's 
house,  in  North  Carolina,  and  she  acted  out  her  de- 
termination. \Yitli  her  family  and  her  effects,  she 
left  the  protection  of  the  garrison,  and,  on  horseback, 
through  what  Boone  characterizes  as  a  multitude  of 
dangers,  she  found  the  long  journey  before  her.  This 
was  an  enterprise  worthy  of  the  wife  of  the  great  Pi- 
oneer. It  was  a  journey  from  which  the  greater  part 
of  mankind  would  have  drawn  back.  It  is  gratilying 
to  be  able  to  record  that  she  safely  reached  her  old 
home.  The  good  Providence  that  had  preserved  her 
heroic  husband's  Hfe  amidst  so  many  dangers,  did  not 
desert  her.  It  is  true  that  she  only  removed  from  one 
3cene  ol  war  to  another,  but  in  the  old  States,  the 
usages  of  civilization  prevailed,  and  she  was  wherc^ 


200  LIFE   OF    DANIEL    BooXE- 

since  she  believed  her  husband  was  lost  to  her,  th^ 
kindness  of  the  paternal  mansion  was  doublj  prized. 

Mrs.  Boone  must  have  believed  that  a  destiny  of 
sorrow  was  associated  for  her  with  the  settlement  ol 
the  'West, —  her  son  killed,  her  husband  gone,  and,  aa 
fel.e  thought,  with  similar  fate  — her  home  at  the  fort 
always  held  by  the  most  precarious  tenure  —  it  is  in 
the  experiences  of  such  women  that  we  realize  at  what 
cost  of  all  that  the  heart  values,  the  foundations  of 
these  States  were  laid.  She  was  only  reenacting  the 
same  scenes  of  suffering  which,  under  differing  pha- 
ses, the  pioneers  of  Albany,  and  Jamestown,  and 
Plymouth,  had  experienced. 

Boone  having  been  successful  and  satisfactory  as  a 
salt  manufacturer  was  taken  back  to  Chillicothe.  It  is 
quite  probable  that  he  was  sent  off  to  give  the  better 
opportunity  for  the  preparation  which  he  found  in  ac- 
tivity when  he  returned.  He  says  he  was  "  alarmed  to 
see  four  hundred  and  fifty  Indians,  of  their  choicest 
warriors,  painted  and  armed  in  a  fearful  manner, 
ready  to  march  against  Boonesborough."  This  seems 
to  have  been  unexpected  by  Boone,  and  to  have  has- 
tened the  consunmiation  of  his  plans.  It  is  quite 
probable  that  the  Indian  spies  had  heard  that,  during 
the  captivity  of  their  leader,  the  garrison  at  Boonesb<^ 
••ongh  had  allowed  the  fort  to  be  out  of  repair.  A 
neglect  of  care  for  the  fortification,  would  be  accom 
{janiedby  less  watchfulness  and  caution,  and  th3war^ 


A    NEW    EXPEDITION    AGAIXST    THE    FORT.  20 j 

Indian  who  ventured  near  the  scene,  could  leadily 
observe  that  there  were  broken  places  —  weakened 
imbei^  ~  and  the  easy  avenue  for  a  surprise.  Boone 
was  too  sagacious  to  evince  that  he  took  any  interest 
in  the  procedure,  and  especially  did  he  conceal  his 
own  accurate  knowledge  of  the  Shawanese  dialect,  so 
that  the  Indians  talked  freely  and  fully  all  around  hirn, 
and  he  obtained  a  complete  knowledge  of  all  their 
plans.  It  was  a  bitter  trial.  He  felt  that  he  was  in 
the  power  of  the  Indians,  and  he  had  every  reason  to 
dread  that  the  expedition  would  be  successful ;  and 
in  that  fort  were  his  wife  and  his  children  !  He  heard 
the  Indians  talk  about  the  fort,  and  if  they  were 
aware  of  its  exposure  and  neglect,  they  would  be 
likely  to  mention  it.  All  this  made  a  fearful  conflict 
in  his  mind,  for  it  became,  of  all  things,  necessary 
^hat  his  countenance  should  be  as  calm,  and  his  ap 
pearance  as  contented,  as  if  he  was  in  reality  that 
which  the  Indians  hoped  they  had  made  him  —  the 
gon  of  old  Blackfish. 

He  had  to  do  more.  Instead  of  being  merely  a 
passive  spectator,  he  thought  it  wise  to  applaud  their 
war-dances,  and  smile  at  the  preparations  which  were 
making  to  murder  those  dearest  to  him.  He  determined 
to  risk  all  in  an  escape,  but,  unlike  lesser  minds,  he 
made  no  false  step.  He  was,  to  all  appearance,  the 
brave,  changed  into  an  Indian.  The  least  unwary 
jaovement,  at   this  juncture,  would   have  betrayed 


('J  LIFE   t)l     DANIKL    BoCiNK. 

liini,  and  he  sninmoncd  all  his  faculties  for  the  flight 
So  completely  had  he  appeared  to  be  as  contented  aa 
nsiial,  without  any  difference  of  conduct  from  that 
manifested  before  he  went  to  the  Salt  Licks,  that  no 
oj)p<>sition  was  manifested  to  his  taking  his  usual  hunt 
on  the  sixteenth  of  June.  He  arose  very  early.  Tlie 
task  before  him  was  to  escape,  through  a  wilderness, 
from  four  hundred  and  fifty  infuriated  Indians;  for 
Buch  they  certainly  would  be,  when  they  ascertained 
how  completely  they  had  been  deceived.  These  In- 
dians included  the  sagacious  warrior — the  young  and 
hardy  brave — the  men  capable  of  all  that  men 
could  endure,  in  securing  a  quick  pasage  through 
the  woods.  He  knew  thoroughly  his  risk,  and  real- 
ized his  own  value.  He  saw  the  probabilities,  almost 
the  certainty,  tliat  a  horrible  death  would  signalize 
his  recapture.  So  that  morning  was  an  intense  hour. 
He  took  his  gun,  and  secreted  some  venison,  so  as  not 
to  be  entirely  without  food,  and  left  the  fierce  force 
behind  him.  If  a  situation  of  keener  interest  can  bo 
found  in  tlie  anmds  of  human  ex}terience,  it  is  most 
rare.  Once  fairly  oii',  he  felt  that  with  anything  like 
a  reasonable  time  gained,  his  knowledge  of  woodcraft 
was  equal  or  superior  to  that  of  the  Indian  ;  for  his 
close  observation  of  him  had  convinced  him  of  the 
«»u]>remacy  of  the  white  man.  Ills  age  was  now 
forty-three,  and  he  knew  his  own  capacities  of  endu 
ranee.     The  race  was  for  life,  and  he  was  in  for  it. 


206 

He  very  summarily,  in  his  dictated  narrative  t(. 
Filson,  disposes  of  his  journey.  He  says  he  departed 
in  the  most  secret  manner,  on  the  sixteenth,  before 
sunrise,  and  arrived  at  Boonesborough  on  the  twen- 
tieth, during  which  he  had  but  one  meal. 

Peck,  deriving  his  information  from  Boone  and  oth- 
er reliable  sources,  states  particulars  which  are  of 
great  interest. 

The  distance  to  Boonesborough  exceeded  one  hundred 
and  sixty  miles,  which  he  traveled  in  less  than  five  days,  eat- 
ing but  one  regular  meal  on  the  road,  which  was  a  turkey 
he  shot  after  crossing  the  Ohio  River.  Until  he  left  that 
river  behind  him,  his  anxiety  was  great.  He  knew  the  In 
dians  would  follow  hbn,  and  it  required  all  his  skill  and  tact. 
as  a  backwoodsman,  to  throw  them  off  the  trail.  His  route 
lay  through  forests,  swamps,  and  across  numerous  rivers. 
Every  sound  in  the  forest  struck  his  ear  as  the  signal  of  ap- 
proaching Indians.  He  was  not  an  expert  swimmer,  and  he 
anticipated  serious  difficulty  in  crossmg  the  Ohio,  which,  at 
that  time,  from  continued  rains,  was  swollen,  and  was  run- 
ning ^-ith  a  strong  current.  On  reaching  its  banks,  he  had 
the  good  fortune  to  find  an  old  canoe,  which  had  floated  into 
the  bushes.  A  hole  was  in  one  end,  but  this  he  contrived 
to  stop,  and  it  bore  him  safely  to  the  Kentucky  side.  His 
appearance  before  the  garrison  at  Boonesborough,  was  lilce 
cne  risen  from  the  dead." 

Let  no  one  doubt  the  special  interposition  of  Prov- 
idence. That  old  canoe  that  floated  on  the  Ohio,  ap- 
parently of  all  things  most  useless,  had  in  it  a  trust, 


204  MFK   OK    PAXIKL    IJOOjnS. 

in  which  the  happiness  of  a  great  State  was  deeply 
involved. 

Tliat  j(»urney  Boone  could  never  forget.  It  was 
distinct  from  an  ordinary  escape.  It  was  of  a  natiiro 
to  aronse  every  Indian  passion,  for  he  had,  as  they 
thought,  forfeited  the  adoption  they  had  made  of  him. 
He  was  possessed  of  their  secrets,  and  had  received, 
by  his  residence  among  them,  a  greatly  augmented 
power  to  injure  them. 

There  was  "racini^and  chasing:"  in  old  Chillicothe 
camp,  when  the  Shawanese  Blackfish  discovered  that 
his  adopted  son  had  lied.  To  rush  on  all  sides  to  dis- 
cover his  trail,  was  their  impulse,  and  the  fleetest 
foot  and  the  keenest  hunter  was  sent  after  him.  They 
immediately  suspected  his  route,  as  appears  by  their 
subsequent  conduct,  and  in  all  the  forest  towards 
Boonesborough  the  enraged  Indian  was  found.  It  is 
quite  probable  that,  with  those  who  had  known  him 
best,  there  was  as  much  of  grief  as  of  anger,  because 
he  would  not  have  received  from  them  such  treament 
and  such  confidence,  if  he  had  not  made  himself  loved 
and  respected.  As  he  had  been  suflfered  to  hunt, 
their  suspicions  of  his  escape  would  not  have  been 
aroused  till  the  day  had  advanced  several  hours.  On 
this  Boone  had  formed  his  plan.  He  knew  how 
much  progress  he  could  make  by  the  daylight,  and 
that  an  attempt  to  get  off  in  the  night  might  have 
been  fatally  discovered. 


HE   REPAIRS   THE   FORT.  205 

Postponing  his  departure  till  about  the  usual  hour 
for  his  hunting,  made  the  action  an  ordinary  one,  as 
it  would  have  oeen  supposed  that  had  he  intended  to 
escape,  the  night  would  have  been  chosen.  To  thos( 
few  hours  Boone,  by  the  mercy  of  Heaven,  owed  his 
escape.  They  enabled  liini  to  put  such  a  distance  be- 
tween him  and  his  enemy,  that  he  could,  by  the  arts 
of  woodcraft,  in  which  the  country  held  no  superior 
to  him,  baffle  their  search  and  throw  them  off  the 
trail.  It  was  one  of  the  most  memorable  passages  of 
his  life,  and  if  ever  man  earned  the  title  of  brave, 
he  did. 

He  came  upon  the  garrison  as  if  death  had  released 
him  from  its  bonds.  The  men  at  Boonesborough  be- 
lieved in  his  capture  and  in  their  own  safety.  He 
had  immediately  much  to  do.  From  the  loss  of  his 
wife  and  children,  while  the  grief  of  not  finding  them 
there  to  welcome  him  was  natural,  he  gathered  at 
once  the  great  consolation  that  they  were  safe,  and 
would  not  be  exposed  to  the  fearful  ordeal  through 
which  he  foresaw  his  fort  was  to  pass. 

There  was  enough  to  do.  Boone  proceeded  to  re- 
pair the  flanks,  strengthen  the  gates  and  posterns,  and 
to  form  double  bastions.  The  same  energy  which  had 
nabled  him  to  come  through  a  wilderness,  one  hun 
dred  and  sixty  miles,  in  less  than  five  days,  with  onu 
meal  —  scarcely  sleeping,  and  perpetually  in  alarm-- 
i^as  manifested  here;   and   in  ten  days  the  fort  at 


jOG  LIFK   OF    DANIEL    BOONK. 

Boonesborough  was  in  a  state  of  defence,  ready  fo? 
the  siege  which  ita  commander  knew  it  was  destined 
to  sustain.  It  had  survived  many  ordcAls.  Tlie 
woods  around  it  liad  been  often  alive  with  the  savaije 
but  its  woi*st  blow  was  to  fall,  and  Boone  knew  that 
the  enemy  calculated  confidently  on  it^  conquest. 
He  hud  the  most  positive  personal  reasons  for  a  des 
perate  defence. 

Boone  had  heard  from  the  Indian  force.  Fortu- 
nately, one  of  those  who  had  been  held  prisoner  with 
him,  had  also  escaped,  as,  in  all  probability,  the  same 
watchfulness  was  not  bestowed  on  the  others  as  over 
Boone.  The  great  consequenjtj  which  Boone  pos- 
sessed in  their  estimation,  was  at  once  shown.  Ilia 
flight,  when  the  pursuers  returned,  weary  and  disap- 
pointed, from  their  vain  eflort  to  recapture  him, 
changed  the  music  of  the  war  dance.  The  Grand 
Council  of  the  Nation  was  held.  It  was  debated 
whether  the  expedition  should  go  forward  —  for  the 
Indian  seems  to  have  had  complete  confidence  in 
Boone's  having  successfully  returned.  Indeed,  their 
Bpies  soon  related  to  them  the  changes  which  his  in- 
dustry and  activity  had  brought  about.  The  fort  that 
they  expected  to  find  defenceless,  was  now  likely  to 
give  them  abundant  trouble.  Long  and  dee|»  was 
the  deliberation.  The  wise  men  checked  the  imj)a- 
tience  of  the  young  men,  and  counseled  the  utmost 
accuracy   <>f  Tn«>vi'inent.     The   Indian,   in   tlie  escape 


EXPEDITION    TO    PAINT    CKEEK.  20'i 

of  Boone,  saw  that  the  white  man  could  foil  them  at 
their  own  weapons,  for  he  had  shown  a  dissimulation 
and  a  sagacity  entirely  beyond  all  that  they  could 
furnish  to  their  cause.  The  Pioneer  makes,  in  hia 
narrative,  the  reflection  that  the  Indians  "  evidently 
saw  the  approaching  hour  when  the  Long  Knives 
would  dispossess  them  of  their  desirable  habitations, 
and,  concerned  anxiously  for  futurity,  determined  utr 
terly  to  extirpate  the  whites  out  of  Kentucky."  Thia 
was  a  resolution  kindred  to  that  which  King  Philip 
made  in  reference  to  the  settlements  in  New  England. 
The  Indian  could  not  understand,  till  forced  to  do  so, 
that  his  cunning  and  cruelty  had  no  other  effect  than 
to  make  surer  and  speedier  his  ultimate  destruction. 
Boone  seems  to  have  been  renewed  in  vigor  after 
he  had  completed  the  fortifications  at  Boonesborough, 
for  he  no  longer  contented  himself  with  acting  on  the 
defensive.  It  was  expedient  to  strike  a  blow  which 
should  show  the  savages  that  if  their  expedition  pro- 
ceeded, it  would  have  enough  to  do.  Immediately 
on  the  ending  of  his  work  at  the  garrison,  he  took  a 
force  of  nineteen  men,  and  issued  forth  for  a  surprise 
against  a  small  town,  called  Paint  Creek,  up  the  Sci- 
cto.  When  they  were  within  four  miles  of  their  des- 
tination, they  discovered  a  party  of  Indians,  aheady 
on  their  way  to  attack  Boonesborough.  They  were 
to  join  the  great  body  who  came  on  from  Chillicothe, 
These  invaders  found  their  energies  jjut  in  requisitiot 


208  LU-'E    OF    DANIKL    BOUNK. 

eoiiicwliat  ahead  of  the  time  they  contemplated.  A 
light  ensued  —  Boone  calls  it  "a  smart  tight ''  —  out 
Boone  and  his  nineteen  men,  though  the  scene  of  the 
battle  was  not  within  fort  or  fortrress,  proved  too 
many  for  the  thirty  savages.  It  was  not  a  very  bloody 
battle  on  either  side,  as  but  one  man  was  killed,  and 
two  wounded,  and  all  this  was  on  the  part  <»f  the  In- 
dians. Boone's  party  escaped  unhurt.  Tlie  Indiana 
now  fled,  leaving  behind  them  all  their  baggage,  and 
three  horses.  The  Paint  Creek  town  was  in  solitude, 
the  Indians  having  all  deserted  it.  Boone  realized 
that  it  was  best  to  go  back  to  the  I'ort,  as  the  expedi- 
tion would  soon  be  there,  and  then  every  one  was 
Kjeded  for  an  obstinate  defence. 

After  an  absence  of  seven  days,  they  were  again 
lafely  in  the  fort,  and  the  foray,  which  had  extended 
one  hundred  and  lifty  miles,  had  its  advantage.  It 
bhowed  the  bravery  of  the  garrison.  It  taught  tho 
Indian  to  look  out  for  the  safety  of  his  own  home ; 
and  the  fact  that  Boone  and  his  party  had,  after  dis- 
covering in  their  march  tlio  main  body,  the  adroitness 
a.ul  sagacity  to  get  around  tlicm,  and  safely  secure 
the  protection  of  the  fort,  encouraged  the  heart  of  the 
garrison.  They  believed  they  could  contjuer  an  ene- 
mv  that  they  could  thus  outmauieuvro. 

Boonesborough  had  now  to  encounter  the  most  for- 
m  dable  force  that  had  ever  been  arraigned  against  it 
It  »iad  known  what  it  was  to  be  attacked  by  night  and 


THE    INDIANS    ARRIVE    AT    THE    FORT.  20t» 

day  —  by  open  figat  and  by  stratagem  ;  but  never 
had  such  an  army  presented  itself  for  its  destruction 
HS  was  now  marching  against  it. 

Boone's  own  narrative  states  that  the  invading  force 
arrived  on  the  eighth  of  August,  but  Peck  thinks  it 
is  proved  by  a  letter  written  by  Col  Bowman,  that  it 
was  not  till  the  eighth  of  September ;  and  yet  the 
letter  of  Bowman  is  certainly  inaccurate  in  some  of 
its  statements,  and  may  be,  in  its  date. 

The  invaders  approached.  It  was  the  most  formi- 
dable of  all  the  expeditions  of  the  war.  The  Indians 
were  arrayed  in  all  their  war  attire,  for  there  seems 
to  be  a  kindred  policy  in  all  barbarians.  When  the 
Ensrlish  were  at  war  with  the  Chinese,  the  Oriental 
plan  of  campaigning  was  to  make  at  the  foe  the  most 
hideous  grimaces  —  throw  their  bodies  into  the  most 
violent  contortions,  and  give  the  loudest  exercise  to 
their  gongs.  So  the  Indian  relied  on  his  paint,  hig 
fierce  face  made  up  of  vermillion,  and  whatever  other 
gaudy  hue  could  add  to  the  beauty  of  his  copper  color, 
— ^nor  less  on  the  war  whoop,  which  he  knew  was  par- 
ticularly frightful  to  the  unaccustomed  settler,  but  of 
which  the  pioneer  soon  knew  the  whole  force  was 
spent  in  empty  breath. 

Painted  and  caparisoned,  the  Indians  drew  up  in 

front  of  the  fort.     They  did  not  trust  entirely  to  theix 

own  skill,  but  had  placed  themselves  under  the  com- 

vnand  of  Capt.  Du  Que&ne  a  name  of  importance  in 

14 


210  LIFE    UK    I  ^NIKL    BOuNE. 

tlie  annals  uf  tliu  country,  and  wliich  Wiw  tlial  cf  tht 
fort  so  memorable  in  the  early  annals  of  Wasliint^ 
ton's  military  career.  The  Indian  cnniinander  was 
Blacklish,  who  had  thus  come  with  scalping-knile  and 
tomahawk  to  look  alter  his  adopted  son  —  evidently 
uot  with  the  most  delicate  or  tender  of  paternal  feel- 
ing. Juiune  knew  the  anxiety  of  his  Indian  father  to 
get  hold  of  him,  and  estimated  precisely  what  W(juld 
be  his  family  welcome  ! 

The  Indians  were  four  hundred  and  forty-four  in 
number,  and  there  were  twelve  Canadians.  Du 
Quesne,  as  possessing  a  knowledge  of  military  tactics, 
was  the  leader,  in  fact,  though  Blacktish  had  com- 
mand, and  was  qualified  to  conduct  the  negotiations, 
as  possessing  the  knowledge  of  both  languages. 
Strange  to  say,  the  expedition,  while  it  summoned  the 
surrender  in  the  name  of  His  Britannic  Majesty, 
appeared  with  the  colors  of  France  Hying,  as  well  as 
of  England.  As  there  existed  at  the  time  a  treaty  of 
alliance  between  France  and  the  United  States,  this 
was  a  strange  movement.  It  indicates  that  the  ati'air 
jvas  one  which,  although  under  the  general  campaign 
of  the  English,  was  a  sort  of  })artnership  f«jray  between 
the  Indians  and  the  Canadians.  The  latter  had  so  re 
ceutly  been  under  the  dominion  of  the  French,  and 
were  so  identified  with  them  in  language,  manner  and 
association,  (as  even  tu  this  day  such  a  large  popula- 
tion in  the   Eastern  Province  are,)  that  the  flag  o/ 


POLICY    OF    THE    FRENCH    txOVEKNMENT.  211 

f*'rance  seemed  their  own,  quite  as  miicli  as  did  tha* 
of  St.  George.  Tlie  great  work  of  Wolfe  liad  but 
partially  developed  itself. 

The  French  Government  was  opposed  to  any  expe- 
dition by  the  United  States  against  Canada.  The 
French  minister  had  instructions,  before  leaving 
France,  to  oppose  any  such  plan,  and  the  French  de- 
sired that  Canada  and  Xova  Scotia  should  remain  in 
the  possession  of  England.  So  says  Sparks ;  and 
these  incidents  illustrate  it.  Tlie  reason  may  have 
been  that  the  government  believed  that  where  the 
French  habit  and  manner  remained  so  strongly,  there 
was  good  hope  that,  if  left  alone,  after  Great  Britain 
should  be  weakened  by  the  loss  of  the  Colonies,  the 
French  in  Canada  would  follow  their  example,  and 
come  back  to  the  dominion  of  the  nation  with  whom 
the  affections  of  such  great  numbers  of  their  popula- 
tion were  so  cemented.  Certainly,  the  French  flag 
was  a  strange  banner  to  float  over  an  expedition  whose 
object  was  to  regain  the  periled  and  lost  territory  of 
Great  Britain. 

There  were  about  sixty-five  men  in  the  garrison.  Al- 
though Boone's  family  had  gone,  there  were  others 
of  the  weak  and  defenceless  who  must  be  protected 
The  bravery  of  Boone  and  his  force,  and  the  strength 
of  the  log  fortification,  was  to  overcome  the  terrible 
odds  of  about  six  to  one.  Capt  Du  Quesne  was  pre- 
sumed to  be  acquainted  with  the  art  of  war  as  well^ 


212  LIFE   OF    DANIKL    liO<»NK. 

and  in  all  j  robabilities  better,  than  were  the  pioneerp 
and  settlers  in  the  fort,  while  old  Black  fish  had  earned 
Bupreniacy  among  the  Indians.  With  him  in  com- 
mand, the  garrison  could  expect  no  mercy.  Boone 
nad  forfeited  all  their  lenity.  His  presence  in  full 
command  of  the  garrison,  after  having,  for  months, 
been  in  tlieir  power,  when  in  any  hour  they  might 
have  crushed  him,  was  a  bitter  triumph,  and  one 
which  was  to  them  a  perpetual  reproach. 

The  influence  of  European  or  civilized  custom  was 
now  apparent.  Instead  of  a  tremendous  yell,  the 
first  process  was  the  summons  to  surrender,  above 
noted,  which  was  m''ae  in  all  due  form  —  Boonesbo- 
rough  being  invited  to  place  itself  under  the  merciful 
care  of  four  hundred  and  forty-four  Indians  !  wild  fur 
vengeance  on  the  Brave  who  had  successfully  eluded 
their  utmost  care.  Tlie  twelve  Canadians  could  not 
have  turned  the  savages  aside  from  cruelty,  and  it  is 
hardly  probable,  in  the  extraordinary  military  policy 
of  the  day,  that  they  would  have  very  zealously  so 
endeavored. 

Boone  had,  from  the  hour  he  gained  the  sight  of 
the  fort,  when  he  escaped  from  Chillicothe,  delibera- 
ted as  to  all  that  was  necessary  to  the  full  defence  of 
the  station.  It  wiH  be  recollected  that,  by  his  know- 
ledge of  their  language,  he  was  in  full  possession  of 
all  tlieir  plans  —  their  alliances  —  and  knew  the  de- 
terniiiuifi.ni  to  possess  themselves  of  this  garrison,  aa 


BOONE   IN    COMMAND. 


21& 


the  boldest  and  greatest  plan  of  their  war.  In  all 
their  operations,  his  captivity  among  them  was  a  great 
feature,  inasmuch  as  they  knew  very  well  thatBoones- 
borough,  without  Daniel  Boone,  was  a  fortress  with 
LtB  greatest  protection  absent. 


CHAPTER   XII. 

iaOKl  OBTAINS    TWO    DATS    TO    CONSIDER    THE     SIMMONS    TO      CRBfSiDU  — 

HK    REH-SES  TO  SURRENDER FIRTIIER  NEGOTLATIONS  OUTSIDE  THE  rC  M 

TEEACHERY  OK    THE  INDIANS SQUIRE  BOONE  WOUNDED NINE  DATl* 

BIEOE     COMMENCES THE    INDIANS    RETREAT BOONE's     GREAT     SHOT  — 

HIS    DAUGHTER THE    SIEGE     AND    THE    DEFENCE CAUSE     OF    KENTO.N't 

ABSENCE BOONE      18     TRIED    BT    COURT-MARTIAL,    AND     HONOBJLBLT    AO 

QUITTED. 

When  Boone  had  escaped,  it  took  the  Indians  tliree 
weeks  to  recover  from  the  snri>rise.  Tliey  had  to  re 
arrange  and  remodel  all  their  campaign.  Tliey  had 
believed  that  they  were  sure  of  Boone.  His  being  a 
prisoner,  or  being  in  command  of  the  fort,  a  brave 
and  desperate  leader,  was  quite  a  different  affair.  Im- 
pressed with  the  belief  that  the  Indians  would  make 
their  boldest  endeavor  upon  Boonesborough,  he  had 
sent  (AY  an  express  to  the  settlements  (as  the  eastern 
habitations  were  designated)  for  assistance.  Tlie  re- 
quest was  addressed  to  Col.  Arthur  Can)})l)ell — whose 
name  proclaims  him  of  the  Highlander  settlers- -and 
it  became  a  very  important  feature  -n  his  movements 
to  gain  time,  so  that  the  gallant  Campbell  could  reach 
him. 

Boone  says  that  when  tlie  su nunc  "is  was  given,  "  it 


THE    GARRISON   SUMMONED.  215 

was  a  critical  point  with  iis.  ^e  were  a  small  num- 
ber in  the  garrison  —  a  powerful  army  before  our 
walls,  whose  appearance  proclaimed  inevitable  death 
—  fearfnllv  painted,  and  marking  their  footsteps  with 
desolation."  To  Boone,  who  knew  wliat  the  terror 
( f  the  Indian  really  was,  the  language  was  but  cold 
truth.  He  demanded  two  days  in  which  he  might 
consider  the  proposal  to  surrender.  It  was  every 
thing  for  him  to  gain  these  two  days.  In  them,  Col. 
Campbell  or  his  men  might  make  their  appearance, 
and  the  enemy  find  the  woods  as  much  a  foe  as  the 
fort. 

It  seems  somewhat  surprising  that  Capt.  Du  Quesne 
and  Blackfish  agreed  to  the  two  days,  especially  as  in 
them  the  garrison  found  means  to  collect  their  horses 
and  cattle,  and  bring  them  through  the  posterns  into 
the  fort.  Certainly,  if  court-martials  were  in  fashion 
among  the  Shawanese,  Blackfish  deserved  one  ;  or  if 
time  was  granted  by  Capt.  Du  Quesno,  his  general- 
ship deserves  the  same  review.  What  could  have 
induced  him  to  allow  the  garrison  to  provision  them- 
elves,  is  mysterious,  for  every  day's  provision  they 
btained  was  a" fearful  loss  to  the  besiegers. 

But  men  do  not  act  thus  without  a  reason.  Du 
Quesne  probably  thought  that  there  was  vc^y  hard 
fighting  to  be  done  before  the  fort  could  be  conquered, 
and  if  he  could  win  it  by  negotiation,  it  would  spare 
his  force  a  severe  loss.     Else,  he  could  not  have  al 


216  LITE   OF    DANIEL    BOONE 

iovved  the  provisions  and  water  to  be  brought  in,  foi 
the  females  were  actively  employed  in  the  two  days  in 
bringing  water  from  tlie  spring.  Bowman  says,  that 
the  invaders,  as  soon  as  they  had  raised  tlieir  flag 
called  for  Capt.  Boone.  They  knew  that  he  was  the 
strength  of  the  garrison,  and  thought  it  wisest  to  seek  t.^ 
inveigle  or  persuade  hiui  first.  Tliey  stated  the  terni& 
of  peace  on  which  they  would  agree  to  a  capitulation. 
As  the  Indians  had  negotiated  with  Gen.  Clarke  at  tlie 
Illinois,  there  was  one  reason  to  believe  that  the  same 
sincerity  might  be  observed  here.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  Boone,  who  knew  all  their  plans,  for  a  mo- 
ment believed  in  their  sincerity,  but  time  was  every- 
thing, and  every  hour  gained  was  a  great  gain. 

It  seems,  however,  that  during  these  two  days  the 
truce  was  faithfully  kept,  else  the  cattle  could  not 
liave  been  brought  in  so  safely.  Indeed,  Boone's  lan- 
guage justifies  this  belief.  Du  Quesne,  for  his  own 
reasons,  was  able  to  restrain  the  Indians  ;  while  Boone 
never  so  far  placed  himself  in  their  power,  but  that 
he  could  seek  at  once  the  protection  of  the  walls. 
The  two  days  expired.  In  this  time  they  had  become 
quite  familiar  with  eacl>  other,  and  Bt)one  observed 
many  of  those  with  whom  he  had  feigned  intimacy 
while  at  Chillicothe. 

All  being  prepared,  Boone  consulted  his  men 
whether  anything  lil  e  a  caj)itulation  should  be  grant- 
ed.    The  conference  was  that  of  dt'sporato  men.      He 


REFUSAL    TO    SUEKENDEK.  217 

states  that  deatli  was  preferable  to  captivity,  for  he 
well  knew  that  Du  Quesne  could  not  prevent  the  In- 
dians from  cruelty.  The  determination  was  to  fight 
—  although  against  such  terrible  odds —  and  Boone, 
who  knew  that  he  had  the  deepest  stake  in  the  trans- 
action, for  he  had  most  displeased  the  savage,  wa? 
probably  the  first  to  insist  upon  holding  the  fortress 
to  the  last. 

Standing  on  one  of  the  bastions,  he  returned  the 
final  answer  of  the  garrison  to  the  captain,  who  trans- 
lated it  the  Indians.  He  said,  "  "We  are  determined 
to  defend  our  fort  while  a  man  is  living."  Du  Quesne, 
with  the  courtesy  of  his  lineage,  stood  in  attentive  au- 
ditory of  what  Boone  was  saying.  Boone  was  also 
courteous,  and  talked  like  a  brave  man.  "  We 
laugh  at  all  your  formidable  preparations,  but  thank 
you  for  giving  us  notice  and  time  to  provide  for  our 
defence.  Your  efforts  will  not  prevail,  for  our  gates 
shall  forever  deny  you  admittance."  This  was  a 
longer  speech  than  usual  with  the  Pioneer.  The 
gratitude  expressed  for  the  time  and  opportunity  to 
provision  the  fort,  may  have  impressed  Du  Quesne  as 
honical.  It  may  be  asked  here,  why,  if  Boone  took 
every  precaution,  this  provisioning  was  not  before  ac- 
complished. The  expedition  ""o  Paint  Creek  may 
have  been  the  solution,  since  it  was  his  bold  policy 
to  strike  a  blow,  while  the  Indian  Dnly  thought  hiiE 

preparing  to  receive  one. 

T 


219  UFE   OF    DANIKI.    n(>r)NK. 

Boone  questions  whether  his  lan^agedid  not  affect 
the  courage  of  tlie  invaders.  It  may  liavo  fully 
aroused  them  to  the  idea  of  what  f«^liy  liad  been 
theirs  in  allowing  the  garrison  this  time.  Boone 
tliought  tliey  would  immediately  begin  the  siege,  but 
the  Frencliman  liad  Tiot  (juite  exhausted  his  diploma- 
cy. It  is  quite  likely  that  Boone's  vigor  in  getting 
ready  had  taught  him  what  a  formidable  task  was  be- 
fore him.  Tlie  next  move  made  by  Du  Quesne  was 
to  communicate  the  instructions  of  Gov.  Hamilton, 
who  was  in  command  of  Detroit,  which,  he  said,  were 
to  take  the  garrison  captive,  but  not  to  destroy  it,  and 
he  requested  that  the  garrison  would  send  out  nine 
of  their  chosen  men  to  make  a  treaty,  which,  if  done, 
the  forces  would  be  immediately  withdrawn  from  un- 
der the  walls,  and  the  Indians  and  Canadians  would 
return  home  peaceably.  Boone  says,  "  this  sounded 
grateful  to  our  ears,  and  we  agreed  to  the  proposal." 

Why  did  Boone  accede  to  this  proposal  ?  He  had 
every  reason  to  believe  in  the  cruel  and  desperate 
character  of  the  foe.  He  had  insulted  and  mortified 
them  by  his  escape,  and  he  could  not  but  see  that 
every  thing  in  the  case  looked  very  unlike  a  peace  or 
an  agreement.  Tlie  solution  of  all  this  may  have 
been,  that  in  the  use  of  Gov.  Hamilton's  name,  Dn 
Quesne  struck  a  cord  which  vibrated.  Boone  knew 
the  kindly  feelings  of  the  governor  towards  liim.  It 
had  shown  itself  at  Detroit  in  a  mai.iier  io  whicb 


THE   COXFEREXCE.  219 

there  was  no  treachery  or  deceit,  and  if  Hamilton  hac 
been  allowed  to  follow  the  dictates  of  his  own  hearr, 
Boone  would  not  have  been  taken  to  Chillicothe^ 
but  would  have  been  honorably  discharged  from 
captivity. 

Boone  consulted  his  friends.  Gov.  Hamilton's 
name  went  far  with  him,  and,  at  last,  the  selected 
nme  went  out.  These  were,  among  others,  (and  cf 
course  Boone  was  at  their  head,)  his  brother,  Flan- 
ders, Callaway,  Stephen  and  William  Hancock.  To 
withdraw  from  the  interior  of  the  fort  these  men  of 
mark,  certainly  seems  to  have  been  very  unwise,  but 
it  is  to  be  considered  that  Boone  knew  just  what  his 
men  could  do,  and  he  knew  well  —  accustomed  ^s  he 
was  to  the  Indian  —  that  the  chances  were  greatly  in 
favor  of  a  safe  retreat  to  the  fort  in  any  event.  Those 
who  had  lived  to  old  age,  who  had  mingled  in  this 
affair,  declared  that  they  knew  their  strength  and  felt 
confident  of  success.  They  knew  how  strong  and  ac- 
tive they  were,  and  from  what  Du  Quesne  had  already 
lost  by  folly,  they  had  no  very  great  fear  of  him. 

They  met  in  front  of  the  fort,  about  one  hundred 
and  twenty  feet  from  the  walls  —  space  enough  for  a 
party  to  cat  them  off,  but  this  had  not  been  forgotten. 
The  sure  riflemen  of  Boone's  force  were  in  such  posi- 
tion as  to  give  them  the  power  at  once  to  pour  in 
such  a  fire  as  should  prevent  a  surprise.  Tlie  tabk 
of   this    conference    was    spread    at   the  Lick  —  so 


220  LIFE   OF    DANIKL    B<>)NE. 

Bowman  says  —  and  the  negotiation  began,  watched 
by  rille  and  by  tomahawk  in  every  minute  of  it4 
progress. 

Boone's  language  is  peculiar.  "  We  heid  the  treaty 
within  sixty  yards  of  the  garrison,  on  purpose  to  di- 
vert them  from  a  breacli  of  lionor,  as  we  could  net 
avoid  susj>icion  of  the  savages."  They  were  to  be  di- 
vei'tcd  by  a  sufficiency  of  good  rifles  witliin  fair  dis- 
tance. He  does  not  suspect  the  Canadian,  because 
he  knew  how  difl*orently  honor  was  estimated  by  sav- 
age and  by  soldier.  T]ie  captain  ofiered  his  terms, 
and  they  were  very  liberal,  yet  they  contained  the 
extranrdinarv  j»roposition  that  the  oath  of  allegiance 
should  be  taken  to  George  III.,  and  a  submission  made 
to  the  Canadian  authorities.  Doing  this,  they  were 
to  be  allowed  to  go  with  perfect  freedom  and  take  all 
their  property.  All  this  was  too  much,  and  Boone 
understood  it.  He  knew  that  four  hundred  and  fifty 
savages,  who  had  been  preparing  for  weeks  and 
months  for  this  expedition,  did  not  come  in  all  the 
panoply  of  war  to  end  by  a  signature  of  a  paper 
whicli  tliey  did  not  comprehend,  and  concerning 
which  they  did  not  care.  They  needed  to  gratify 
their  vengeance — the  cai)tive  at  the  stake,  and  the 
trophies  of  scalps.  They  did  not  intend  that  Boone 
should  go  unscathed  again,  and  he  knew  all  this.  He 
negotiated,  and  signed,  and  diplomatised,  to  gain 
time.     Col.  Campbeirs  troops  might,  at  any  moment 


TKEACHERT    OF    THE    INDIANS.  221 

make  their  appearance,  for  the  express  sent  had  been 
told  of  the  extremity  of  the  danger.  Boone  and  his 
fellow-commissioners  from  the  garrison  signed  the 
proposed  treaty,  curious  to  know  what  was  to  come 
next.  But  if  Boone  had  not  had  cause  to  suspect  the 
whole  thing  a  fraud  and  a  decoy,  his  act  in  signing 
the  treaty  might  have  been  considered  a  desperate 
one,  rendered  under  the  possession  of  a  force  exceed- 
ing by  many  times  his  own.  But  the  first  explana- 
tion is  sufficient.  He  knew  his  men,  and  when,  after 
the  treaty  was  finished,  his  father  by  adoption  —  Old 
Blackfish — arose,  and  commenced  a  speech,  he  knew 
the  play  had  another  act.  Boone  had  relied  on  the 
presence  of  his  good  rifies,  as  the  whole  affair  was 
within  cover  of  their  fire.  They  were  such  shots  as 
upon  them  he  could  rely.  The  Indians  now  stepped 
into  the  front.  As  Du  Quesne  had  been  the  paper 
and  pen  negotiator,  their  part  was  to  come,  and  they 
soon  avouched  it. 

As  became  those  who  were  engaged  in  the  forma 
tion  of  a  treaty,  neither  had  arms.  It  being  an  afi*aii 
of  peace,  the  outward  appearances  were  consulted. 
The  Indians,  in  their  figurative  language,  declare^ 
that  this  was  a  negotiation  between  tw^  great  ar- 
mies, and  there  should  be  evidence  o'l  entire  friend- 
ship. It  was  customary  among  them,  they  said,  on 
such  occasions,  for  two  Indians  to  shake  hands  with 
every  white  man.     Now  this  was  a  scheme  so  trans- 


222  LIFE   OK   DANIKL    IJOONE. 

parent  tluat  it  must  have  been  at  once  perceived,  ii 
all  its  intention,  hj  Boone  aiul  tlie  hardj  men  at  liia 
side.  Tliey  consented,  and  the  grasp  was  given  — 
the  cowardl}^  savages  having  calculated  that  if  each 
white  man  could  be  brought  into  contact  with  two 
Indians,  the  surprise  would  succeed.  They  mistook 
their  men.  These  stalwart  frontier  pioneers  and  hunt 
ers  were  not  easily  captured.  They  were  on  their 
guard,  and  knew  what  each  one  could  do.  Of  course^ 
the  exigency  was  one  of  desperation,  and  civilized 
men  concentrate  their  energies  tremendously  in  such 
cases.  Bowman  relates  that  Blackfish,  after  his  long 
speech,  uttered  as  a  signal,  the  word  "  6^^?,"  and  that 
a  signal  gun  was  fired.  If  he  is  right  in  this,  the  pre- 
concert of  the  whole  affair  is  seen  at  once  —  "  the  In- 
dians, fastened  on  them,  were  to  take  them  off."  T/i4 
white  meji  began  to  dispute  the  matter,  though  un- 
armed, and  broke  loose  from  them,  though  there  were 
two  or  three  Indians  to  one  white  man.  It  was  the 
signal  for  a  general  firing — Boone's  party  endeavor- 
ing to  protect  them  ^mm  the  savages,  while  the  In- 
dians poured  in  to  assist  their  plot.  Guns,  by  hun 
dreds,  were  fired,  but  thoy  all  escaped  into  the  fort 
and  closed  and  barricaded  the  heavy  gates  behind 
them ;  all  safe  but  Squire  Boone,  that  brave  brother, 
who  was  wounded.  Never  did  nine  men  escape  from 
B  icli  crir^is  of  peril. 
The  treaty  was  forgotten,  or  made  into  wadding 


THE    SIEGE    BEGUN    IN    EARNEST-  223 

riie  besiegers  had  lost  character  and  time.  Boone 
and  his  company  had'  showed  the  savages,  at  the  be- 
ginning, of  what  lion-hearted  courage  thej  were  made 
up.  This  display  was  of  the  very  kind  to  intimidate 
the  Indian.  Any  such  exercise  of  great  personal 
strength  told  upon  the  savage  with  a  force  beyond 
any  other  species  of  reasoning. 

Du  Quesne  and  Blackiish  now  began  the  siege  in 
earnest.  They  had  a  force  that  could  pour  into  the 
fort  a  power  of  ammunition,  that  if  a  white  man  pre- 
sented himself  within  range  must  be  fatal.  The  siege 
lasted  nine  days  and  nights,  for  the  invader  was  in 
number  sufficient  to  take  alternate  watches.  It  is 
easy  for  us  to  give  these  details  to  the  page,  or  to  pe- 
ruse them,  but  the  reality  of  that  light  never  could  be 
effaced  from  the  memory  of  those  who  participated  in 
it.  It  was  one  of  the  most  heroic  of  that  series  of 
struggles  which  gave  to  Kentucky  such  bloody  ad- 
mission into  the  family  of  nations.  A  few  gallant 
men,  trained  in  a  forest  school,  were  shut  up  in  a 
feeble  fort,  which,  if  the  enemy  had  possessed  artil- 
lery or  scaling  ladders,  might  have  been  knocked  to 
pieces  or  covered  with  men.  They  had  around  them 
those  whose  life  was  dearer  than  their  own.  The 
balls  fell  like  rain,  and  there  was  no  hour  for  rest. 
It  needed  such  a  scene  to  illustrate  tlie  energy  of  the 
great  Pioneer's  character.  His  conduct  on  this  occa- 
gior   ^hows  him  entitled  to  rank  among  the  bravesi 


224  LIFE    OF    DAJilKL    BOONE. 

warriore  of  onr  country.  Indeed,  Boone  personally 
enacted  an  heroism  imraeasnrably  superior  to  that  of 
many  to  whom  history  assigns  the  laurel.  Alone  of 
at  tlie  head  of  his  men,  he  was  ever  the  l.rave  man, 
content  to  do  his  duty  under  every  form  or  circum- 
gtance  of  peril. 

Tlie  men  at  tlie  fort  fired  when  tliey  could  hit, 
while  the  savages  seem  to  have  fired  away,  as  con- 
scious of  a  full  treasury  of  powder  and  lead  on  which 
they  could  rely.  Boone  says :  "  After  they  were  gone 
we  picked  up  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  pounds  of 
bullets,  besides  what  stuck  in  the  logs  of  our  fort — ■ 
which  certainly  is  a  gi^eat  proof  of  their  industnj  f^ 
It  was  a  great  proof  of  the  fact  that  the  Indian  knew, 
by  fatal  experience,  that  if  he  showed  himself  within 
range  he  was  destined  to  know  the  accuracy  of  a  Ken- 
tuckian's  aim.  The  picture  of  the  old  fort,  so  accu- 
rately given  in  Collin's  Kentucky,  from  a  sketch  by 
Col.  Henderson,  shows  near  it  a  belt  of  woods.  The>o 
pro])ably  sheltered  the  savages,  who  blazed  away  im- 
potently,  only  at  rare  intervals  doing  an}-  injury, 
The  defenders  lost  two  men,  and  there  were  four 
wounded.  ( )f  this  loss,  one  of  the  killed  and  one  of 
the  wounded  was  in  consequence  of  a  desertion  from 
the  fort,  of  a  negro,  who  liad  a  eajiital  ritle,  and  also 
had  been  trained  to  do  execution  with  it,  as  was  the 
education  of  all  those  in  the  fort.  lie  got  into  a  tree, 
and  having  a  good  aim,  was  soon  one  of  the  most  su«< 


225 

cessful  of  the  assailants.  Boone  found  this  out, 
watched  him,  and  when  he  saw  his  head,  fired.  The 
man  was  found  after  the  battle  —  a  ball  in  his  head  — 
the  shot  being  made  at  the  distance  of  one  hundred 
and  seventy-five  yards  —  five  hundred  and  twenty -five 
feet.  In  all  his  best  days  Leather  Stocking  never  sur 
passed  this.  The  Indian  felt  Boone  in  every  hour  of 
t!>e  siege. 

Oub  of  Boone's  daughters  remained  in  the  fort. 
Why  she  did  not  accompany  her  mother  in  the  re- 
turn to  Xorth  Carolina,  is  not  from  the  records  appa- 
rent ;  but  as  it  was  with  her,  when  married  to  Mr. 
Callaway,  that  he  in  his  old  age  resided,  it  may  be 
that  her  attachment  to  her  father  was  so  great  that 
she  preferred  the  perils  of  the  fort  rather  than  to  be 
separated  from  him.     She  was  a  noble  gin  -  ^ 

"  Of  such  a  sire,  descendant  true." 

She  labored  in  the  defence  as  zealously  as  her  strength 
permitted,  and  was  of  those  who  supplied  the  ammu- 
nition. She  was  wounded,  and  when  the  anuals  of 
the  heroic  women  of  America  are  written,  her  name 
deserves  conspicuous  place.  The  Indians  tried  that 
by  which  they  had  often  won  horrible  passage  to  the 
dwelling  of  the  white  man.  They  threw  fire  on  the 
fort  and  it  took  !  —  and  for  a  time  it  seemed  as  if  the 
fated  hour  for  Boonesborough  had  come.  There  wag 
ao  time  for  thought  At  all  risk  the  tire  must  be  ex 
J*  15 


220  LrPE   OF    DANIEL    B(X^NE. 

tinguished,  and  In-  the  boldness  an<l  bravery  of  one 
young  man,  wlio  risked  and  dared  all  the  storm  of 
balls,  the  impending  danger  was  averted.  All  these 
things  disheartened  the  Indians,  for  they  had  no  re- 
course beyond  the  immediate  act,  and  when  in  the 
conflict  of  physical  strength  they  were  overcome, 
they  could  see  no  recourse  but  flight;  frr,  notwith- 
standing all  that  is  said  of  their  bravery,  the  Indian 
was  quite  ready  to  recognize  that  there  is  a  time  to 
run.  Bowman  says  the  fire  was  kept  up  during  all 
the  siege  without  intermission  ;  but  this  must  be  some- 
what figurative,  as  during  nine  days  and  nights,  if 
the  battle  had  not  sometimes  wavered  or  ceased,  the 
physical  endurance  of  the  garrison  must  have  failed. 

Boone  relates  one  of  the  best  tactics  of  the  be- 
siegers. "  The  enemy  begun  to  undermine  our  fort, 
which  was  situated  fifty  yards  from  Kentucky  River. 
They  began  at  the  water  mark,  and  proceeded  in  the 
bank  some  distance,  which  we  understood  by  their 
making  the  water  muddy  with  the  clay  ;  and  we  im- 
mediately proceeded  to  disapjxiint  their  design  by 
cutting  a  trench  across  their  .^uliterranean  passage. 
The  enemy  discovering  our  countermine,  by  the  clay 
we  threw  (jut  of  the  fort,  desisted  from  that  stratagem.  ' 

This  device  was  too  good  to  have  been  suggested 
by  the  Indians,  li  was  a  point  in  civilized  warfare, 
and  was  probably  counseled  by  Du  Quesne  ;  but  he 
forgot    that  the  Pioneer  had   nut   been  an  ii. attentive 


TffS   INDIANS   KAISE   THE   SIEGE.  227 

ooserver  of  whatever  of  war  and  its  incident8  he  liad 
witnessed  at  Detroit.  The  digging  was  too  hard  work 
for  the  Indian,  and  so  far  as  he  participated  in  it,  he 
was  doubtless  quite  willing  to  discontinue  the  labor. 

Experience,  Boone  says,  fully  convinced  them  that 
neither  their  power  nor  their  policy  could  effect  their 
purpose.  On  the  twentieth  day  of  August,  (Mr. 
Peck  says,  twentieth  of  September,)  they  raised  the 
diege  and  departed. 

This  was  a  great  siege.  It  is  one  of  the  most  mem- 
orable pages  in  our  military  history.  While  other 
and  minor  affairs  have  placed  their  chief  actors  liigb 
in  fame,  the  siege  of  Boonesborough,  sustained  for 
nine  days  —  four  hundred  men  against  fifty  —  in  a 
wild  country  —  against  a  selected  band  of  Indian 
warriors  —  has  been  comparatively  forgotten.  It  re- 
sembles the  desperate  battles  of  the  Old  World,  and 
had  it  occurred  in  Europe,  no  honors  or  reward  would 
have  been  too  great  for  the  bold  defender.  Boone 
was  not  the  man  to  make  conspicuous  his  own 
achievements. 

Boone  and  others  who  survived,  in  their  old  days 
spoke  with  gratitude  of  their  preservation.  He  was 
tlie  man  to  remember,  as  brave  men  do,  who  had  beeii 
the  defender  of  the  oppressed. 

In  this  repulse  of  the  savage,  Boone  felt  the  absence 
of  one  of  his  boldest  and  bravest  men  —  one  whose 
courage  and  skill  would  have  made  themselves  visible 


228  i.n  J-   <»i-    hamii.    i;»>(».\k. 

to  the  discomfiture  of  the  enemy.  Sim^n  KentOb 
was  not  a  man  to  be  willingly  away  from  such  a 
scene.  Ilis  absence  was  owing  to  the  following  cir 
comstances : 

"  Kenton  finding  Boone  about  to  undertake  an  expedition 
against  a  small  town  on  Paint  Creek,  readily  joined  hirn. 
Inaction  was  irksome  to  the  hardy  youth  in  such  stirr.ng 
times ;  besides  he  had  some  melancholy  reflections  that  he 
could  only  escape  from  in  the  excitement  of  danger  and  ad- 
venture. The  party,  consisting  of  nineteen  men,  and  com- 
manded by  Boone,  arrived  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  In- 
dian village.  Kenton,  who  as  usual  was  in  advance,  was 
stactled  by  hearing  loud  peals  of  laughter  from  a  cane-brake 
just  before  him.  He  scarcely  had  time  to  tree  before  two 
Indians,  mounted  upon  a  small  pony,  one  facing  the  animal's 
tail,  and  the  other  his  head,  totally  unsuspicious  of  danger 
and  in  excellent  spirits,  made  their  appearance.  He  pulled 
trigger  and  both  Indians  fell,  one  killed  and  the  other  se- 
verely wounded.  He  hastened  up  to  scalp  his  adversjiries, 
and  was  immediately  surrounded  by  about  forty  Indianj*. 
His  situation,  dodging  from  tree  to  tree,  was  inicomfortalile 
enough,  until  Boone  and  his  party  coming  up,  furiously  at- 
tacked, and  defeated  the  savages.  Boone  immediately  re- 
turned  to  the  succor  of  his  fort,  having  ascertained  that  a 
large  war  party  had  gone  against  it.  Kenton  and  Montgom- 
ery, however  icsolved  to  proceed  to  the  village  to  get  "a 
shot,"  aj'.i  stejil  horses.  They  lay  within  gt>od  rifle  distance 
of  fhe  village  for  two  days  and  a  night,  without  soeing  a 
single  warrior ;  on  the  second  night  they  each  mounted  a  fine 
horse,  luid  put  oflf  to  Kentucky,  and  the  day  after  the  In- 
dians raised  the  siege  of  Boonesborough,  they  cantered  iui« 
Jie  tort  on  their  stolen  property."—  ColliiW  Kentucky. 


CHAGRIN    OF   THE    ESTDIANS.  22b 

This  siege  culminated  the  military  h.storj  ol 
Boonesboroiigh.  It  was  the  last  attack  it  sustaiaed^ 
and  it  was  fairly  entitled  to  the  title  of  the  Impreg- 
nable. Boonesborough  now  is  a  small  village,  and 
yet  it  will  always  remain,  in  the  history  of  Kentucky 
and  of  the  country,  a  classical  locality.  In  later  days 
the  voice  of  eloquence  has  made  the  scenes  of  the 
Hunter  and  the  Warrior  live  again.  Senator  ATore- 
head,  distinguished  for  his  intellect  in  a  land  where 
such  men  as  Clav,  and  Crittenden,  and  Breckenridjre 
lived,  delivered,  in  1840,  an  address  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  historical  incidents  of  the  place,  which  is 
of  the  most  valuable  contributions  to  our  annals. 
Kentucky  owes  it  to  itself  to  build,  at  the  site  af  the 
fort,  a  monument,  worthy  in  its  magnitude  of  the 
place  where  brave  men  laid  the  cornerstone  on  which 
the  great  edifice  of  the  State  has  been  so  successfully 
reared. 

After  the  siege  was  over,  the  Indians  dispersed. 
They  felt  the  deepest  chagrin  that  they  could  not 
have  secured  Boone.  He  was  the  noblest  prisoner 
they  had  ever  secured,  and  twice  he  had  successfully 
escaped.  He  had  crossed  river  and  swamp  —  en- 
dured hunger  and  every  privation  —  and  after  such  a 
narch  as  would  have  done  honor  to  their  best  war- 
rior, had  disappointed  all  their  hope  of  taking  the 
fortress.     They  had  lost  the  leader,  and  not  gained 


230  LIFK    OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

the  garrison.     Boone   henceforth  was  a  memorable 
word  in  Indian  tradition. 

Tlieir  loss  was  heavy.  Tlie  fire  from  the  fort  killed 
thirty-seven,  and  wounded  a  great  number.  When 
ihey  left,  they  went  in  different  parties  to  the  several 
forts,  and  waylaid  the  hunters.  It  i.>  quite  prnbablft 
that,  had  they  been  successful  at  Boonesbor«»iiirli,  tl,(, 
American  cause  would  have  suffered  greatly,  tor  it 
wouhl  have  been  complete  encouragement  t<>  the 
British  to  sustain  the  alliance  with  the  Indians  at  any 
c..>t. 

Curiously  —  certainly  it  would  be  curious  if  histo- 
ry did  not  show  so  many  similar  instances —  the  hon- 
or that  first  awaited  this  brave  soldier,  who  had  con- 
ducted himself  with  a  valor  worthy  the  plaudit  of  a 
nation,  was  a  —  Court-Martial!  We  have  had  illus- 
trations in  our  own  day  of  heroism  and  consumnuite 
military  skill,  receiving  the  same  reward.  Four 
charges  were  made  against  him  —  the  first  concerning 
the  capture  of  the  salt-makers  at  Blue  Licks ;  the 
second,  a  very  singuhir  one  —  "manifesting  friendly 
feelings  towards  the  Indians  while  a  prisoner,  and  of- 
fering to  surrender  Boonesborough,  have  the  j)eople 
removed  to  Detroit,  and  live  under  British  protection 
and  jurisdiction"  —  taking  otf  a  party  of  men  froui 
Uoonesliorough,  in  his  exj)editi(>n  to  Scioto,  and  thus 
weakening  the  garrison,  when  he  had  reason  to  be 
vieve  tin*  Indians  were  about  to  invade  the  fort  —  anc 


BOONE   TKIE1-)   BY    COUKT-MAKTIAL. 


231 


at  the  siege  of  Boonesborough,  being  willing  to  take 
the  officers  to  the  Indian  camp,  and  thus  endangering 
the  garrison. 

It  must  be  that  this  court  was  called  by  his  friends^ 
to  give  him  an  opportunity  to  show  to  the  world  the 
consummate  skill  with  which  he  had  conducted  him- 
self in  the  most  intensely  precarious  positions.  Of 
the  most  honorable  result  of  this  trial,  mention  has 
before  been  made.  Mr.  Peck  says  :  "After  a  full  in- 
vestigation he  wa^  acquitted  honorably,  and  tlie  con- 
fidence of  the  people  in  his  patriotsm  and  sagacity 
confirmed  and  increased."  The  reader  who  has  care- 
fully noted  the  conduct  of  the  Pioneer,  will  realize 
how  truly  he  deserved  the  gratitude  of  his  country 
for  his  wisdom  and  bravery  in  all  these  situations. 


CHAPTER   XIII. 


or  Tin:  \rAR — a  retrospect — boone  visits   dib    familt    a 

MOKTH    CAROLINA  — EMIGRATION  TO  THE  WEST  INCREASES LAND  OF? XI 

K8TABUSHED OMMISSIONEBS  TO  8ETTLJ1  BOLDIEEs'  LAND  CLAIltS GOV. 

BHELBT GREAT  ACTIVITT  IN  TOE  8CRVETINO  OK  LAND— BOONE  IS  ROBBED 

or    A    LARGE  SUM    OF    MONET ITS    EFFECT  ON    BOONE THE  LAND  LAW. 

TiiK  year  1778,  like  every  other  year  of  tlie  K»'- 
vnlurionary  period,  was  one  of  alarm.  The  great 
power  airaiiist  which  the  colonists  were  forced  to  con- 
tend, spread  its  attacks  and  aggressions  throughout  all 
the  land,  and  the  Indian  was  relied  upon  as  one  of 
the  most  efficient  means  of  delaying  the  progress  of 
the  frontier  towards  the  arts  and  power  of  civilization. 
While  the  settlers  were  in  all  the  distress  that  their 
neighborhood  to  a  savage  foe  could  produce,  the  army 
at  Valley  Forge  were  enduring  all  the  trials  and  pri- 
vations, which  have  made  the  name  of  their  residence 
Badly  famous  in  our  history.  From  the  ordeal  of 
such  sorrows,  freedom  rose  in  all  its  strength.  Their 
Bulfering  gave  purity  and  firmness  to  their  principles. 

While  the  battles  of  the  Atlantic  States  are  en- 
Bhrined  in  the  annals  t»f  the  country,  and  tln^se  by 
whose  valor  they  were  won,  have  been  immortalize«l, 
the   brave  men  whose  courage  was  as  conspicuous 


A   EETKOSPECT.  23  J 

and  whose  trial  was  far  more  severe,  ha\e  been,  in 
great  measure,  rejected  ;  and  jet,  an  authoritj  so  high 
as  that  of  Gov.  Morehead,  says  Boone's  triumph  saved 
the  frontier  from  depopulation.  The  Indian  felt  that 
^e  West  was  especially  his  own  battle  ground,  and 
he  yielded  the  po?^ession  of  his  hunting  ground,  only- 
after  he  had  exhausted  all  the  means  of  defense  and 
attack  of  which  he  was  capable.  When  he  found, 
just  before  the  commencement  of  the  Eevolution, 
that  the  mountains,  behind  which  were  his  cherished 
hunting  grounds,  had  been  overcome,  impregnable  as 
he  had  believed  they  were,  by  the  bold  adventure 
of  such  men  as  Boone  and  Finley,  he  thought  himself 
able  to  drive  out  or  crush  the  invader  by  a  foray  ; 
but  as  the  strength  of  the  settler  developed,  he  saw 
his  increasing  danger,  and  felt  how  powerful  was  his 
foe.  The  quarrel  between  the  Colonies  and  the  Brit- 
ish, brought  to  his  aid  the  treasury  and  arsenals  of 
the  English,  and,  aided  by  these,  he  believed  he 
would  soon  possess  the  power  to  exterminate  the  pio- 
neer. Hence,  the  fight  at  Boonesborough  and  the 
long  series  of  attacks  of  which  it  was  the  principal. 
The  Indian  fought  for  existence,  and  fought  li arc! 
When  Boone  has  finished  his  relation  of  the  siege 
of  Boonesborough,  he  dismisses  a  period  in  his  life  aa 
though  it  were  bur  of  small  moment :  "  Soon  after 
this,  I  went  into  the  settlement,  and  nothing  worthy 
of  a  place  in  thas  account,  passed  in  my  afi"airs  foi 


234  LIFE   OF    DANIKL    B(X^)NK. 

some  time."  Ilowever  unwortliy  of  being  included 
m  liis  liistory  Boone  may  have  considered  the  events 
of  the  ensuing  time,  the  labors  of  faithful  histcriana 
have  enabled  readers  t^  'udge  for  themselves,  and  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  review  is  of  interest.  Probably 
because  it  was  of  an  embarrassing  and  unpleasant  na* 
ture,  Boone  avoided  the  dictation  to  Filson,  of  8< 
njuch  of  his  life.  It  suffices  him  to  tell,  in  a  few  word^ 
the  story  of  his  domestic  life  :  "  Shortly  after  the 
troubles  at  Boonesborough,  I  went  to  my  family,  and 
lived  peaceably  there.  The  history  of  my  going 
home,  and  returning  with  my  family,  forms  a  series 
of  difficulties,  an  account  of  which  would  swell  a  vol- 
ume, and  being  foreign  to  my  purpose,  I  omit  them." 
It  was  a  wise  remark  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  that 
posterity  is  always  anxious  for  detail;  and  in  this 
case  of  the  life  of  a  man  wlio  was  so  truly  one  of 
the  ft)undei*s  of  Empire,  the  world  would  be  glad  tc 
know  all  that  illustrates  his  character.  If  Boone 
had  left  a  more  extended  record  of  all  his  life,  it 
would  have  been  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  all 
contributions  t«>  the  history  of  his  country.  There  is, 
however,  a  modesty  and  dignity  in  the  unwillingnesi' 
to  bring  himself  personally  before  the  world,  which 
is  coincident  with  what  Boone  really  wiis.  He  con- 
iidered  that  if  his  narrative  illustrated  the  manner 
ill  which  hi>  beloved  Kentucky  was  l>rought  from  the 
forest  to  bo  the  ubode  of  a  noble  ]>eople,  it  was  riL'-lit 


THE    VICISSITUDES    OF    BOONE's    LIFE.  235 

tliat  he  should  give  it ;  but  as  to  making  himseli  the 
hero  of  the  story,  the  recital  shows  that  he  did  not 
intend  this  ;  for  had  he  so  intended,  he  would  have 
told  the  tale  of  his  fierce  fighting,  with  all  the  par- 
ticulars, for  which,  in  most  men's  personal  narratives, 
we  are  not  compelled  to  search. 

"When  Boone  returned  to  the  Carolinas,  he  recol 
lected  with  what  strange  vicissitudes  his  life  had  been 
marked  since  he,  with  that  gallant  and  hopeful  com- 
pany—  gathered  by  the  magic  of  the  bright  narra- 
tions he  had  given  of  the  glowing  fertility  of  the  Ken- 
tucky country — had  essayed  their  path  across  the 
mountains.  His  son  had  been  the  first  victim.  Since 
that  loss,  his  own  life  had  been  suspended  under  the 
impending  blow  of  Indian  cruelty.  ,He  had  borne 
the  chief  part  in  a  sieue,  for  the  dangers  of  which  the 
annals  of  the  country  show  but  few  parallels.  Every- 
where war  had  been  about  him,  and,  peaceable  and 
mild  as  he  was,  he  had  been  compelled  to  make  his 
rifle  his  hourly  companion.  He  had  deserved  to  be, 
if  he  was  not,  since  he  left  the  Yadkin,  one  of  those 
whose  names  are  on  the  voice  of  men,  as  eminent  and 
honorable. 

The  wild  scenes  of  his  Chillicothian  captiv-ty  could 
not  be  eflaced  from  memory.  That  for  weeks  and 
months  he  had  been  held  in  the  toils  of  the  savage  — 
with  each  sun  rising  upon  his  most  uncertain  destiny 
^  his  life  completely  in  their  power  —  that  all  this 


236  LIFE    OF    DANTKL    BOON'E. 

ehouKl  liave  been  clianged  in  ii  few  days  to  the  extra- 
ordinary position  of  being  the  leader  of  a  fortress  sus- 
taining a  fierce  seige,  against  the  very  savages  wlio 
had  held  him  in  bondage  — himself  the  while  con- 
Bcious  that  the  Indian,  in  all  the  cruelty  of  disap 
pointed  rage,  was  awaiting  liis  retaking  to  make  hira 
a  monument  of  their  vengeance  —  this  must  have 
been  present  to  him  in  all  its  reaiity.  To  exchange 
this  for  a  peaceful  home  —  friends  and  family  around 
him  —  was  in  vivid  contrast!  Such  scenes  are  not 
in  the  life  of  every  man.  They  made  part  of  the  ex- 
traordinary experiences  of  an  extraordinary  man. 
To  Boone  life  seemed  a  wheel  whose  circuit  was  run 
in  the  midst  of  the  rough  and  sharp  rocks  of  danger, 
and  again  in  the  pleasant  abundance  of  regions  the 
most  fertile  and  soil  the  most  luxuriant ;  and  in  the 
battle  or  at  home,  a  captive  or  free,  he  was  the  same 
firm  and  gentle  man. 

The  excellent  effect  of  the  determined  stand  which 
had  been  taken  at  Boonesborough,  now  fully  devel- 
oped itself.  It  had  been  the  turning  point  wliere  was 
to  be  determined  whether  the  savage  should  proceed 
to  reassert  his  lost  riglits,  and  make  a  new  and  better 
title  to  his  liunting  fields,  or  whether  the  white  man 
should  hold  them.under  the  dominion  of  the  plough. 
h  was  whetlier  Kentucky  should  go  back  to  the  In- 
dians or  loi  ward  to  the  wliites.  The  news  that  fifty  men 
ha«l  driven  back  and  defeated  four  hundred  and  fifbv 


EMIGRATION   CONTINirES.  237 

savages,  and  tliat  the  Indians  had  fled,  was  soon  known 
through  the  settlements.  The  presence  of  Boone 
there,  in  safety  and  unharmed,  after  his  captivity  and 
battles,  was  an  indication  of  security,  and  it  was  of 
effect.  Virginia  —  who  had  refused  to  advance  to 
Gen.  Clarke  a  few  tons  of  powder  for  the  defence  of 
the  frontier,  fearing  that  it  was  an  adventure  too  haz- 
ardous, and  uncertain  whether  her  own  dominion  was 
extended  there,  or  whether  the  defiance  given  to  their 
governor  by  Henderson  might  not  be  a  potent  one — 
concluded  that  her  fears  were  groundless,  and  that 
she  had  a  great  treasure  in  her  western  possessions. 
There  were  large  estates  to  be  had,  and  those  who 
adventured  earliest  found  a  wide  freedom  of  choice. 
Hence  emigration,  in  the  year  1779,  was  abundant. 
Even  the  progress  of  the  revolutionary  incidents  could 
not  subdue  the  desire  to  exchange  a  barren  home  on 
the  seaboard  for  the  luxuriant  harvest  fields  of  the 
land  Boone  had  brought  into  notice.  These  lands 
were,  in  the  phrase  of  the  act,  on  the  western  waters, 
and  to  secure  her  rights  in  relation  to  the  lands  and 
the  revenue  arising  therefrom,  Virginia  established  a 
land  office.  A  selection  of  prominent  citizens  was 
made  to  form  the  court,  who  should  go  from  place  to 
place  where  questions  were  presented,  and  confirm 
the  titles.  Of  course,  in  the  formation  and  extin 
guishment  of  the  State  of  Transylvania  —  in  the  vari 
ous  affairs,  complicated  and  uncertain,  arising  out  of 


23S  LIFE    OF    DANIKL    1HM)NI.!. 

the  weighty  daim  of  Col.  Henderson  —  ii.  all  this 
there  was  w^rk  enough  for  the  commissioners,  and 
tlic'ir  decisions  were  to  be  of  the  highest  importance. 
A  similar  position  of  affaii*s  in  respect  to  land  titles 
has,  in  other  States,  called  for  like  action. 

To  settle  the  many  questions  which  came  out  of 
the  granting  of  land  to  the  soldiers  of  the  Ilevolution, 
the  State  of  New  York  once  instituted  a  commission, 
one  of  the  members  of  which  —  Vincent  Mathews  — 
survived  to  witness  her  great  prosperity,  which  fol- 
lowed the  decision  of  the  various  contests.  The  ses- 
sion of  this  tribunal  was,  in  part,  held  at  Aurora,  on 
the  Cayuga  Lake. 

The  Virginia  commissioners  were  William  Flem- 
ing, Edmund  Lyne,  Stephen  Twigg,  and  James  Bar- 
bour. (Tlie  last  name  is  associated  in  modern  events 
with  statesmanship.)  This  commission  commenced 
its  duties  at  St.  Asaph's,  October  13th,  1779,  and  the 
first  claim  presented  was  that  of  the  distinguished 
man  who  afterwards  first  wore  the  gubernatorial  hon- 
ors of  Kentucky.  Isaac  Shelby  presented  a  claim  for 
adjuilicatiou,  having -raised  a  crop  of  corn  in  the 
countr}-  in  177C.  lie  had  been  a  deputy  surveyor 
for  the  Transylvania  Company  ;  for  IIendei*son  seenig 
to  have  been  singularly  successful  in  originating  the 
career  of  those  who  in  after  times  became  men  of 
mark.  This  crop  of  corn,  in  1776,  was  the  beginning 
of  that  Kentucky  life  which,  in  him,  was  disting-aishe  1 


THE    VIRGINIA    LAND    LAW.  23& 

for  all  that  conld  illustrate,  in  high  honor,  her  fame 
Gov.  Morehead  says  this  famous  land  law  gave  hirth 
^o  unnumbered  woes.  The  trial  to  w  hich  it  subjected 
Boone  was  one  of  these.  This  strange  and  unfortu- 
nate law  provided  "  that  any  person  might  acquire 
title  to  so  much  waste  and  unappropriated  land  as  he  or 
ehe  might  desire  to  purchase,  on  paying  the  considera- 
tion of  forty  pounds  for  every  hundred  acres,  and  so  in 
proportion."  Tlie  money  was  to  be  paid  to  the  treas- 
urer—  whose  receipt,  when  given  to  the  auditor,  en- 
itle  to  a  certificate.  This  certificate  beins:  ludsred  in 
the  land  office,  the  register  granted  a  warrant  author- 
izing the  land  to  be  surveyed.  Surveyors  who  had 
passed  the' ordeal  of  William  and  Mary  College  were  to 
lay  out  the  land,  and  on  their  return,  the  register 
made  due  record,  and  made  out  a  grant,  and  this  long 
labyrinth  had  its  exit  in  a  deed  which  was  to  have 
the  signature  of  the  governor,  with  the  seal  of  the 
commonwealth  attached. 

iJEven  in  these  days  —  with  all  our  flood  of  legal 
learning  —  with  common  schools,  and  time  to  attend 
them  —  with  no  Indian  fight  nearer  than  the  Eocky 
Mountains — ^it  may  be  doubted  how  many  of  us  could 
get  a  title  successfully  through  such  a  chain  of  evi- 
dence. It  must  have  been  the  last  act  drawn  by  the 
special  pleading  lawyers.  It  was  not  a  statute  for  the 
hunter  and  the  pioneer.  But  the  land  was  very  de 
eirable,  and  there  was  a  rage  to  obtain  it.     The  hunt 


210  LIFB  OF  DANIEL   BOONE. 

eva  were  pushed  aside  for  the  hmd-johbere  ColliiiJ! 
Bays  :  "The  surveyor's  chain  and  compass  vere  seen 
in  tlie  woods  as  frequently  as  the  rifle :  the  great  object 
in  Kentucky  was  to  enter,  survey  and  get  a  patent  for 
land."  Great  precision  was  required  in  entrio>i,  and 
all  vague  entries  were  void.  The  forest  men  desired 
to  get  the  land  as  keenly  as  did  the  land  speculator  ; 
but  the  former  could  draw  a  sight  with  his  rifle,  better 
than  he  could  designate  the  line  of  his  lot,  and  all  be- 
came intermingled,  and  in  confusion.  Boone,  while 
with  his  family,  as  was  most  natural,  desired  to  se- 
cure his  home,  also,  in  the  land  lie  had  often  called 
by  such  names  of  beauty,  and  as  he  had  been  in  the 
fight  quite  enough  to  satisfy  him  for  a  time,  now 
turned  his  attention  to  the  land  oflice.  It  was  doubt- 
less the  counsel  of  his  kind  and  considerate  wife  that 
he  should  do  so,  as  she  hoped  to  secure  him  from  fur- 
ther toil  and  disaster.  lie  says  that  he  laid  out  the 
chief  of  his  little  property  to  secure  land  warrants, 
and  having  raised  about  twenty  thousand  dollars  in 
paper  money,  with  which  ho  intended  to  purchase 
them,  on  his  way  from  Kentucky  to  Richmond  he 
was  robbed  of  the  whole,  and  left  destitute  of  the 
means  of  procuring  more.  lie  had  also  been  entrust 
ed  with  the  amount  raised  by  friends,  who  probably 
thought  that  their  claims,  with  such  an  agent  as 
Boone,  who  had    been    so  much    the  author  of  th« 


BOONE    ROBBED    OF   HIS    MONEY.  24j 

prosperity  of  which  this  great  area  was  available, 
would  meet  speedy  settlement. 

A  receipt  was  preserved  by  E'athaniel  Hart,  Esq., 
of  Woodford,  that  from  Hart,  Boone  received  about 
twenty-nine  hundred  pounds,  Virginia  money. 

His  robbery  gained  for  him  the  same  fate  that  be- 
falls nearly  all  men  who  meet  with  misfortune,  while 
engaged  in  the  execution  of  a  pecuniary  trust.  He 
was  censured,  and  it  was  either  charged  or  insinuated 
that  he  had  retained  the  money.  Similar  cases  are 
in  the  memory  of  every  man.  It  was  a  severe  blow 
to  Boone,  whose  simple-hearted  integrity  had  ever 
held  him  above  all  suspicion  of  dishonor.  It  was  a 
blow  the  more  severe,  because  it  seemed  to  wreck 
his  property  and  character,  and  doubtless  he  often 
felt  that  his  captivity  at  Chillicothe  might,  for"  him, 
as  well  have  been  a  perpetual  one.  ]^o  wonder  Boone 
calls  it  "  a  series  of  difficulties."  Most  fortunately 
for  the  fame  of  Boone,  Grov.  Morehead  has  preserved 
the  following  extract  of  a  letter  from  Oapt.  Thos.  Hart . 

"  I  observe  what  you  say  respecting  our  losses  by  Daniel 
Boone,  I  had  heard  of  the  misfortune  soon  after  it  hap- 
pened, but  not  of  my  being  a  partaker  before  now.  I  feej 
for  the  poor  people,  who,  perhaps,  are  to  lose  even  their 
preemptions  :  but  I  must  say,  T  feel  more  for  Boone,  whose 
character,  1  am  told,  suffers  by  it.  Much  degenerated  must 
the  people  of  this  age  be,  when  amongst  them  are  to  be 
found  men  to  censure  and  blast  the  reputation  of  a  person  sc 
K  16 


242  LTFK    OF    DANIIX    IJO^NK. 

just  and  uprigh%  and  in  whose  brcAst  is  a  seat  of  virtue  toe 
pure  to  admit  of  a  thouj^ht  so  base  and  dislionorable.  I  have 
known  Boone  in  times  of  old,  when  poverty  and  distress  had 
him  fast  by  the  hand ;  and  in  these  wretched  circumstances, 
I  have  ever  found  him  of  a  noble  and  generous  soul,  despi 
sing  everything  mean  ;  and,  therefore,  I  will  freely  grant 
him  a  discharge  for  whatever  sums  of  mine  he  might  have 
been  possessed  of  at  the  time." 


There  is  in  this  letter  valuable  light  given  to  tlie 
history  and  character  of  Boone.  It  is  a  private  let- 
ter— a  very  well  written  one — and  one  in  which  there 
is  no  disj)lay  or  invention,  as  might  have  been  found 
in  a  pul)lic  document.  It  is  an  honorable  tribute  to 
an  honorable  man.  It  shows  us  that  Boone  was,  in 
earlier  life,  poor  and  distressed,  and  yet  a  stranger 
even  to  a  thought  that  was  base  or  dishonorable.  It 
shows  that  an  intelligent  contemporary,  finding  himseb 
a  pecuniary  sufferer,  still  In  tliat  hour  calls  the  niai) 
tiirougli  whose  misfortune  his  loss  has  come,  a  noble 
and  generous  soul.  Such  a  testimonial  is  of  intense 
value.     Men  do  not  say  such  things  of  their  associ- 

tea  in  life,  in  private  leit&rs,  unless  the  truth  impels 
the  sentiment. 

It  shows,  also,  that  not  merely  the  rich,  but  the 
poor  coutided  in  him  ;  and  it  is  quite  likely  that 
Boone  felt  the  accumulated  trouble  consequent  on  all 
this,  more  than  he  ever  did  Indinii  captivity  or  bor- 
der difficulty.     Boone  had  the  sagacity  to  outmanceu- 


THE    LAXT    LAW    UXPOPULAK.  2i3 

ver  a  host  of  savages,  but  the  robbers  that  made  a 
prey  of  him,  in  his  jom^nev,  were  beyond  his  strategy. 
Tlie  land  law,  even  had  Boone  not  been  i:bbed, 
would  have  been  disastrous  to  Lim.  If  he  located,  he 
did  so  under  circumstances  which  could  be  turned 
against  him'  by  some  sharper.  There  would  be  some 
defect  —  technical  and  incomprehensible,  but  disas- 
trous—  by  which  he  would  have  lost  all.  Boone  had 
been  accustomed  to  locate  by  the  majesty  of  discov- 
ery. Alone  in  all  Kentucky,  he  seemed  almost  to 
possess  the  right  which  Columbus  had,  when  he  first 
heard  the 

" dashing, 


Silver-flashing 
Surges  of  San  Salvador  ; " 

and  he  could  not  bring  himself  to  believe  that  it  was 
right  to  limit  him  to  all  the  angles  and  meshes  of  a 
most  intricate  statute.  If  Boone  ever  was  that  which 
some  have  described  him,  and  which  he  was  believed 
to  be  before  a  proper  investigation  had  been  given  to 
liis  character  —  a  misanthrope  —  it  was  the  creation 
of  those  who,  as  Capt.  Hart  says,  endeavored  to  cen- 
eure  and  blast  his  reputation.  Byron  says  of  Boone 
that  "he  shrunk  from  men  even  of  his  naticn;"  but 
the  fancy  of  tlie  poet  is  in  the  thought,  for  Boone  re- 
spected men  whuse  nature  proved  itself  by  generouj 
acts.     From  those  who  accused  him  of  beino^  the  rob 


244 


LIFE   OF   DA^^EL    BOONX. 


ber  of  the  poor,  he  doubtless  wished  V)  place  the  sep 
Rration  of  the  forest. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  long  train  of  troublee 
which  ensued  upon  the  land  law,  Finley,  whose  work 
in  Kentuc^ij  was  for  many  years  of  great  authority, 
considered  che  law  as  most  beneficent.  Being  a  little 
of  the  "  refrrmer,"  something  of  the  soldier,  as  he  was 
a  captain,  and  withal  a  commissioner  for  laying  out 
the  lands  ia  the  settlements,  he  rather  liked  the  law, 
as  it  seemec^  to  provide  for  everything,  and  leave  no- 
thing to  tue  lawyers.  Vain  hope !  It  occupied  the 
bar  for  a  half  century  I 


CHAPTEK    XIY. 

►XJWE    RETUKyS    TO  BOOXESBOEOUGH  WITH  HIB    FAiTILT TIE  BRITIBH  AITl 

INDIANS    CONTEMPLATE    A    BOLD    ATTACK     ON    KENTUCKT  ANECDOTE    Of 

RANDOLPH GOV.    MOEEHEAD's    HISTORY     OF    BOONESBOT.OUGH BOO  KB 

AND  HIS    BROTHER  GO  TO  THE  BLUE    LICKS HIS  BROTHER  IS  SHOT  BY  IN- 
DIANS   BOONE  IS  PURSUED  AND  ESCAPES THE  COLD  WINTER  OF  1780 

ORGANIZATION  OF  COUNTIES INDIAN  HOSTILITIES  RENEWED THE  BRIT- 
IBH GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  INDIANS THE  RENEGADES  GTiTY  AND  MC  KEK 

—  CONSTANT  ALARMS  OF  THE  SETTLERS THE  CONFEDEI^T^D  INDIANS  — 

BOONE  AGAIN  AFFLICTED  IN  THE  DEATH  OF  BRYANT. 

Boone  could  not  remain  in  the  settlements.  Tlie 
home  he  desired  was  in  broader  compass.  With  his 
losses,  there  was  renewed  and  greater  occa? ion  for  his 
exertion.  That  exertion  he  was  yet  able  co  make,  for 
now  he  was  in  the  zenith  of  his  life  —  being  fortj- 
five  —  though  it  is  most  probable  that,  with  his  ex- 
traordinary exposures,  time  had  borne  heavily  on 
him,  and  that  be  appeared  to  be  a  much  older  man 
than  in  reality  he  was.  He  determined  to  go  back  to 
Boonesborough,  and,  to  the  everlasting  honor  of  his 
wife,  she  agreed  to  accompany  him.  Hev  heart  must 
have  been  to  remain  in  the  pleasant  home,  where  the 
night  passed  without  the  yell  of  the  blood-thirsty 
Ravage,  fiercely  endeavoring  to  destroy  life  and  pro- 
perty ;  but  she  knew  her  duty  to  accomp.tny  her  qO" 


^40  r.TFE    OF    DANIKL    ROONK. 

ble  hearted  liiisband,  and  slie  and  her  family  again 
prepared  tc  go  to  the  Land  of  the  rich  but  perih>u9 
West.  The  road  was  better  known  now.  Tlie  pro- 
babilities were  that  there  womUI  be  found  many  bound 
for  the  same  land  of  enterprise.  AVith  all  she  held 
precious  in  life,  she  again  essayed  the  journey  whose 
bitterest  incident,  in  former  years,  had  been  the  loss 
of  her  gallant  child.  She  could  scarcely  expect  but 
that  a  similar  fate  might  be  but  too  likely  to  await 
the  bold  men  around  her,  who  would  be  found  fore- 
most in  every  scene  of  danger. 

Boone  says,  in  condensed  phrase,  that  he  "  settled 
his  family  in  Boonesborough  once  more."  Tlie  old 
fort  had  its  brave  defender  once  more  within  its  walls, 
and  when  Boone  stood  within  it,  it  is  not  fancy  to 
8U])pose  that  the  memories  of  the  many  fierce  fights 
he  had  known,  in  each  of  which  he  had  been  an  ac- 
tor, and  which  had  been  waged  to  obtain  possession 
of  this  i)lace,  must  have  been  in  his  thought.  He 
had  linked  his  name  to  fame,  among  brave  and  suc- 
cessful soldiers,  by  his  great  defence,  and  the  fort  was 
to  him  no  common  place. 

Boonesborough  was  destined  to  no  siege  after  this. 
It  h:i<l  possessed  its  share  of  reverses  in  that  way,  and 
the  savage  attemi)ted  its  conquest  no  more. 

And  yet  it  might  easily  have  been  captured,  if  ar- 
tillery had  been  used  against  it  —  that  most  powerful 
arm   <>t'  war   which   overcomes  distance,   and  before 


ANOTHER   EXPEDITION    AGAINST   KENTUCKY.        241 

which  the  keen  rifle  is  powerless.  That  it  needed 
this,  to  give  them  conquest  over  the  settler's  bul 
warks,  the  British  found  out  in  1780.  "When  Genera] 
Clarke  had  successfully  .pursued  his  noble  campaign 
of  clesfe*ojing  the  great  influence  which  the  British 
possessed  over  the  Indian,  by  the  support  received  at 
Detroit,  Yincennes  and  Kaskaskia,  and  had  turned 
the  tables  by  actually  taking  Col.  Hamilton  prisoner 
—  the  same  who  had  commanded  at  Detroit  when 
Boone  was  led  there  in  captivity  —  the  British  deter- 
nined  to   make  a  bold  and  vigorous  attack  on  Ken- 

ucky.  They  organized  a  force  of  six  hundred  In- 
lians  and  Canadians,  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Byrd ;  but  the  Indians  and  Canadians  would  have 
come  and  gone  again,  had  they  not  brought  with 
them  two  cannon.  There  was  immense  ^ifiiculty  in 
their  transportation,  and  hence  the  unwillingness  of 
parties  to  encumber  themselves  with  them.  Their 
route  was,  as  far  as  possible,  by  water,  using  the  Great 
Miami,  the  Ohio,  and  the  Licking.  In  the  times  of 
the  war  of  1812,  when  the  authorities  of  the  United 
States  desired  to  transport  cannon,  even  over  a  road 
as  much  worked  and  traveled  as  that  between  Albany 
and  Buffalo,  the  lauor  of  forwarding  them  was  so 
enormous  that  very  often,  after  the  severe  work  of  ai. 
entire  day,  the  place  of  starting  could  be  seen  at  eve- 
Qing  from  the  place  of  rest.     In  our  day,  all  over  the 

and  to  which  Boone  invited  the  settler,  and  where 


248  I.TFE    OF   DANreL    RnnST.. 

the  weary  pioneer  lield  his  difficnit  ^\  ay,  tlie  ir^n  road 
threads  i^s  way  in  all  directions,  so  that  an  armycoulo 
concentrate  with  all  the  pomp  and  circumstance  of 
war,  in  less  hours  than  the  men  of  Boone's  time  could 
have  reckoned  by  days;  and  even  yet  there  live  some 
men  who  have  seen  the  country  in  both  its  great 
conditions. 

Strange  it  was  that  this  army  with  its  artillery  con 
lined  itself  but  to  conquests  in  part,  for,  with  its  iron 
allies,  it  might  have  swept  out  of  existence,  as  well 
Boonesborough  as  the  other  log-built  fortresses  ;  ])ut 
Heaven  destined  a  better  fate  for  the  great  State  of 
which  these  forts  were  the  parentage. 

Boonesborough  had  once  been  recognized  by  the 
law  of  Virginia  in  all  the  dignity  of  a  municipality. 
It,  witli  more  of  adventure  than  belongs  to  most 
towns  in  our  country,  had  commenced  its  career  in  a 
State  suffici-ently  sovereign  and  independent  while  it 
lasted,  but  wliose  duration  had  been  rather  brief.  It 
had  been  a  subject  to  the  laws  of  the  Tliird  George, 
of  England,  but  a  short  time.  It  had  known  the  au- 
thority of  Col.  Henderson's  Transylvania  for  a  period 
as  brief;  and  now  the  Ancient  Dominion  took  the 
fort  under  its  dignified  protection.  Ih  October,  177J>, 
i!ie  Legislature  of  Virginia  established  l»y  law  tlio 
town  of  Boonesborough,  m  the  countij  of  Keiituckij  ! 

That  Virginia  once  held  the  State  of  Kentucky  ;u 
ui  appendage — a  mere  county  —  seems  stran^^e  in 


ANECDOTE    OF    EA^T)OLPH.  249 

deed.  When,  in  his  best  days,  the  elooaent  llan* 
dolph  was  introduced  to  a  gentleman  fro.m  Kentucky, 
he  told  him  he  was  from  the  Botany  !Jay  of  Yii 
ginia.  The  Xentuckian  felt  the  remark  to  be  diS' 
courteous,  and  could  not  avoid  manifesarg  his  sur- 
prise ;  but  the  statesman  immediately  sai  i  —  "  Yes — 
just  as  England,  which  at  first  sent  only  liev  rougher 
population  to  Botany  Bay,  has  founded  a  State  which 
will  outrival  and  exceed  its  parent,  it  ^rill  be  with 
Kentucky."  Randolph  did  not  live  to  see  how  truth 
fully  Australia  was  working  out,  in  its  grklen  treas 
ure,  his  illustration,  but  he  did  survive  to  note  hoT^ 
steady  and  sure  was  the  advance  of  Ken^acky  till,  in 
freshness  of  action  and  strength  of  resource,  it  be- 
comes peer  to  the  State  which  once  considered  it  only 
as  a  far-off,  frontier  county. 

Of  this  town  Daniel  Boone  was  named,  in  the  act, 
as  one  of  the  trustees.  Surveys  of  the  lots  were  or- 
dered, and  a  very  liberal  grant  directed  to  be  made  to 
ill  who  would  build  a  dwelling  at  least  sixteen  feet 
square,  with  a  brick,  stone  or  dirt  chimney.  The  cit- 
izens of  Kentucky  have  enlarged  their  ideas  of  archi- 
tecture since  that  law  passed.  Every  one  of  thp 
trustees  declined  to  act.  What  induced  this  whole- 
sale modesty  of  office  on  the  part  of  these  settlei* 
does  not  appear.  It  is  quite  probable  that  Boone  d« 
sired  no  connection  with  anything  that  looked  like    i 

land  office,  after  his  experiences  in  such  subjects. 
K* 


250  UIK   OF  DANIKL  BOONE. 

He  has  been  8o  much  before  us,  as  connected  witV 
Boonesborough,  that  it  becomes  ai)propriate  to  quote 
here  the  eloquent  delineation  given  bj  Gov.  More- 
nead  of  the  subsequent  history  of  the  town. 

•*  Even  w-ith  the  Assistance  of  these  bountiful  provisions, 
Boonesborough  nevo"  rose  to  any  importance  among  the  vil- 
lages of  Kentucky,  -t  was  the  tirst,  and  perhaps  on  that  ao- 
ccuiit,  in  the  earlier  period  of  her  history  the  doomed  for- 
tress, against  which  the  savages  seemed  to  have  directed  their 
most  determined  efforts,  and  having  withstood  them,  through 
a  series  of  years  of  difticulty  and  danger,  it  lost  precedence 
\Fhich  circumstances  had  given  to  it,  and  sunk  with  the  dis- 
appearance of  the  enemy  whose  incursions  it  had  &o  success- 
fully resisted.  Time  has  passed  roughly  over  the  consecra- 
ted spot  of  the  first  settlement  of  Kentucky.  The  "  lots  and 
streets"  of  Boonesborough  have  ceased  to  he  known  by 
their  original  lines  and  landmarks.  The  work  of  the  plo- 
neers  has  perished.  Scarce  a  vestige  remains  of  their  rudely 
built  cabins  and  their  feeble  palisades.  The  elm  uiuhr  whose 
shade  they  worshipped  and  legislated  and  took  counsel  of 
each  other  for  safety  and  defence,  no  longer  survives  to 
spread  its  ample  canopy  over  our  heads.  But  the  soil  on 
ivhicii  they  stood  is  under  our  foot.  Tlu'  spring  which  slaked 
heir  burning  thirst,  at  every  pause  in  their  conflicts  with  the 
•eniorseless  foe,  is  at  our  side,  llie  river  from  whose  clifTa 
Jie  Indian  leveled  his  rifle  at  the  invaders  of  his  hunting 
fiound,  still  rolls  its  "  arrowy  "  current  at  our  back.  These 
tre  memorials  that  cannot  fail.  How  replete  with  interest 
we  the  reminiscences  they  awakrn  ! 

"They  remind  us  of  Boone  m  i  his  adventurous  compan- 
ions, plying  the  forest  with  theii  axes,  and  throwing  theii 
\\iick  and  anxious  glances  aroun^  them,  as  if  the  reverbera 


Boone's  adventures  renewed.  25, 

rion  of  every  stroke  might  be  the  tocsin  of  their  doom  —  of 
Hendersor,  and  Hart,  and  ^Yilliaras,  the  self-styled  pioprie- 
tors  of  the  '  new  born  country,'  priding  themselves  on  their 
iitle  to  the  soil,  hurling  defiance  at  a  royal  governor,  claim 
mg  admission  into  the  confederacy  of  united  colonies,  and 
'  plav.ing  the  corner-stone  of  a '  political  '  edifice  '  that  would 
only  be  great  and  glorious  in  proportion  to  the  excellence  of 
its  foundation  —  of  Slaughter,  and  Todd,  and  Floyd,  and  Har- 
rod,  and  Callaway,  the  law-givers  and  defenders  of  the  fron- 
tier ;  of  Sythe,  the  peaceful  '  minister  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land,' whose  sacred  vocation  could  not  exempt  him  from  the 
death  of  the  tomahawk :  and  while  we  are  thus  reminded  of 
the  men,  by  whose  valor  and  perseverance  this  fair  land  waa 
won,  and  by  whose  agency  its  institutions  were  planted,  who 
does  not  feel  himself  borne  down  by  the  weight  of  the  ob- 
ligations of  respect  and  gratitude,  which  their  services  have 
imposed  1  Honor  to  the  memory  —  peace  to  the  ashes  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Kentucky ! " 

No  sooner  did  Boone  return  to  Boonesboroiigli  than 
his  adventures  and  his  perils  were  renewed.  Indeed, 
his  whole  life  was  one  series  of  wild  and  strange  ex- 
periences. He  found  the  fort  not  likely  to  be  at- 
tacked,  as  there  were  so  many  settlements  around  it 
as  to  give  the  foe  too  much  annoyance  in  the  rear,  if 
he  attempted  it.  He  projected  an  expedition  to  the 
Blue  Licks,  and  was  accompanied  by  his  brother, 
Squire,  who  had  so  often  been  with  him  in  the  perils 
of  the  forest  and  the  fort.  They  left  on  the  sixth  oi 
October,  1780.  It  may  be  that  as  they  had  the  win 
ter  before  them,  they  visited  this  disastrous  locality 


2.*)2  UFK  OF  nAN"n«:i.  nooyK. 

foi  the  purpose  of  seeking  a  supply  of  salt,  with 
which  to  prepare  their  provisions  for  the  winter;  or 
it  may  have  been  only  the  passion  for  the  adventu 
rons  in  hunting.  Tliese  same  men  had  hunted  to- 
gether when  all  Kentucky  was  tlieir  hunting  ground, 
and  when  they  were  compelled  to  rely,  under  Provi- 
dence, on  themselves  to  escape  the  perils  of  the  wild 
beast,  or  what  they  dreaded  far  more,  the  cruel  and 
powerful  savage,  in  whose  very  home  they  had  estab- 
lished tlieir  cabin. 

The  union  and  affection  of  these  fraternal  pioneers 
were  cemented  by  their  endurance  of  a  thousand 
common  dangers.  For  Squire,  Boone  had  waited  f<>r 
months  alone  —  completely  alone  —  never  doubting 
that  if  he  could.  Squire  would  find  his  way  to  him. 
It  was  Squire  that,  when  Boone  wiis  pursuing  that 
wonderful  journey  of  solitary  discovery,  had  braved 
the  dangers  and  passed  the  mountain,  and  with  con- 
summate sagacity,  found,  in  that  trackless  forest,  his 
brother;  and  in  li^lit  and  hunt,  he  had  been  with 
him.  When  the  siege  was  on,  S(juire  was  of  the  brave 
men  who  dared  to  meet  the  treacherous  Indian  in  hia 
pretended  council.  And  now  that  Boone,  with  prop- 
erty gone  and  with  character  assailed,  had  returned 
to  frontier  life,  it  seems  quite  probable  that  he  sought 
this  exj)edition  with  Squire,  that  there  might  be  full 
and  free  converse  of  all  tliat  had  j)assed.  Thoro  wa^ 
at  leaat  one  man  who  never  had  deserted  him,  what 


SQUIRE   BCOXE    KILLED.  253 

ever  might  be  th'>  peril.  Tbej  reached  the  Blue 
Licks  in  safety,  and  were  on  their  return.  Certainly, 
Boone  was  a  man  of  extraordinary  nerve,  or  he  could 
not  have  sought  again  the  scene  where  his  capture 
had  taken  place,  every  feature  of  which  must  have 
been  associated  with  some  fearful  recollection.  And 
the  danger  was  not  fancied.  He  soon  had  occasion 
to  know  that  the  destinies  of  the  Blue  Licks  were  fa- 
tal to  him.  They  were  but  two.  The  Indians  dis- 
covered them,  and  they  were  fired  upon  by  a  party 
who  were  in  ambuscade.  If  the  Indians  had  known 
them,  they  would  not  have  dared,  unless  with  vast 
disparity  of  numbers,  to  have  met  them  in  open  field. 
The  fire  of  the  savage  was  fatal  to  Squire  ;  and  he 
who  had  braved  successfully  all  the  horrors  of  the 
solitary  journey  —  of  the  siege  and  of  all  forms  of 
Indian  peril  —  found  his  end  in  this  sad  journey.  lie 
met  the  fate  which  is  written  in  the  family  annals  of 
almost  every  pioneer.  Scalped,  and  probably  disfig- 
ured, Boone  must  leave  him,  for  if  he  hesitated,  the 
same  or  a  worse  fate  awaited  him. 

Boone  soon  had  reason  to  know  that  the  Indian  was 
his  bitter  foe.  They  soon  turned  from  the  dead  to  the 
living,  and  were  in  full  chase  after  him ;  and  this 
lime  they  added  to  their  usual  pursuit  the  keenness 
and  ferocity  of  the  dog.  He  was  pursued  as  if  he  had 
been  a  wild  beas^. ;  but  the  Pioneer  was  not  dismayed, 
either  by  savage  or  dog     For  three  miles,  the  chase 


'i51:  LIFE  OF   DANIfclL   BOONE. 

ke}>t  on.  Probably  he  soon  left  the  Indians  behind 
Tlicy  niaj  have  lost  their  time  in  wreaking  then 
wretched  vengeance  on  his  brother's  corpse.  Tlie 
dog  kept  on.  When  he  had  gone  the  distance  men- 
tioned, P.oone,  by  the  aid  of  his  unerring  rille,  stopped 
the  farther  progress  of  the  dog,  and  completed,  ir 
safety,  another  of  his  wonderful  escapes  ;  bearing,  as 
the  Indians  must  have  thought,  if  they  knew  who  it 
was  that  they  were  after,  a  charmed  life.  The  settle- 
ments must  have  been  much  more  numer(»us  than  be- 
fore, or  the  pursuit  would  have  been  continued,  since 
it  was  a  long  distance  between  the  Licks  and  the 
fort. 

That  was  a  sad  hour  when  he  returned  alone  to 
the  fort.  It  was  to  tell  the  tidings  of  this  new  and 
bitter  calamity.  Squire  Boone  was  a  fitting  compan- 
ion to  his  brother.  He  seems  to  have  been  like  him. 
He  was  the  man  on  whom  he  had  relied,  and  whose 
energetic  com})anionship  was  always  of  intense  value. 

Boone  felt  this  sorrow  exceedingly,  and  t'nl lowing, 
as  it  did,  his  losses,  this  period  was  a  dark  hour  in  the 
Pioneer's  history.  Squire  bore  the  name  of  his  father. 
lie  wiis  the  youngest  boy,  and  the  youngest  child  but 
one.  In  the  greater  fame  and  longer  career  of  his 
brother,  his  name  has  been  overlooked  ;  but  Kentucky 
may  well  enroll  him  among  its  fathers.  Had  he  done 
no  other  deed  than  that  of  i)ei forming,  almost  alone, 
tile  mcmora])h'  journey  through  the  Indian  wilder 


A   SEVERE   WINTER.  255 

Qess,  in  search  of  the  brother  he  lo^ed,  it  ^ould  have 
made  his  name  memorable. 

Now  came  on  the  dread  winter  of  1780  —  memora- 
ble in  our  history  for  its  severity.  It  was  that  famoug 
winter  in  which  even  the  Bay  of  ]^ew  York  yielded 
to  the  frost,  and  artillery  rolled  over  the  solid  cover- 
ing. It  was  the  period  concerning  which,  even  yet, 
very  old  men  tell  us  wonderful  relations  of  its  expe- 
riences. The  settler  felt  it,  in  one  respect,  a  benefit, 
for  the  savage  was  kept  within  his  forests  by  it,  and 
the  frozen  earth  was  unstained  by  blood.  In  every 
other  respect,  the  frontier  people  suffered.  Boone 
Bays :  "  The  severity  of  the  winter  caused  great  diffi- 
culties in  Kentucky.  The  enemy  had  destroyed  most 
of  the  corn  the  summer  before.  This  necessary  article 
was  scarce  and  dear,  and  the  inhabitants  lived  chiefly 
on  the  flesh  of  bufi'alo.  The  circumstances  of  many 
were  very  lamentable ;  however,  being  a  hardy  race 
of  people,  and  accustomed  to  difficulties  and  neces- 
sities, they  were  wonderfully  supported  through  all 
their  sufl'erings." 

In  this  scene  of  trouble,  the  frontier  had  abundant 
companions  —  for  all  over  our  country,  the  severity 
of  that  season  added  to  the  distress  which  was  conse- 
quent upon  the  war.  The  American  troops  were  re- 
luced  to  the  saddest  privations.  The  winter  of  178C 
may  have  been  equaled  or  exceeded  in  its  thermome 
trical  characteristics,  but  the  cold  never  else  came  at  a 


i'lG  LIFE   OF   DANIEL   IKK)NK. 

time  when  it  so  completely  accumulated  its  strength 
In  connection  with  other  ills. 

Boone  felt  that  the  Indians  had  struck  a  blow  at 
Booncsbt trough,  in  causing  the  death  of  his  beloved 
brother,  greater  than  the  savage  could  have  hojed 
and  that  winter  must  have  been  to  iiim  one  of  the 
most  melancholy  periods  of  his  life  ;  nr.r  is  it  likely 
but  that  he  looked  to  the  Blue  Licks  with  the  most 
painful  association,  since  he  had  hitherto  only  visited 
it  to  write  disaster  and  mourning  upon  his  life.  And 
yet,  how  terrible  was  the  after  history  of  that  local- 
ity !  Certainly,  to  Boone,  it  was  the  gloom  of  hi<? 
life. 

In  his  diary,  Boone  makes  no  mention  of  a  circum- 
stance which,  in  the  minds  of  most  men,  would  have 
been  so  prominent  that  it  would  have  been  of  first 
record.  Virginia  had  wisely  concluded  to  extend  its 
jurisdiction  over  its  western  lands,  and  had  deter- 
mined its  division  into  three  counties  —  Fayette,  Lin 
coin  and  Jefferson  —  neither  o{'  the  individuals  whost 
names  were  thus  bestowed,  having  been  identified 
with  the  settlement  of  the  country.  Virginia  passed 
by  the  honored  names  of  Boone,  and  Finley,  and 
Henderson,  and  Clarke,  who  had  done  so  much  to- 
wards  making  this  vast  domain  availal)le  for  the  }»ur- 
poses  of  civilization.  It  was  a  trait  of  the  policy 
which  soon  prcjtared  the  way  for  the  separation  and 
bidependency  of  Kentucky.     To  each  county  wiia  a* 


THE    COrRT  OF    COMMISSIONEKS.  251 

3igned  a  milltarj  organization,  and  Daniel  EoDnewas 
made  lieutenant  colonel  of  Lincoln  county.  PrO' 
motion  is  not  always  won  by  services  as  gallant  as 
his  were.  He  had  a  noble-hearted  general  —  Clarke 
—  and  the  frontiei  could  look  around  on  its  soldiery, 
and  feel  that  it  might  bear  comparison  with  that  of 
any  part  of  the  country.  Such  warriors  as  Boone, 
ai:d  Kenton,  and  Harrod,  deserve  the  fame  which 
has  so  justly  fallen  to  Marion  and  Morgan. 

Tlie  fam-ous  Court  of  Commissioners  in  relation  to 
land  titles,  ended  its  session  on  the  twenty-sixth  of 
April,  1780.  It  had  been  in  session  seven  months, 
and  had  granted  three  thousand  claims  —  an  extent 
of  industry  to  which  modern  commissions  furnish  no 
parallel.  It  had  passed  part  of  its  official  existence 
in  the  fort  at  Boonesborough  —  that  being  the  scene 
of  all  that  was  interesting  in  that  region,  in  peace  or 
war.  Yery  many  of  those  who  profited  by  their  la- 
jDors,  and  secured  titles,  were  actuated  by  the  desire 
which  was  expressed  by  Col.  Thomas  Marshall,  who 
distinguishing  himself  at  the  head  of  the  third  Yir- 
ginia  Regiment,  at  Brandywine  and  Germantown, 
declared  his  object  before  the  commissioners  to  be  "  to 
locate  land  warrants,  as  a  provision  for  a  numeroua 
family,  which  he  intended  to  remove  to  the  conntrj? 
on  the  restoration  of  peace. " 

The  emigration  in  this  year  was  very  great.     Three 

b  mdred  large  boats  arrived  in  the  spring  of  ITSu,  ai 

17 


258  IIFE   OF   DANIEL    BOONK. 

the  Falls,  wli.se  occupants  hoped,  iu  the  hind  of  lei 
tility,  to   lay  up  ii   better  provision   than  their  oldei 
babitations  Aimished.     The   winter,  in  its  intensity 
was  a  fearful  admonition  to  be  protected  against  long 
months  of  privation. 

Virginia  honored  herself  by  laying  plans  to  "  dif- 
fuse knowledge  among  her  remote  citizens  —  whoso 
situation  in  a  barbarous  neighborhood  and  a  savage 
intercoui*se  might  otherwise  render  unfriendly  to 
science."  These  fostering  efforts  established  a  litera- 
r}'  institution  for  Kentucky,  which,  Gov.  Morehead 
says,  "  in  the  jirogress  of  sixty  yeai*s,  tilled  her  as- 
semblies with  law-givei*3 — her  cabinets  with  states- 
men— her  judicial  tribunals  with  ministers  of  justice 
—  her  pulpits  with  divines  —  and  crowded  the  pro- 
fessional ranks  at  home  and  abroad  with  ornaments 
and  benefactors  of  their  country." 

That  winter  of  1780  deserves  more  than  brief  re 
cord.  It  was  a  sorrow  laid  across  the  path  of  thtf 
revolutionary  struggle.  To  this  frontier,  with  the 
imperfect  buildings,  it  was,  indeed,  a  period  of  deso- 
lation. From  the  middle  of  November  to  the  middle 
of  February,  snow  and.  ice  continued  on  the  ground 
without  a  thaw.  Many  of  the  cattle  perislied,  and 
numbers  of  beai-s,  buffalo,  deer,  wolves,  beavers,  otterg 
and  wild  turkeys,  were  found  frozen  to  death.  Some- 
times the  famished  wild  animals  would  come  up  iu 
the  >ards  of  the  stations  along  with  the  tame  cattle 


SUFFKEINGS    OF    THE    SETTLP.R8.  25S 

Tiich  -va-d  the  scarcity  of  food  tliat  a  single  "jonnj 
cake  '  would  be  divided  into  a  dozen  parts,  and  dis- 
ti  ibuted  around  to  the  inmates  to  serve  for  two  meals. 
Even  this  resource  failed,  and  for  weeks  they  had  no- 
thing to  live  on  but  wild  game.  Sixty  dollars  (Con 
tinental)  a  bushel  were  given  for  corn."  It  is  fortu- 
nate for  mankind  that  only  in  a  long  interval  of  years 
does  such  intense  cold  seem  necessary  to  preserve 
the  great  equilibrium  of  the  atmosphere.  Though  it 
is  three  score  years  and  ten  since  the  winter  of  "  '80'' 
occurred,  its  recollections  are  even  yet  often  renewed 
—  and  with  the  eclipse  of  1804,  it  furnishes  an  era 
by  which  uneducated  old  men  measure  their  days. 

The  Indian  forbore  any  organized  attack  upon 
Boonesborough,  but  it  was  yet  unsafe  to  venture 
about  without  the  utmost  care  and  precaution.  The 
savage  now  ceased  to  molest  with  murderous  intent. 
Near  the  fort,  about  a  mile  above,  but  in  the  same 
valley  of  the  river,  there  dwelt  some  orderly,  respect- 
able people,  and  the  men  wevB  good  soldiers.  They 
had  emigrated,  like  Boone's  family,  from  Pennsylva- 
nia, leaving  the  quiet  of  that  pacific  State  to  find 
themselves  surrounded  by  the  worst  of  foes.  Such 
men  paid  most  bitterly  for  their  desire  tc  acquire  ex- 
tensive territory. 

But  notwithstanding  all  this,  the  settlement  of  the 
country  went  on.  The  land  was  too  good  to  be  given 
^p  to  the  Indians  ;  and  while  the  attacks  of  the  latte? 


260  LIFE   OF    DANIKL    B<XjNK. 

made  men  desperate,  it  only  gave  them  greater  do 
termination,  that  their  chihlren  should  enjoy  in  peace, 
that  for  which  they  periled  their  lives  every  hour. 
Tlio  settlers  took  possession,  whenever  it  was  practi- 
cable, of  their  lots,  and  the  surveyor  moved  abou 
from  place  to  place,  leaving  the  record  of  his  valua- 
ble science  in  inscriptions  upon  trees,  which  have 
long  since  been  so  changed,  w^here  the  axe  has  not 
removed  them  entirely,  that  they  are  studied  like  an 
ancient  inscription. 

The  ])roles6ion  of  a  surveyor  in  this  country  re- 
ceived unfading  honor  by  its  having  been,  at  one  pe- 
riod of  his  life,  that  of  George  Washington,  and  it  ia 
of  proof  that  the  surveyors  in  Kentucky  might  claim 
tliis  illustrious  man  as  one  of  their  predecessors,  lie 
made  for  John  Fry  two  surveys,  and  in  complete  con- 
sistency witli  that  wonderful  precision  and  method  in 
business  which  so  distinguished  him,  every  corner  was 
found  well  marked.  On  the  beginning  corner  he  cut 
the  initials  of  his  name.  By  such  writing  on  the 
forest  Kentucky  holds  the  pleiisant  remembrance 
that  the  Father  of  his  Country  was  once  within  her 
limits. 

In  ITSl,  one  of  the  earliest  children  of  Kentucky 
—Richard  M.  Johnson  was  born — who  afterwards 
rose  to  the  high  honor  of  the  Vice-Presidency  of 
the  United  States.  His  father  was  of  those  who 
took   an  active  and   prominent  part  in   the  sangui- 


THE   INDIANS    GEOW   BOLDEE.  26  i 

narj  conflicts  which  raged  between  the  settlers  ana 
the  savages,  in  the  early  history. 

Boone,  in  1781,  remained  in  Boonesborough.  He 
had  seen  it  placed  upon  a  secure  tenure  ;  at  least  as 
safe  as  any  place  could  possess  in  a  scene  of  constant 
border  warfare.  The  land,  settling  as  its  pleasant 
acres  were,  had  only  arrived  even  at  this  degree  of 
safety  by  a  succession  of  bloody  struggles.  He  says, 
in  his  narrative,  that  when  Col.  Henderson  secured 
the  deed  of  cession  from  the  Indians,  in  which  Boone 
acted  a  part  so  prominent,  and  which  enabled  Hen 
derson  to  originate  the  State  of  Transylvania,  an  old 
Indian  took  him  (Boone)  by  the  hand,  and  said; 
*'  Brother,  we  have  given  you  a  fine  land,  but  I  be- 
lieve you  will  have  some  trouble  in  settling  it."  The 
Indian's  prophecy  had  written  its  truth  in  letters  of 
blcod.  To  Boone,  the  prediction  was  fatally  forcible, 
and  with  a  strength  of  expression  which  even  Filson'a 
secretaryship  could  not  spoil,  Boone  says,  "  My  foot- 
steps have  often  been  marked  with  blood." 

Towards  the  spring  of  1782,  the  Indians  became 
bolder,  and  Boone  heard  that  i  May  of  that  year, 
a  neighboring  station  was  assaulted,  and  a  prisonei 
taken.  The  marauders  were  pursued  by  Captain 
Ashton,  but  the  Indians  were  superior  in  force,  and 
Ashton  and  eleven  of  his  party  were  killed  —  a  ter- 
rble  loss  out  of  the  twenty-five  men  of  whom  tlie  ex- 
pedition was  composed.     Such  a  result  of  a  contes) 


262  LIFE    OF    DANIPX    r^X'NR. 

with  the  settlers,  waked  up  anew  tlie  determination 
of  the  Indians  to  make  the  frontier  men  pay  most 
dearly  for  their  occupancy  of  their  old  and  favorite 
huntini:^  ground. 

It  is  now  a  time  in  wliich  tlie  question  may  be  ex 
amined,  wliether  the  British  government  did  not 
write  a  fearful  disgrace  in  its  annals,  by  the  manner 
in  which  it  allowed  its  officers  to  excite  the  savage  to 
deeds  of  the  most  dreadful  cruelty.  All  is  not  fair  in 
war ;  and  even  in  the  contests  of  nations,  there  is  a 
limit  beyond  which  the  brave  encounter  of  honorable 
men,  eacli  believing  his  quarrel  just,  is  changed  into 
the  ferocious  wickedness  of  demons.  Tlie  premium 
offered  for  scalps  was  horrible.  It  gave  the  Indian, 
in  his  terrilic  barbarity,  the  strange  encouragement 
of  a  great  and  civilized  nation.  These  cruelties  were 
emulated  by  the  British  soldier.  Mavor,  one  of  the 
most  prejudiced  and  partial  of  monarchical  historians 
— fitting  to  share  the  partisan  reputation  of  Alison — 
relates  an  instance  occurring  about  this  period,  in  a 
remote  part  of  tlie  country.  "  A  large  body  of  Brit- 
ish troops  burnt  a  considerable  part  of  the  village  of 
Connecticut  Farm*.  In  the  neigliborhood  lived  Mr. 
Caldwell,  an  eminent  Presbyterian  clergyman,  whose 
exertions  in  defence  of  bis  country  had  rendered  hino 
particularly  obnoxious  to  the  British.  Mrs.  Caldweh, 
seeing  the  enemy  advancing,  retired  with  her  house- 
kocj)er,  a  chiUl   three  years   old,  an    infant  of  eight 


BRITISH    AND    IXDTAN    BAEBARTIT.  268 

months,  and  a  little  maid,  to  a  room  secured  on  all 
sides  by  stone  walls,  except  at  a  window  opposite  the 
enemy.  Unsuspicious  of  danger,  while  she  was  sit- 
ting on  the  bed,  holding  one  .child  by  the  hand,  and 
wi^h  her  infant,  a  soldier  shot  her  dead,  who  had  evi- 
dently come  to  the  unguarded  part  of  the  house,  with 
a  design  to  perpetrate  the  horrid  deed."  When  the 
agents  of  the  British  government  leagued  themselves 
at  all  with  the  Indians,  they  committed  a  fearful  er- 
ror, but  when,  after  establishing  a  control  over  them, 
which  they  must  have  had,  as  they  furnished  them 
with  arms  and  ammunition,  they  allowed  them  to 
torture,  their  prisoners  in  their  presence,  it  gave  to 
the  war  a  horrible  ferocity,  and  tlie  vengeance  that 
men  put  forth,  fell  chiefly  on  the  savages. 

Emphatic  were  Jefferson's  words.  "  He  (George 
the  Third)  has  endeavored  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants 
of  our  frontiers  the  merciless  Indian  savages,  whose 
known  rule  of  warfare  is  an  undistinguished  destruc- 
tion of  all  ages,  sexes  and  conditions  ;  "  and  he  must 
have  alluded  to  this  when  he  speaks  of  the  Revolu- 
tion as  ''  begun  with  circumstances  of  cruelty  and 
perfidy,  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most  barbarous  ages 
and  totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a  civilized  nation.  ' 
Jefferson  was  of  those  who  had  been  consulted,  when 
Gen.  Clarke  submitted  to  the  Governor  of  Yirginia 
his  plan  for  the  protection  of  the  frontier,  and  it  is 
\uite  probable  that  Clarke  portrayed  to  Patrick  Hen 


2C4  LIKE   OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

ry  and  to  Tlioiniis  Jefferson  what  Boone  Lad  cxpon 
enced,  and  what  testimony  Boone  had  borne  to  the  per 
fidiouB  character  of  the  Indian  ;  for  £  all  those  whose 
evidence  had  reached  Chirke,  the  infurniat'on  of  none 
liad  been  more  accurate  tliaii  that  derived  frum  tl'e 
great  Pioneer. 

Tlie  memory  of  the  cruelties  sanctioned  by  the 
British  government,  was  one  great  reason  why  there 
lemained  —  and  it  is  not  yet  entirely  obliterated  — 
BO  long  such  bitterness  of  feeling  on  the  part  of  our 
people  against  the  English.  The  fair  open  fight  in 
battle,  with  the  British  soldier,  was  an  honorable 
warfare,  but  the  savage  gave  a  depth  of  horror  to  the 
war,  which  had  its  illustration  in  some  tradition  ot 
horror,  even  yet  to  be  traced  in  many  of  those  whose 
fathers  found  children  butchered  and  house  burnt  by 
the  wild  red  man. 

In  the  country  north-west  of  the  Ohio,  a  vile  rene- 
gade by  the  name  of  Girty,  not  merely  sustained  but 
encouraged  the  Indian  in  all  his  cruelty.  lie  was  a 
Tory,  and  one  of  the  very  bitterest  of  the  foes  of  the 
white  man.  Ills  life  was  one  scene  of  wretched  bar- 
barities, except  that  on  one  occasion,  he  saved,  by  a 
cajuice  of  humanity,  the  life  of  the  adventurous 
Kenton. 

Mr.  Peck  describes  him  as  "  an  Indian  by  adoption, 
imbibing  their  ferocious  and  blood-thii*sty  temper  — 
having  ac(juired  their  habits,  and  inflaming  their  j)as- 


THE    KE^^EGADE    GIETY.  265 

aions  to  madness  bj  his  speeches,  and  goading  them 
to  vengeance ;  and  who  delighted  in  all  the  refine- 
ment of  Indian  torture."  Such  a  man  was  counte 
nanced  bj  the  British  government,  as  he  professed  al- 
legiance to  them.  By  his  conduct  he  compromised, 
every  hour,  his  employers,  and  caused  the  war  of  the 
Revolution  to  pu^  on  features  of  horror  that,  with  all 
its  evil,  do  not  belong  to  the  struggles  of  civilized  na- 
tions. [N^or  was  he  alone ;  a  man  whose  education 
was  piobtibly  much  better,  was  his  principal,  and  ob- 
tained a  great  influence  over  the  Indians.  This  was 
Col.  Mc  Kbe.  He  was  avowedly  an  oflicial  agent  of 
the  British  government.  His  deeds  are  attested  by 
the  most  redable  witnesses.  Exciting  to  murder  and 
torture,  he  ^et  in  motion  a  train  of  influences  which 
soon  became  so  wide-spread  that  even  he  could  not 
control  them. 

Great  Britain,  it  is  almost  certain,  would  not  again 
pursue  such  policy.  The  world  has  grown  better  and 
v^'ould  not  Kolerate  such  conduct  in  a  State.  Her 
Indian  allies  in  the  Bevolution  did  her  no  good.  The 
temporary  &flceess  they  gained,  followed  by  all  its 
bitter  resulta  of  cruelty,  only  gave  new  force  and 
strength  to  tjiose  who  had  been  vanquished.  The  In- 
dian was  pr  )mpt  to  fly,  and  leave  his  allies  in  the 
field,  to  struggle  as  best  they  might.  The  savage 
fought  by  impulse.     If  he  could  strike  the  blow  at 

>nce,  he  gave  aU  his  energies  to  it,  but  the  cool  and 
L 


i$6  LIFE   i.F    DANIEL   BOOXE. 

collected^defence  was  always  powerful  against  l/ipi 
Far  better  would  it  have  been  for  our  common  hu- 
manity, if  the  Indian  had  been  set  aside  in  the  com- 
flict,  as  one  with  whom  no  alliance,  by  either  of  the 
parties  to  the  controversy,  could  be  mace.  It  woul^ 
have  spared  us  many  a  fearful  legend. 

Encouraged  by  the  whites,  the  Indians  kej)t  the 
settlements  around  Boonesborough  in  a  state  of  con- 
stant alarm.  Tlie  stations  were  continually  infested 
with  savages,  and  men  were  killed,  and  horses  stolen 
at  every  opportunity.  Again  the  settlers  met  with  a 
reverse.  A  party  headed  by  Capt.  Ilolden  was  de- 
feated, and  out  of  his  seventeen  men,  four  were  killed. 
Sometimes  the  savage  felt  keenly  the  blow  of  the  set- 
tler. B(^one  relates  that  near  Lexington  an  Indian 
fihot  a  man,  and  running  to  scalp  him,  was  himself 
shot  from  tlie  fort,  and  fell  dead  upon  his  enemy. 
Why  he  selects  this  incident  to  relate,  is  not  appa- 
rent. If  it  had  been  at  Boonesborouirh,  it  miirht 
have  been  only  the  record  of  the  unerring  aim  <»f  hig 
-ifle. 

Again  there  was  a  gathering  at  old  Chillicotho  — 
that  same  ])lace  which  had  witnessed  the  councils  and 
meetings  which  led  to  the  siege  of  Boonesborough. 
Instigated  by  the  authorities  at  Detroit,  and  by  the 
•gents  scattered  about  in  thoir  cnuntry,  the  Shawa- 
nese,  Cherokees,  "Wyandots,  Tawas,  and  Delawares, 
united  for  another  grand  demonstration  against  the 


ANOTHER   IXDIAN    COXFJ^DEKACY.  26'( 

Bettlements.  He  who  led  the  fight  at  Boonesborc  ngh, 
and  who  had  there  made  such  efforts  to  get  jDossessioD 
of  his  adopted  son, —  we  refer  to  Blackfish  —  had 
Bomo  time  since  been  killed  in  Bowman's  expedition 
against  Chillicothe.  He  had  borne  himself  gallantly, 
and  was  engaged  in  following  the  retreat  when  he 
was  destroyed.  Boone  did  not  feel  much  regret  a 
the  loss.  The  severe  education  which  he  had  receivec 
to  qualify  him  to  take  the  place  of  Blackfish's  son, 
who  had  been  killed  in  battle,  did  not  endear  the  re- 
lationship to  him.  It  is  quite  likely  that  had  Black- 
fish  caught  Boone,  no  ties  of  adoption  would  have 
prevented  him  from  presiding  at  his  torture. 

Imlay,  writing  about  1793,  thus  locates  the  Indiana 
who  made  this  confederated  campaign  :  "The  Shaw- 
anese  in  five  towns  on  the  Great  or  Little  Miami ; 
Cherokees  on  the  Tennessee  River ;  Wyandots  on  the 
Sandusky  Biver ;  Tawas,  eighteen  miles  up  the  Mau- 
mee  Biver ;  Delawares  on  the  Muskingum  Biver." 
It  is  of  these  people  that  the  historian  says,  "  they 
are  of  a  very  gentle  and  amiable  (!)  disposition  to 
those  they  think  their  friends,  but  as  implacable  in 
their  enmity  —  their  revenge  being  only  completed 
in  the  entire  destruction  of  their  enemies."  Of  the 
former  trait,  if  Mr.  Imlay's  observations  were  cor- 
rect, the  settlers  saw  but  littje,  while  they  had  the 
most  ample  reason  to  know  the  full  truth  of  the 
latter. 


268  LIFE   OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

At  ohl  Cliillicothe  tliese  tribes  assembled  iheii 
choicest  warriors.  This  Indian  village  wiis  built  in 
the  form  of  a  Kentucky  station,  that  is,  parallelograno 
or  long  square,  and  some  of  the  houses  were  shingled. 
A  long  council-house  extended  the  whole  length  of 
the  town,  where  the  chiefs  met  in  consultation.  Tlie 
Indian  was  not  always  as  artistical  in  his  abode. 
Some  of  his  huts  were  built  by  setting  up  a  frame  on 
forks  and  placing  bark  upon  it.  ^ome  were  of  reeds, 
and  surrounded  with  clay.  Tiie  fire  was  in  the  mid 
die  of  the  wigwam,  and  the  smoke  passed  through  a 
little  hole.  Their  tables  and  beds  were  of  reeds 
joined  together  Ijv  cords  run  through  them.  The 
skins  of  the  wild  beasts  they  took  in  hunting  were 
used  for  clothing.  They  had  taken  European  habits 
enougli  to  use  brass  kettles  and  pots  for  cooking  their 
food;  while  their  pails,  cups,  and  dishes,  were,  aa 
those  of  their  fatliers  may  have  been  for  ages,  of 
gourds  and  calabashes.  The  Indian,  in  all  this,  had 
traitg  kindred  to  all  other  wild  men,  such  as  the  Arab 
and  the  Esquimaux. 

Boone  says  the  expedition  was  got  up  to  destroy 
the  settlers  and  to  depopulate  the  country  ;  and  ho 
properly  characterizes  it,  as  in  it  the  utmost  force  and 
vengeance  of  the  Indian  was  concentrated.  They 
hoped  to  crush  the  settlement  at  a  blow.  The  se^ 
tiers,  as  they  came  in,  in  b<nit  and  by  horse,  seemed 
about  to  render  all  subjugation  of  the  coimtry  hope 


MK.    HEYAXT    KILLED.  26& 

less.  f  anything  conkl  be  done  to  bring  back  tc 
them  their  old  hunting  ground,  it  was  necessary  to  do 
it  at  once.  Indians  have  no  provident  care,  and  their 
huntina-  o^round  must  be  lars^e.  It  must  extend  over 
a  great  space,  for  they  could  not  economize  their  ef- 
forts, IMc  Clunor  thinks  that  the  settlers  were  i,g^no- 
rant  of  the  storm  that  was  impending ;  but  it  does 
not  seem  probable  that  such  experienced  and  saga- 
cious men  as  Boone  and  those  with  whom  he  had 
been  longest  in  company,  should  at  any  time  be  un- 
prepared for  the  Indian.  He  knew  tlieir  cunning, 
and  could  gather  by  the  manner  in  which  their  pre- 
liminary warfare  was  conducted  wliether  they  were 
in  great  force  or  not.  The  appearance  of  men  of 
different  tribes,  or  the  absence  of  certain  chieftains, 
would  give  indication  of  what  was  transpiring  at 
Chillicothe. 

There  was  a  station  not  far  from  Boonesborough, 
which  was  called  Bryant's,  from  the  first  settler.  Ita 
date  was  as  early  as  1T79,  and  its  founder,  -William 
Bryant,  had  married  Boone's  sister.  This  man  fell  in 
an  attack  made  by  a  wandering  party  of  Indians  on 
the  twentieth  of  May.  By  a  want  of  concerted  ac- 
tion between  two  parties  of  the  settlers,  one  of  which 
was  led  by  Bryant,  the  latter  was  drawn  into  an  am- 
buseadcj  and  was  fatally  wounded.  A  slight  occur- 
rence led  to  this  sad  issue.  The  associate  party  had 
been   surprised  by  Indians,   and  had  abandoned  to 


270 


Li  I  I.    « 


A.    HOOHK. 


them  a  led  horse,  on  wliich  a  hell  wiis  hung.  NdI 
knowing  this,  Bryant  rode  to  where  he  heard  the  bell, 
and  was  killed.  Thus  was  added  to  the  list  of  the 
kindred  of  Boone  who  fell  hv  tlie  warfare  uf  the  sav 
age,  another  ;  and  thus  another  affliction  followed  up- 
on the  sad  loss  uf  his  heluved  brother.  It  was  to  be 
but  one  in  a  series  of  personal  griefs. 


CHAPTEK   XV. 

TBM  ATTACK  ON  BRTANt's    STATION THE   RETREAT  OF  THE  INDIANS RAL- 
LY OF  THE  SETTLERS THE   COUNCIL THE  PURSUIT THE    AMBUSCADI 

CATTLE    OF   THE  BLUE    LICKS TERRIBLE    SLAUGHTER  AND  RETREAT    OF 

THE    SETTLERS ANOTHER    OF    BOONe's  SONS  SLAIN TODD,  TRIGG,  HAR- 
LAN, AND  SIXTY-SEVEN  OTHERS  SLAIN BOONe's  ACCOUNT A  THRILLINfl 

INCIDENT BOONe's   REPORT   OF   THE   BATTLE COL.  THOMAS    MARSHALL 

AND  GIRTY's  BROTHER. 

Bryant's  station  soon  heard  the  noise  of  the  war- 
rior again.  If  Boone's  sister  remained  there,  she 
must  have  felt  that  war  was  pursuing  her.  It  is  pro- 
bable, however,  that  she  sought,  after  her  husband's 
death,  the  protection  of  her  brother  and  the  society 
of  his  family. 

On  the  fifteenth  of  August  a  party  of  Indians  and 
Canadians,  of  five  hundred,  led  by  Girty  A^ho  added 
the  vigor  of  purpose  and  reflection  of  th  white  man 
to  the  savage  cruelty  of  the  Indian,  appt.<ired  before 
Bryant's  station ;  and  after  a  very  warnn  fight,  in 
which  Girty  was  wounded,  and  in  which  the  Indiana 
were  admirably  drawn  into  an  ambuscade,  the  siege 
was  raised.  The  Indians  6ufi:ered  severely,  having 
thirty  killed,  while  the  garrison  lost  but  four.  Girty 
endeavored  to  alarm  the  garrison  by  assuring  them 


272  I.IKK    OK    KAMI  I.    IIMONK. 

that  he  had  a  reinfurccment  near,  with  wliom  wai 
artillery.  Tliis  caused  a  dread,  for  the  settlers  feared 
nothing:  so  much  as  the  cannon.  Ilis  talk  was  treated 
with  contempt.  He  was  told  by  a  young  man  named 
Reynolds,  that  he  was  known ;  that  he  (Reynolds) 
hiid  a  worthless  dog  to  whom  he  had  given  the  name 
of  Simon  Girty,  from  the  great  resemblance  !  Girty 
professed  to  be  about  to  destroy  the  garrison,  but  it 
was  a  feint.  He  suddenly  left,  and  inviting  pursuit 
by  blazing  the  trees  with  their  tomahawks  as  they 
progressed,  he  and  his  confederate,  Mc  Kee,  departed 
by  the  buffalo  trace  for  the  Blue  Licks. 

Boone  now  appears  in  the  field  again.  Tlie  new8 
of  the  attack  by  Girty,  flew  with  all  the  speed  the 
express  messenger  (of  those  days)  could  give  it. 
Boonesborough  immediately  sent  out  its  warriors. 
Some  luid  ])cen  sent  in  order  to  reach  the  fort  to  be 
present  at  the  siege. 

By  the  exertions  of  the  colonel  of  the  Lincoln  regi- 
ment. Col.  Todd,  Boone,  Col.  Trigg,  and  Maj.  Har- 
lan —  the  troops  from  Harrodsburgh,  Lexington  and 
Boonesborough  rapidly  assembled  at  Bryant's  station. 
Boone  was  accompanied  by  his  son,  Isniel,  and  his 
brother,  Samuel. 

The  exigencies  of  the  occasion  demanded  a  council 
of  war;  for,  as  the  immediate  occasion  o(  the  rally 
had  }>:i-sL*d  away,  in  the  retreat  of  the  savages,  the 
next  step  to  be  taken  was  seriously  important.    Among 


A   COUNCE     OF   WAR.  27^. 

Hie  officers  were  Harlan,  McGary,  McBridej  anc 
Levi  Todd. 

Maj.  Harlan  was  a  soldier  to  whom  this  high  praise 
was  given,  that  Gen.  Clarke  said  of  him  that  "  he  was 
one  of  the  bravest  and  most  accomplished  soldiers 
that  ever  fought  by  his  side."  In  1778.  he  built  a 
Btockade  on  Salt  Kiver,  to  which  his  name  was  given. 
He  was  of  superb  appearance,  and  in  the  commence- 
ment of  the  prime  of  life.  Familiar,  bj  having  long 
acted  the  perilous  part  of  a  spy  among  the  Indians, 
with  all  Indian  warfare,  he  was  invaluable  to  the 
gathering  forces. 

Hugh  McGary  had  been  one  of  the  earliest  settlers 
of  Harrodsburgh,  a  spot  which  has  disputed  the  palm 
of  precedence,  in  the  settlement  of  Kentucky,  with 
Boonesborough.  McGary  is  described  by  Collins  as 
ardent,  impetuous  and  rash,  but  a  man  of  daring 
courage,  indomitable  energy  and  untiring  perseve- 
rance. He  brought  into  the  country  forty  horses,  but 
was  singularly  unsuccessful  with  them,  nearly  every 
one  of  them  being  stolen  by  the  Indians.  Living  as 
he  did  so  long  in  the  society  of  James  Harrod,  who 
built  the  first  log  cabin  in  Kentucky,  he  needed  to  b>e 
active,  for  that  brave  man  was  surpassed  by  none  of 
the  settlers  in  boldness  and  rai3id  action.  Even  when 
the  storm  of  war  was  over,  and  when  the  land  was 
quiet,  he  preferred  the  stirring  chase  to  all  other  pui* 

Buits,  and  at  last  died  a  hunter's  death,  in  the  wilder 
L*  18 


274  LIFE   OF   DANIEL    B<m>NF^ 

ues8.  McGary  had  ample  occasion  h\  sucli  company 
for  the  exercise  of  all  his  zeal. 

Levi  ToJd  ijad  made  his  settlements  earlj  in  the 
country  and  became,  in  after  life,  distinguished 
amon^  the  early  settlers.  Tlie  command  was  taken 
\)\  Cnl.  Todd.  Of  this  gentleman  the  historians  speak 
in  high  eulogy.  He  had,  in  the  famous  severe  win- 
ter of  17S0,  manifested  his  disposition  to  kindness  in 
an  incident  which  is  of  interest.  The  provisions  of 
the  fort  at  Lexington  became  exhausted,  and  when 
the  Colonel  returned  home  one  night,  with  his  favor- 
ite body  servant,  George,  a  piece  of  bread  about  two 
inches  square  and  a  gill  of  milk  were  all  that  his  wife 
could  offer  him.  Ue  turned  the  proffer  aside,  and 
insisted  that  George  should  have  it.  lie  had  been  a 
representative  in  the  Virginia  Legislature  of  the  Ken- 
tucky district.  His  visit  to  Kentucky  was  owing  to 
the  description  given  of  its  value  and  fertility  by 
Boone.  He  then  joined  Hendei*son's  party,  and  after 
that  claim  broke  up,  went  into  the  immediate  service 
of  Virginia. 

Col.  Trigg  was  also  an  officer  in  this  force.  Ho 
had  come  in  as  a  member  of  the  famous  Land  Com- 
mission, and  the  exhibit  which  he  heard  and  saw  on 
every  si<le  of  the  riches  of  the  land,  induced  him  to 
remain.  Ho  was  noted  for  his  activit\ ,  among  the 
Indians.  II is  memory  is  preserved  as  among  the 
noblest  of  the  pioneers. 


ITS   DELIBEEATIONS.  275 

The  fight  of  the  day  before,  had  stirred  up  the  blood 
jf  the  settlers.  The  fact  that  McKee  and  Gh'ty  were 
with  a  body  of  Indians  so  numerous  and  powerful, 
showed  that  a  bold  blow  was  determined  upon,  as  in- 
deed it  was  quite  likely,  was  anticipated  by  Boone. 
The  Indians  led  by  the  whites,  were  more  dangerous 
than  when  trusting  to  Indian  tactics  alone.  The 
threat  of  artillery  had  not  been  overlooked.  While 
it  might  be  but  the  bravado  of  Girty,  as  the  Indians 
were  in  full  alliance  with  the  British,  if  the  latter 
could  furnish  the  savages  with  so  powerful  an  arm  of 
attack,  there  would  be  no  scruple  about  it.  It  would 
be  a  great  movement  for  the  royalists,  to  break  up 
this  new  country  in  the  midst  of  the  war. 

In  determining  what  was  to  be  done,  it  was  a  se- 
rious point  in  consideration  that  the  force  of  Colonel 
Logan  had  not  arrived.  The  character  of  CoL  Logan 
was  so  well  established  in  bravery,  that  it  was  not  for 
one  moment  doubted  but  that  the  instant  he  had 
heard  the  alarm  he  had  prepared  to  join  the  warriors. 
Col.  Logan  was  a  Yirginian  —  by  bravery  and  chiv- 
alry a  fit  representation  of  the  cavaliers.  He  had,  in 
the  colonial  service,  prepared  himself  in  the  duties  of 
a  soldier,  and  when  he  came  to  Kentucky,  which  he 
did  in  the  famous  year,  1776,  he  was  one  of  those  who 
mos;;  successfully  dared  the  fearful  perils  of  the  woods, 
and  he  experienced  them  to  a  terrible  degree.  Hia 
little  station  was  in  one  series  of  wild  alarms,  and  the 


276  LIFE   OF    DANIKL    BOONE. 

Indian  seemed  never  wearied  of  endcavcrs  tn  cut 
him  off. 

Everything  was  in  liaste.  Tlic  Indians  were  to  be 
pnrsued  —  that  was  certain.  But  it  was  equally  cer 
tain  to  those  who  united  good  judgment  with  tiieir 
Eeal,  that  it  would  be  far  better  to  await  the  coming 
of  Lcrgan,  so  that  the  blow  struck  might  be  a  sure  one. 
In  this  opinion  Boone  was,  and  he  avowed  it.  Now, 
of  all  men  gathered  there,  it  was  to  Boone  that  a  sa- 
gacious leader  would  have  looked  for  information.  It 
was  at  and  near  the  Blue  Licks  that  Boone  liad  Inint- 
ed,  and  watched,  and  traversed,  till  all  its  holds  and 
fastnesses  were  known  to  him.  Boone  had  conquered 
the  Indians;  had  been  their  cap'^ve  and  their  master, 
and  his  coolness  and  courage  had  never  deserted  him. 
Tliere  were  none,  however,  of  the  council  oi  war,  who 
insisted  upon  going  forward  at  once.  A  relative  of 
Boone  stated  to  Mr.  Peck  —  and  the  fact  was  })rol)a- 
hly  obtained  from  the  Pioneer — that  the  officer  in 
command.  Col.  Todd,  had  estimated  that  Boone's  pru- 
dential counsels  were  those  of  cowardice  ;  and  if  the 
arrival  of  Logan  was  waited  for,  Logan  would  gain 
i\\\  the  gh'ry  of  the  pursuit. 

There  are,  in  every  part  of  the  world,  tliose  found 
who  seek  by  artful  reports  to  create  dissension  and 
unhappiness  among  those  associated  in  any  high  or 
honorable  |)urpose  ;  and  it  is  quite  probable  that  some 
tale-bean^r  invented  tlils  story,  j)ervt'rting  the  wordi 


DISAGREEMENT   AMONG   THE    OFFICERS.  2  <  . 

Df  Col.  Todd,  and  conveying  the  colored  statement  tr. 
Boone.  Brave  men  do  not  doubt  brave  men.  Col 
Todd  had,  for  too  many  years,  known  the  noble  zeal 
and  determined  bravery  of  the  Pioneer  —  who  never 
stood  back  from  danger  of  beast  or  man  —  to  doubt 
him  then. 

A  gentleman  who,  from  his  age,  may  be  supposed 
to  have  known  by  the  account  of  the  day  the  facts  in 
"^.he  case,  informs  Collins  that  he  utterly  discredits  the 
statement  that  Todd  was  disposed  to  hurry  the  action, 
m  any  fear  of  Logan's  acquisition  of  fame  by  being' 
the  leader,  and  this  would  seem  most  in  consonancsj 
with  the  true  bravery  of  an  old  warrior  like  Todd. 

In  the  noise  and  excitement  of  a  siege,  men  do  not 
make  accurate  account  of  their  foes.  The  duty  of 
the  present  instant  is  all  that  mind  or  sense  knows. 
Girty's  boast  that  his  troops  far  outnumbered  the  set- 
tlers was  forgotten  or  despised,  in  their  hatred  of  him, 
but  these  frontier  men  could  not  overlook  the  fact  of 
his  blazing  his  way  as  he  retreated.  This  seemed 
like  a  willingness  to  be  pursued,  which  the  Indian 
leaders  never  would  have  manifested,  if  they  had  not 
been  proud  in  their  numbers,  for  no  men  were  mora 
cautious  of  exposing  themselves  than  were  the  In- 
iians.  Every  sign  reported  by  the  spies  taugh 
Boone  that  this  was  an  hour  of  danger,  and  that  pru- 
dence  and  caution  are  worth  a  victory.  He  knew  bj; 
his  own  success  against  the  savage,  how  much  is  gain 


2TS  LIFE   OF   DANIEL   BOONE. 

vd  ill  war  ]>y  being  brave  enough  to  wa.,.  His  true 
soldier  mind  recognized  the  same  great  j  rinciple 
which  taught  Wellington  to  win  Waterloo  Ky  endu- 
rance. He  was  asked  his  judgment,  anc  .,e  gave  it. 
According  to  McClung,  he  told  them  of  the  make  of 
the  Country,  and  his  belief  that  an  ambuscade  was  :  - 
tended,  for  he  knew  that  the  Indian  relies  on  nothing 
BO  much  as  seizing  his  enemy  at  a  disadvanUige. 

In  our  own  day,  the  surprise  of  the  gallant  Major 
Dade,  by  the  Seminoles,  was  in  the  same  strategy. 
There  the  ambuscade  was  entirely  successful.  The 
Indian  does  not  change.  A  decaying  race  have  little 
inducement  to  learn  new  arts  in  peace  or  war.  Boone 
had  a  solemn  destiny  connected  with  this  locality.  It 
had  been  to  him  a  point  of  the  utmost  sorrow  and 
peril,  and  if  the  incidents  of  a  locality  could  be  forci- 
bly imprinted  on  the  mind,  tliese  must  have  been. 
In  his  account  of  the  battle,  Boone  observes  that  he 
was  ignorant  of  the  numbers  of  the  foe.  Had  his 
|)lan  of  sending  out  men  to  learn  all  this,  been  pur- 
sued, the  settlers  would  liavc  neither  given  «>r  re- 
ceived a  blow  in  thc^  dark.  Had  vitluntccrs  been 
called  for  to  undertake  the  })eril()us  duty  of  ascertain- 
ing who  and  where  was  the  enemy,  the  experience 
of  his  life  shows  that  he  would  have  been  among 
those  who  would  have  discharged  such  duty. 

While  the  council  was  deliberating,  the  rashness 
>f  (Mie   man   ended  the  argument.     McGury  giving 


279 

the  war-whoop,  in  defiance  of  all  discipline,  uttered 
the  stincrino;  taunt  that  all  who  were  not  cowards 
should  follow  him.  He  would  show  where  the  In- 
dian was.  At  the  time,  such  words  seem  those  of 
Draverj,  but  the  courage  that  is  sudden  and  ardent, 
is  of  the  lesser  and  lower  grade.  The  calm  resolution 
and  thorough  action  conbined,  is  the  real  heroism 
Of  course,  as  would  be  the  case  in  a  gathering  ot 
frontier-men  with  rifle  in  hand,  a  large  part  of  the  de- 
tachment followed  the  hasty  McGary.  Todd  and 
Boone  did  not,  and  the  fact  that  Todd  remained  witli 
Boone  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  two  were  im- 
bued with  each  other's  sentiments,  and  understood 
the  value  of  deliberate  action. 

The  proposition  to  examine  the  country  was  again 
renewed,  and  the  buffalo  trace  and  its  vicinity  were, 
as  the  scouts  supposed,  thoroughly  examined.  There 
was  here  a  remarkable  bend  of  the  Licking  Eiver, 
and  Boone  knew  how  likely  the  ravines  adjacent 
would  be  chosen  as  the  place  for  the  surprise  to  be 
concealed. 

He  knew  that  the  buffalo  path  would  lead  the  ar- 
my between  the  places  most  likely  to  afford  conceal- 
ment to  the  Indians,  and  when  the  scouts  returned 
and  reported  the  way  to  be  clear,  while  it  encouraged 
the  impetuous,  Boone  could  not  be  so  easily  satisfied. 
The  whole  affair  looked  suspicious,  but  he  took  hia 
place  in  line  of  battle.     The  spies  had  reported  tha< 


380  I.IKK    oy    DANII-X    U(M>NK. 

they  could  find  no  Indiarn,  while  in  tact  the  grass  b^ 
their  side  was  quivenng  with  their  rao/ements. 
They  IkuI  gone  behind  tlie  river  hills  on  either  side 
nf  the  horse-shoe  ;  while  a  few  of  their  number  were 
concealed  in  the  right-hand  hollow.  To  Col.  Todd 
as  belonged  to  his  rank,  the  command  of  the  centre 
whA  assigned,  while  Col.  Trigg  took  the  right,  and 
the  letl  was  led  by  Boone.  In  full  confidence  that 
they  were  marching  towards  the  Indians,  but  not 
among  them,  Trigg's  men  moved  on.  In  the  grass, 
with  all  the  exultation  of  men  who  were  sure  of  their 
foe,  the  Indians  lay  —  rifles  ready,  and  selecting  their 
men.  As  the  settlers  came  up,  suddenly  this  fire 
hrr»ke  out  upon  them.  It  was  unexpected,  and  proved 
to  all,  in  a  moment,  that  they  were  in  an  ambuscade, 
and  that  their  spies  had  been  useless.  Following  up 
this  first  fire,  the  Indians  on  the  right  side  poured  in 
:heir  discharge.  The  eflfbct  was  most  disastrous,  for 
it  gave  the  Indian  the  belief  that  his  policy  of  a  bold 
bl(  )W  at  the  onset  was  to  be  successful.  Todd  and  I  larlan 
with  tlit'ir  men,  as  Trigg's  battalion  broke,  received 
the  fire,  and  the  loss  was  terrible.  The  four  Inuulred 
warriors  that  were  in  the  ravines,  and  in  the  woods, 
broke  forth,  like  Kod'eriek  Dhu's  men,  and  by  the 
carnage  of  that  moment  Kentucky  mourned  for  many 
a  year,  liut  tri'nu'udous  as  the  attack  was,  it  was 
met  with  the  courage  of  warriors.  Col.  Todd  re- 
uained   on  his  horse,  with   tlic  blood  flowing  from 


DEFEAT    OF    THE    SETTLERS,  38^ 

mortal  wounds.  Boone  defended  his  position,  and 
fought  on  -with  all  the  desperate  energy  that  distin- 
guished him,  while  Major  Harlan  could  find  but 
three  of  his  men  spared  by  the  rifle. 

During  all  the  frenzy  of  this  fearful  fifteen  minutes, 
the  Indians  exhausted  all  their  powers  in  every  de- 
vice of  horror.  The  yell  was  raised  in  all  its  hide- 
ousness,  while  the  tomahawk  fiashed  in  every  instant, 
in  its  cruel  blows. 

"From  the  battle  ground  to  the  river  the  spectacle 
was  terrible.  The  horsemen  generally  escaped,  but 
the  foot,  particularly  the  men  who  had  ventured  far- 
thest within  the  wings  of  the  net,  were  almost  en- 
tirely destroyed.  Col.  Boone,  after  witnessing  the 
death  of  his  son  and  many  of  his  dearest  friends,  found 
himself  almost  entirely  surrounded  at  the  very  com- 
mencement of  the  retreat." 

Several  hundred  Indians  were  between  him  and 
the  ford,  to  which  the  great  mass  of  the  fugitives  were 
bending  their  flight.  He,  knowing  the  ground  well, 
dashed  into  the  ravine.  Sustaining  two  or  three 
heavy  fires,  and  escaping  pursuit,  he  crossed  the 
ford  by  swimming,  and  as  he  knew  the  woods  witii 
consummate  sagacity,  succeeded  in  the  escape. 

The  troops  and  the  Indians  mingling  in  the  river 
the  slaughter  was  terrible.     The  Indians,  fierce  with 
the  belief  that  they  were  victors,  used  tlieir  momen 
of  triumph  with  awful  execution. 


2S2  I.IKE      )F    I>AMfc:L    B«M>NK. 

Tlie  courage  uikI  coolness  of  a  Mr.  Netlierlaiul  -  a 
naiiie  since  that  time  distinguished  in  Tennessee  — 
arrested  the  shiughter,  by  taking  a  bold  stand  and 
rallying  those  who  were  in  flight.  The  time  thus 
piined  gave  opportunity  for  the  pursjed  to  get  from 
the  reach  of  the  enemy.  Mr.  Netherland  had  before 
this  been  accused  of  cowardice.  Tlie  result  j)!ove 
that  he  had  in  him  the  courage  of  one  who,  in  the 
hour  of  extreme  danger,  becomes  a  rallying  point  to 
retrieve  the  battle.  A  young  man  by  the  name  of 
RL'vnolds  performed  a  deed  for  which  Roman  annals 
would  have  immortalized  him.  Releasing:  his  chance 
of  escape,  he  generously  saved  tho  life  of  Capt.  Pat- 
terson, and  himself  became  a  captive,  and  then  even 
from  the  Indian's  grasp,  rescued  himself.  Such  pages 
are  found  in  western  history. 

The  battle  brought  its  peculiar  blow  to  Boone. 
While  his  own  life  a  merciful  Providence  spared,  he 
now  found  another  son  a  victim  to  the  forest  peril, 
while  his  brother  Samuel  was  severely  wounded. 
Tlie  shot  of  the  savage  had  been  but  too  certain, 
to  his  son,  and  while  using  every  effort  to  bear 
him  off,  the  Pioneer  found  that  the  only  duty  be- 
fore him  was  to  save  himself.  He  left  his  son,  con- 
scious that  the  cruelty  of  the  Indian  could  only  wreak 
vengeance  on  his  corpse.  He  felf  that  he  had  every 
risk  of  capture  himself.  A  bloody  and  exulting  iroop 
of  savages,  rejoicing  in  a  terrible   victory,   Wiis  aU 


DEATH    OF    BOONe's    SON  285 

around  him.  and  the  station  was  a  long  distance 
away.  But  he  knew  where  every  place  of  conceal- 
ment was,  and  he  pressed  on  to  be,  if  possible,  in 
time  to  defend  the  settlements ;  for  he  thought  that 
the  Indian  would  follow  up  the  blow  as  rapidly  and 
as  boldly  as  possible.  On  his  way  with  his  son's 
body  —  bleeding  and  dying  —  he  felt  the  Indians' 
vengeance,  for  a  very  large  savage  sprang  towards 
him.  Up  gleamed  the  tomahawk  ;  but  it  was  a  pass- 
mg  triumph,  for  the  heroic  man  stopped,  relinquished 
for  a  moment  his  grasp  of  his  expiring  son,  and  with 
his  unerring  rifle  shot  the  Indian.  They  ventured 
into  the  lion's  path  who  came  across  the  purposes  of 
Boone,  in  such  circumstances.  He  felt  the  bitter  an- 
guish of  losing  another  son  —  one,  too,  who  had  been 
fighting  in  the  front  when  he  fell — and  remembering, 
as  he  did  that  if  his  advice  had  been  taken,  and  the 
wise  and  soldierlike  course  of  awaiting  the  arrival  of 
Col.  Logan  had  been  pursued,  this  terrible  tragedy 
would  not  have  been  enacted.  All  this  grieved  him 
Badly,  and  during  his  long  life  its  painful  memories 
did  not  pass  away.  Thrice  had  the  Blue  Licks  been 
to  him  a  scene  of  the  greatest  peril  and  loss  —  his 
own  life  endangered,  and  that  of  those  dearest  to  liim 
suddenly  and  mournfully  terminated. 

Boone  describes  the  loss  of  the  Americans  as  sixty- 
seven,  and  Todd,  Trigg  and  Harlan  were  of  these. 
A-ssuredly,  the  last  blow  struck  by  the  Indian  for  the 


284  LIFK   OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

recovery  of  his  hunting  f^rouruls,  was  ii  bloorly  ona 
It  thrilled  through  Kentucky.  The  Indians  enumer 
ated  their  loss  as  exceedfug  that  of  the  whites  by  four, 
and  "  therefore/-  Boone  says,  "  four  of  the  prisoners 
they  had  taken  were,  by  general  consent,  ordered  tc 
be  killLMl  in  a  most  barbarous  manner  by  the  young 
warriors,  in  order  to  train  them  up  to  cruelty,  and 
then  they  proceeded  to  tlieir  towns." 

Such  were  the  bitter  results  of  the  rashness  of  those 
who  disregarded  the  advice  of  Boone.  Most  proba- 
ble is  it,  that  of  the  general  great  fame  of  the  Pio- 
neer for  consumma^e  knowledge  of  the  Indian  and 
the  Indian  country,  they  were  jealous,  and  determin- 
ed to  show  him  that  they  could  conduct  a  warfare 
against  the  savages,  even  against  his  judgment.  This 
battle  of  the  Blue  Licks  would  not  have  occupied 
such  mournful  i)ages  in  the  history  of  Kentucky,  if 
he  had  been  the  general  in  command,  who  had  shown 
himself  master  of  the  Indian  wherever  he  had  met 
him. 

The  modesty  and  the  disinterestedness  of  the  true 
soldier  is  seen  in  Boone's  narrative.  He  gives  no 
record  to  blame  of  those  who  push^jd  on  the  disjistroua 
and  rash  movement,  but  laments  iim^  lM>no»  s  the  brave 
men  who  took  their  bold  part  in  the  flight 

Boone's  escape  from  the  Indians  added  another  to 
the  many  extraordinary  adventures  which  muU-o?  Via 
history  like  the  stories  of  the  deeds  of  olc*    •^'  -   ^  ■ 


285 

B«  ^h  th&  Tiver,  after  he  knew  that  he  had  Ljst  hia 
son,  and  was  separated  from  the  troojDS  ;  but,  know- 
ing all  the  paths,  he  pushed  on,  rising  over  his  ca 
lamitr  and  his  regrets,  and  indicated  his  claim  to 
greatness  hj  turning  aside  from  such  sorrows  to 
strike  another  blow  for  the  living.  His  narrative 
details  that  — 

"  On  our  retreat,  we  were  met  by  Col.  Logan,  hastening 
to  join  us,  with  a  number  of  well  armed  men.  This  power- 
ful assistance  we  unfortunately  wanted  in  the  battle ;  for, 
notwithstanding  the  enemy's  superiority  of  numbers,  they 
acknowledged  that,  if  they  had  received  one  more  fire  from 
us,  they  should  undoubtedly  have  given  way.  So  valiantly  did 
our  small  party  fight,  that,  to  the  memory  of  those  who  un- 
fortunately fell  in  the  battle,  enough  honor  cannot  be  paid. 
Had  Col.  Logan  and  his  party  been  with  us,  it  is  highly 
probable  we  should  have  given  the  savages  a  total  defeat.  I 
cannot  reflect  upon  this  dreadful  scene,  but  sorrow  fills  my 
heart.  A  zeal  for  the  defence  of  their  country  led  these  he- 
roes to  the  scene  of  action,  though  with  a  few  men  to  attack 
a  powerfiil  army  of  experienced  warriors.  When  we  gave 
way,  they  pursued  us  with  the  utmost  eagerness,  and  in 
every  quarter  spread  destruction.  The  river  was  difficult  to 
cross,  and  many  were  killed  in  the  flight,  some  just  entering 
the  river,  some  in  the  water,  others  afl:er  crossing,  in  ascend- 
ing the  cliffs.  Some  escaped  on  horseback,  a  few  on  foot ; 
and,  being  dispersed  everywhere  in  a  few  hours,  brought  the 
melancholy  news  of  this  unfortunate  battle  to  Lexington. 
Many  widows  were  now  made.  Sorrow,  the  reader  may 
guess,  filled  the  hearts  of  the  inhabitants,  exceeding  anything 
[  am   ablo  to  describe.     Bemg  reijiforced,  we  returned  ta 


i86  LIFE   OF   DANTKL    BTJOXK. 

bur  the  dead,  and  found  the  bodies  strewed  every wh«r<\, 
cut  and  manjjled  in  a  dreadful  manner.  This  mournful  S3en« 
exhibited  a  horror  almost  unparalleled.  Some  torn  and 
eati'U  by  wild  beasts,  those  in  the  river  eaten  by  fishes,  all 
in  such  a  putrified  condition  that  no  one  could  be  distin- 
guished from  another." 

In  various  traditions  are  preserved  the  incidents  r  f 
this  fiital  day.  It  was  utterly^  unexpected  to  the  Ken- 
tuckians  that  any  of  the  Indian  expeditions,  when 
called  to  contend  against  such  officers  as  Todd,  and 
Trigg,  and  Harlan,  could  result  disastrously.  To  the 
different  stations  and  forts,  the  news  of  that  day 
brought  orphanage  and  widowhood.  The  Indian  had 
left  his  last  fatal  mark  behind  him.  Judge  Kobert- 
Bon,  in  an  address  delivered  at  a  place  named  in  hon- 
or of  one  of  Kentucky's  braves  —  Gov.  George  Madi- 
son—  relates  the  following  incident,  which  is  of  ex- 
ceeding interest : 

"  On  the  long  roll  of  that  day's  reported  slain,  (the  fatal 
battle  of  the  Blue  Licks,)  wore  the  names  of  a  few  who  had 
in  fact  been  cxiptured,  and,  after  surviving  the  ordeal  of  the 
gauntlet,  had  been  permitted  to  live  as  captives.  Among 
these  an  excellent  husband  and  father,  with  eleven  other 
ca[)tives,  had  been  taken  by  a  tribe,  and  painted  black,  as  the 
signal  of  torture  and  death  to  all.  The  night  after  the  bat- 
tle, these  twelve  prisoners  were  strippe<l  and  placed  in  a  line 
on  a  log  ;  he  to  whom  we  have  specially  alluded,  being  at 
one  extremity  of  the  devoted  row.  The  cruel  captors  then 
beginnrig  at  the  other  end,  slaughtered  eU^ven,  one  by  ore 


AFFECTING   INCIDEXT.  2S1 

Dut  when  they  came  to  the  oiilv  survivor,  though  they  laised 
nim  up  also,  and  drew  their  bloody  knives  to  strike  under  each 
uplifted  arm,  they  paused,  and  after  a  long  powwow,  spared  hla 
life  —  why,  he  never  knew.  For  about  a  year  none  of  his 
friends,  except  his  faithful  wife,  doubted  his  death.  She, 
hoping  against  reason,  still  insisted  that  he  lived,  and  would 
yet  return  to  ner.  Wooed  by  another,  she,  from  time  tc 
time  postponed  the  nuptials,  declaring  that  she  could  not  di- 
vest herself  of  the  belief  that  her  husband  survived.  Her 
expostulating  friends  finally  succeeding  in  their  efforts  to 
stifle  her  affectionate  instinct,  she  reluctantly  yielded,  and  the 
nuptial  day  was  fixed.  But  just  before  it  dawned,  the  crack 
of  a  rifle  was  heard  near  her  lonely  cabin ;  at  the  familiar 
sound  she  leaped  out,  like  a  liberated  fawn,  ejaculating,  as 
she  sprang,  "  ThaVs  Johri's  gun !  "  It  was  John's  gun,  sure 
enough,  and  in  an  instant  she  was  once  more  in  her  lost  hus- 
band's arms.  But  nine  years  afterwards  that  same  husband 
fell  in  St.  Clair's  defeat,  and  the  same  disappointed,  but  per- 
severing lover,  renewed  his  suit,  and  at  last  the  widow  be- 
came his  wife." 


Boone,  as  the  surviving  officer  in  command  of 
the  c^ninty  regiment,  communicated  an  official  report 
of  the  battle  to  Benjamin  Harrison,  Governor  of  Yir 
ginia,  and  the  father  of  the  illustrious  William  Henry 
Harrison,  to  whose  young  years  the  stories  of  these 
frontier  lights  gave  quick  thought  of  daring  in  the 
same  field.  In  many  respects  Harrison  and  Boone 
had  kindred  qualities.  Both  were  of  the  class  of  meii 
who  held  their  place  in  public  affairs  when  the  wax 
cry  was  most  immediate  ard  cruel. 


288  LITK   OF    lUNIEL    BOONE. 

The  report  delineates,  in  few  words,  the  battle  — 
never  tUtenng  one  word  of  his  ovm  services.  Pass- 
ing from  the  description  of  the  action,  he  vividly  de- 
lineates the  exposed  condition  of  the  country  —  ita 
scattered  and  limited  soldiery  —  and  urges  a  strong 
reinforcement.  He  describes  the  danger  as  so  press- 
ing nj)on  the  people,  nnder  the  fearful  influences  of 
the  recent  disastrous  light.  He  says,  *'  I  have  eii- 
conraged  the  ]ieople  in  this  county  all  I  could,  but  1 
can  no  longer  justify  them  or  myself  in  risking  our 
lives  here  under  such  extraordinary  hazards.  If  the 
Indians  bring  another  campaign  into  the  country  this 
fall,  it  will  break  up  the  settlements."  Boone  spoke 
his  own  views  in  this,  for  he  expressly  says  that  he 
consulted  no  person.  lie  dates  his  report  from 
Boone's  station,  August  30th,  1782.  To  such  extrem- 
ities was  the  frontier  reduced,  even  at  the  period 
when,  by  great  emigration,  the  country  had  seemed  to 
bo  passing  into  the  rest  and  security  of  the  more  east- 
erly towns.  The  Indian  knew  the  glory  and  riches 
of  the  country  for  which  he  was  fighting  such  deadly 
battles,  and  crowded  all  his  energies  to  retake  it. 
Tlius  was  Kentucky,  in  terrible  trutli,  the  Dark  and 
Bloody  Ground. 

"Boone's  Station,  Fayette  Co.,  ( 

"  Sir,  —  Present  circumstiinces  of  iillairs  aiuse  me  to  write 
lo  your  i'Xci'Ueno}'  as  f<)ll<»ws:     On  the  IGth  instant,  ft  largt 


BOONe's    report    to    got.    HARRISON.  289 

number  of  Indians,  with  some  white  men,  attacked  one  of 
our  frontier  stations,  knoAvn  by  the  name  of  Bryant's  Station. 
The  siege  continued  from  about  sunrise  till  about  two  o'clock 
the  next  day,  when  they  marched  off.  Notice  being  given 
to  the  neighboring  stations,  we  immediately  raised  one 
hundred  and  eighty-one  horsemen,  commanded  by  Colonel 
John  Todd,  including  some  of  the  Lincoln  county  militia, 
commanded  by  Colonel  Trigg,  and  pursued  about  forty 
miles. 

"  On  the  19th  instant,  we  discovered  the  enemy  lying  in 
Tf ait  for  us.  On  this  discovery,  we  formed  one  column  into 
one  sir.gle  line,  and  marched  up  in  their  front,  within  about 
forty  yards,  before  there  was  a  gun  fired.  Col.  Trigg  com- 
manded on  the  right,  myself  on  the  left,  Maj.  McGary  in  the 
centre,  and  Maj.  Harlan  the  advanced  party  in  front.  From 
the  manner  in  which  we  had  formed,  it  fell  to  my  lot  to 
bring  on  the  attack.  This  was  done  with  a  very  heavy  fire 
on  both  sides,  and  extended  back  of  the  line  to  Col.  Trigg, 
where  the  enemy  was  so  strong  they  rushed  up,  and  broke 
the  right  wang  at  the  first  fire.  Thus  the  enemy  got  in 
our  rear,  ^N-ith  the  loss  of  seventy-seven  of  our  men, 
and  twelve  wounded.  Afterwards,  we  were  reinforced  by 
Col.  Logan,  which  made  our  force  four  hundred  and  sixty 
men. 

"  We  marched  again  to  the  battle  ground;  but,  finding 
the  enemy  had  gone,  we  proceeded  to  bury  the  dead. 

"  We  found  forty-three  on  the  ground,  and  many  lay  about, 
which  we  could  not  stay  to  find,  hungry  and  weary  as  we 
were,  and  somewhat  dubious  that  the  enemy  might  not  have 
gone  off  quite.  By  the  sign,  we  thought  that  the  Indiaiis  had 
exceeded  four  hundred ;  while  \he  whole  of  the  militia  of 
vhe  county  does  not  amount  to  more  than  one  hundred  and 
thirtv.  From  these  facts  vour  excellency  may  form  an  idea 
M  ^  19 


29C  UFK    OF    DAMKL    BCH  N'E. 

of  our  situation.  I  know  that  your  own  circumstances  arc 
critical ;  but  are  we  to  be  wholly  forgotten  ?  f  hope  not 
I  trust  about  five  hundred  men  may  be  sent  to  our  assist 
ance  immediately.  If  these  shall  be  stationed  as  our  county 
lieutenants  shall  deem  necessary,  it  may  be  the  means  of 
8a\nng  our  part  of  the  country  :  but  if  they  are  placed  under 
the  direction  of  Gen.  Clarke,  they  will  be  of  li'tle  or  no  ser- 
vice to  our  settlement.  The  Falls  lie  one  hundred  miles 
west  of  us,  and  the  Indians  north-east ;  while  our  men  are  fre- 
quently called  to  protect  them.  I  have  encouraged  the  peo- 
ple in  this  county  all  that  I  could ;  but  I  can  no  longer  jus- 
tify them  or  myself  to  risk  our  lives  here  under  such  extra- 
ordinary hazards.  The  inhabitants  of  this. county  are  very 
much  alarmed  at  the  thoughts  of  the  Indians  bringing  an 
other  campaign  into  our  country  this  fall.  If  this  should  be 
the  case,  it  will  break  up  these  settlements.  I  hope,  there- 
fere,  your  excellency  will  take  the  matter  into  your  consid- 
eration, and  send  us  some  relief  as  quick  as  possible. 

"These  are  my  sentiments,  without  consulting  any  person. 
Col.  I>»gan,  will,  I  expect,  immediately  send  you  an  express, 
by  whom  I  humbly  request  your  excellency's  answer.  In 
the  meanwhile,  I  remain.  &c., 

"Daniel  Boonk." 

As  early  as  1785,  many  families  came  down  tlie 
Ohio  River  in  boats,  landed  at  ^faysville,  and  con 
tinned  their  rente,  to  sncb  parts  of  the  eonntry  as 
pleased  them.  Col.  Tliomas  Marsball,  formerly  com- 
mander of  the  third  Viririniaii  reiriment,  in  tlie  Conti- 
nental  establisliment,  subseqnently  colonel  of  the 
regiment  of  Virginian  artillery,  embarked  with  a  nii- 
merons  family  on  board  a  flat-boat,  and  descended 


COL.    MAESHALL    AXD    GIRTy's    BEO'1-HER.  291 

the  Ohio  without  any  incident  of  note,  until  he  passed 
the  month  of  the  Kenawha.  There,  about  ten  o'clock 
at  night,  he  was  hailed  from  the  northern  shore  by  a 
man  who  announced  himself  as  James  Girty,  the 
brother  of  the  notorious  Simon  Girtj.  The  boat 
dropped  slowly  down  within  one  hundred  and  fifty 
yards  of  the  shore,  and  Girty  making  a  corresponding 
movement  on  the  beach  ;  and  conference  was  kept 
up  for  several  minutes.  He  began  by  mentioning 
his  name,  and  enquiring  that  of  the  master  of  the 
boat.  Having  been  satisfied  upon  this  head,  he  as- 
sured him  he  knew  him  well,  respected  him  highly, 
&c.,  &c.,  and  concluded  with  some  rather  extraordi- 
nary remarks  :  "  He  had  been  posted  there,"  he 
said,  "  by  the  order  of  his  brother  Simon,  to  warn 
all  boats  of  the  danger  of  permitting  themselves  to 
be  decoyed  ashore."  The  Indians  had  become  jeal- 
ous of  him,  and  he  had  lost  that  influence  he  former- 
ly held  amongst  them.  He  deeply  regretted  the  in 
jury  he  had  inflicted  upon  his  countrymen,  and 
wished  to  be  restored  to  their  society,  and  in  order 
to  convince  them  of  the  sincerity  of  his  regard,  he 
had  directed  him  to  warn  all  boats  of  the  snares 
spread  for  them.  Every  efi'ort  would  be  made  Ic 
draw  passengers  ashore.  White  men  would  appeal 
upon  the  bank  ;  and  children  would  be  heard  to  sup 
plicate  mercy.     But,"  continued  he,  "do  you  keey 


Of)0 


I.TFE    OF    DANTEL    BOON'F. 


tlic  niidrllo  of  the  rivor,  aiul  steel  yonr  heart  ac^ainsl 
any  mournful  application  you  may  receive."  Tlie 
colonel  thanked  him  for  his  intelligence,  and  contin- 
ued his  course. 


CHAPTEE  XYI. 

BBNKRAL    CLARKE HIS    CAMPAIGN    AGAIXST   THE  INDIANS  AT    OLD    OHILLB 

COTHE NARRATIVE  OF  BOONe's  ESCAPE    FROM  FOUR   INDIANS THE   PA« 

PER     CURRENCY COURTS     OF    LAW     INSTITUTED  BOONE     ESTABLISHEI 

HIMSELF  ON  A  FARM THE  RETURN  OF  PEACE INCREASE  OF  EMIGRATION 

THE  INDIANS THEIR  LOVE  FOR  RUM THEIR  PETITION THE  INDIANS 

AT  THE  PRESENT  DAY. 

General  Clarke,  the  great  inilitaiy  leader  of  Ken- 
tucky, had  been  very  anxious  for  some  time  previous 
to  this,  to  organize  an  expedition  against  Detroit. 
That  city  was  so  much  the  head-quarters  of  the  Brit- 
ish forces,  and  from  thence  issued  so  much  of  its 
power,  that  he  was  determined  to  take  the  post,  if 
possible.  He  was  quickened  in  his  zeal  by  the  ser- 
vice he  had  seen  under  Baron  Steuben,  when  that 
sturdy  old  officer  was  counteracting  the  movements 
and  machinations  of  the  traitor  Arnold.  Promoted 
to  the  rank  of  brigadier  general,  he  raised  at  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio  a  large  force —  about  two  thousand 
men  —  which,  in  the  scattered  condition  of  the  popu- 
lation, was  a  great  army.  To  his  great  chagrin  his 
orders  were  changed,  and  lie  was  ordered  to  remain 
there  on  the  defensive,  to  guard  the  frontier  ;  though 
*t  appears  by  Boone's  letter  to  Gov.  Harrison,  that  ha 


294  UFK    OF    DANIKL    BooNE. 

(Boone)  (loul»tLMl  whether  Clarke's  forces  were  of  anj 
use  to  the  settlements  around  Boonesborongh,  as  hit 
command  was  at  the  distance  of  one  hundred  miles 

Wlien  the  terrible  news  that  the  Indians  had  killed 
Col.  Todd  and  destroyed  a  large  number  of  the  set- 
tlers at  the  Blue  Lick,  reached  Gen.  Clarke,  he  forgot 
his  own  despondency,  and  roused  to  vigorous  action. 
A  bold  campaign  against  the  Indians  was  immedi 
ately  determined  upon,  and  it  went  forth,  extermina- 
ting in  its  character,  like  that  of  Gen.  Sullivan,  in 
New  York,  in  the  cause  and  features  of  which  it  was 
very  similar  ;  for  Sullivan's  march  of  terror  was  taken 
because  of  the  fatal  affair  at  Wyoming.  Tlie  Indian 
only  brought  on  himself  a  speedier  and  surer  retribu- 
tion fur  his  murderous  attack. 

Boone  ever  speaks  warmly  of  Gen.  Clarke.  In  ref- 
erence to  this  expedition,  he  says,  "  he  was  ever  our 
ready  friend,  and  merits  the  love  and  gratitude  of  all 
our  countrymen." 

Of  this  exi)edition  Boone  was  a  part,  and,  it  cannot 
be  doubted,  was  a  prominent  counselor  of  the  general, 
as  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Blue  Licks  had  deraon- 
Btrated  the  propriety  of  hearing  Boone's  suggestions. 
The  march  was  a  very  ra})id  (^ne,  and  all  the  circum- 
sUinces  show  that,  learning  from  their  recent  severe 
experience,  it  was  conducted  with  all  the  acute  cau- 
tion and  vigilance  that  the  old  Indian  hunters  could 
duvise.     The  Indians,  rejoicing  in  their  victory,  push 


CHILLICOTHE    DESTROYED.  295 

ed  on  to  celebrate  it  at  old  Chillicothe.  They  were 
at  home,  and  had  proceeded  in  then-  division  of  the 
Bpoil  and  the  captives.  Clarke's  army  was  within 
two  miles,  when  two  of  the  straggling  Indians  discov- 
ered them.  There  was  a  change  in  old  Chillicothe 
in  a  few  moments.  These  Indians  rushed  with  all  the 
rapidity  they  could  achieve,  to  give  warning  of  the 
avenging  army.  Chillicothe  was  deserted  faster  than 
ever  before.  Its  glory  of  triumph  was  over,  and  wig- 
wams were  silent  which  but  the  hour  before  had  been 
full  of  exulting  savages.  It  was  a  great  sacrifice  to 
them  to  leave  their  towns,  but  they  knew  who  was 
behind  them,  and  they  escaped  for  life.  The  army 
destroyed  the  towns  —  reducing  them  to  ashes  —  and 
desolated  their  country.  The  blow  they  struck  was 
fatal  and  forcible.  It  was  melancholy  to  know  that, 
maddened  by  the  desolation  and  destruction  at  the 
battle  of  the  Blue  Licks,  some  of  the  army  followed 
the  cruelty  of  the  Indians,  by  scalping  some  of  their 
captives.  These  occurrences  are  blots  on  the  history, 
but  it  was  almost  impossible  to  restrain  the  men. 
The  Chillicothe  towns  were  all  destroyed.  Boone  en- 
tered the  scene  of  his  captivity  as  a  conqueror.  This 
expedition  alarmed  the  savages,  and  disheartened 
them  :  for  it  showed  them  that,  even  after  such  a  dis- 
aster as  was  that  of  the  Blue  Licks,  the  white  meu 
rose  up  in  renewed  strength  and  increased  numbers 
^s  Boone  says,  it  made  them  sensible  of  the  superi 


2\)6  I.IFK    OF    DAN'IKI.    H(K)\K. 

ority  of  tlio  whites.  It  dissolved  their  dangerous  con 
nection  with  each  other,  and  left  them  to  scattered 
and  roving  border  figlits. 

In  this  campaign  the  Kentuckians  secured  the 
peace  of  tlieir  country.  The  disheartened  Indian  re- 
turned no  more  ;  and  Boone  turned  his  attention  from 
war  to  the  arts  of  peace.  The  contest  with  Great 
Britain  was  so  rapidly  proclaiming  its  probable  end, 
that  tlie  time  seemed  to  have  come  for  the  quiet  set- 
tlement of  the  beautiful  and  broad  land  to  which 
Boone  had  led  his  countrj-men.  The  emigration,  en- 
couraged by  the  approaching  quiet,  rushed  in  in 
greater  numbers,  and  land  and  land  titles  occupied 
the  settlers'  attention,  and,  in  many  cases,  troubled 
him  more  than  the  rifle  of  the  Indian. 

But  the  Indian  was  still  more  than  troublesome-^ 
he  was  destructive.  Though  the  power  to  organize 
an  army  was  gone,  the  midnight  assault,  the  alarm, 
the  murder,  were  all  companions  of  Kentucky  life. 
One  of  hisj  neighboi*s,  and  one  who  came  into  the 
country  tVoin  listciiing  to  the  glowing  descriptions 
which  Boone  gave  of  the  land,  trusting  too  much  to 
the  defeat  of  the  savages,  and  presuming  u}>on  a  state 
of  quiet,  carelessly  riding  out  near  the  fort,  was  killed 
and  scalped  by  a  party  of  Indians.  Boone  warmly 
pursued  them,  but  their  fliglit  was  a  successful  one. 
All  these  j)roceeding8  kej)t  alive  the  fears  of  the  set- 
tlers, and  made  the  men  of  the  frontier  feel  that  there 


A   NAEEOW   ESCAPE.  29'j 

was  no  furniture  in  their  house  quite  as  necessary  as 
tho  rifle. 

Boone  was  specially  obnoxious  to  the  Indians 
They  could  not  forget  the  bold  manner  in  which  he 
had  twice  made  his  .escape,  nor  were  they  likely  to 
forget  that  he  had  been  one  of  the  most  efficient  in 
the  great  chastisement  which  Gen.  Clarke's  expedi- 
tion inflicted.  It  became  a  plan  of  the  Indian  to  take 
him,  and  he  knew  that  he  was  never  safe.  Mr.  Peck 
has  obtained  the  following  very  interesting  narrative 
of  a  thrilling  adventure  which  Boone  experienced : 

"  On  one  oceasion,  four  Indians  came  to  the  farm  of  Col. 
Boone,  and  nearly  succeeded  in  taking  him  prisoner.  Tlie 
particulars  are  given,  as  they  were  narrated  by  Boone  him- 
self, at  the  wedding  of  a  granddaughter,  a  few  months  before 
his  decease,  and  they  furnish  an  illustration  of  his  habitual 
self-possession  and  tact  with  Indians.  At  a  short  distance 
from  his  cabin,  he  had  raised  a  small  patch  of  tobacco,  to 
supply  his  neighbors,  (for  Boone  never  used  the  weed  him- 
self,) the  amount,  perhaps,  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  hills. 

"As  a  shelter  for  curing  it,  he  had  built  an  enclosure  of 
rails,  a  dozen  feet  in  height,  and  covered  it  ^vith  cane  an.l 
grass.  Stalks  of  tobacco  are  usually  split  and  struno-  on 
&:icks  about  four  feet  in  length.  The  end  of  these  are  lai  1 
ou  poles,  placed  across  the  tobacco-house,  and  in  tiers,  one 
above  the  other,  to  the  roof.  Boone  had  fixed  his  temporary 
shelter  in  such  a  manner  as  to  have  three  tiers.  He  had 
covered  the  lower  tier,  and  the  tobacco  had  become  dry 
when  he  entered  the  shelter  for  the  purpose  of  removing  the 
iticks  to  the  upper  tier,  preparatory  to  gathering  the  remain 
M* 


298  LIKE    oh'    DAMKL    IJ<K>NE. 

der  of  ihi"  rrop.  He  ha<l  hoisted  np  the  sticks  lr<»iM  iht  inwei 
to  the  second  tier,  and  was  standing  on  the  polos  that  su|>- 
ported  it,  while  raising  the  sticks  to  the  other  tier,  whe.i  four 
stout  Indians,  with  gtnis,  entered  the  low  door,  and  called 
him  by  name.  'Now,  Boone,  we  got  you.  You  no  get 
away  more.  We  carry  you  off  to  Chillicothe  this  time. 
Vou  no  cheat  us  any  more.'  Boone  looked  down  upon  their 
upturned  faces,  saw  their  loaded  guns  pointed  at  his  l)reast, 
and  recognizing  some  of  his  old  friends,  the  Shawanese,  who 
had  made  him  prisoner  near  the  Blue  Licks,  in  1T78,  coolly 
and  plea.tantly  responded,  'Ah!  old  friends,  glad  to  see 
you.'  Perceiving  that  they  manifested  impatience  to  have 
him  come  do\*ni,  he  told  them  he  was  quite  willing  to  go 
with  them,  and  only  begged  they  would  wait  where  they 
were,  and  watch  him  closely  until  he  could  finish  removing 
his  tobacco. 

"While  parleying  with  them,  inquiring  after  old  acquaint- 
ances,  and  proposing  to  give  them  his  tobjicco  when  cured, 
he  diverted  their  attention  from  his  purpose,  until  he  liad 
collected  together  a  number  of  sticks  of  dry  tobacco,  and  so 
turned  them  as  to  fall  between  the  p<>les  directly  in  their 
faces.  At  the  same  instant,  he  jumped  upon  them  with  aa 
much  of  the  dry  tobacco  as  he  could  gather  in  his  arms,  fill- 
ing their  mouths  and  eyes  with  its  puiigi-nt  dust,  and  blind- 
ing and  disiibling  them  from  following  him,  rushed  out  and 
Dastened  to  his  cabin,  where  he  had  the  means  of  defense. 
Notwithstanding  the  narrow  escape,  he  could  not  resist  the 
temptation,  after  retreating  some  fifteen  or  twenty  yards,  to 
iook  round  and  see  the  success  of  his  achievement.  The  In- 
dians, blijided  and  suflncat*'*!,  were  stretching  out  tbeit 
hands  and  feeling  about  in  ditlerent  directions,  calling  nim  by 
same,  and  cursing  him  ft  r  a  rogue,  luid  themselves  for  fools.' 


PKOSPERITT    OF   THE   SETTLERS.  29ft 

'Pile  arts  and  circumstances  of  civilized  life  now 
moulded  society  in  Kentucky.  The  country  where 
B<x)ne  had  been  alone  was  now  teeming  with  indus- 
try. Labor  was  rewarded.  Cattle,  secure  in  great 
measure  from  pillage  by  the  Indians,  were  multiplied. 
The  rivers  were  made  channels  of  transportation, 
and  the  West  was  recognized  by  the  East  as  some- 
thing more  than  a  place  of  savage  or  half-civilized 
frontier-men. 

.  Security  and  sustenance  were  the  first  objects  of 
the  settler,  and  they  therefore  deemed  it  best  to  live 
in  what  were  called  stations.  These  were  log  houses, 
connected,  but  with  gateways  which  might  be  closed 
when  the  signal  of  danger  was  given.  But  in  secu- 
ring a  place  for  these  stations,  the  sagacity  of  the 
American  character  did  not  omit  to  choose  good  land. 
It  has  been  cited  as  a  strange  oversight  on  the  part 
of  those  who  constructed  some  of  these  stations,  that 
the  spring  or  water  course  with  which  the  settlerg 
were  supplied,  was  left  outside,  so  that  it  was  at  great 
personal  risk,  in  a  siege,  that  this  indispensable  ar- 
ticle was  obtained.  The  space  within  shelter  was  to 
be  large  enough  to  guard  the  cattle  and  horses,  wher 
pursuit  became  very  close.  Better  and  more  peace- 
able times  appearing,  the  stations  were  left,  and  sepa- 
rate ami  more  detached  log  houses  were  built.  Each 
Qeighb3r  and  settler  aided  the  other  in  the  erection 
»f  such  residence.     Our  whole  country  is  not  yet  sc 


300  r-FFE   OF    DANIKL    ROOXK. 

tenantfJ  by  the  more  durable  order  of  building,  but 
that  in  all  quarters  the  idea  of  wliat  a  log  house  is, 
may  be  gathered  from  the  inspection  of  a  survivor, 
which  in  its  strength  still  gives  shelter  to  the  family 
who  patiently  await  the  year  when  they  shall  be 
able  to  leave  it  for  some  more  ambitious  structure  ; 
for  the  idea  of  remaining  quiet  and  contented  in  any 
honse,  excepting  such  a  one  as  compares  with  or  ex- 
ceeds all  rivals,  is  not  an  American  one. 

There  was  money  in  the  settlements,  but  much  of 
it  was  of  the  paper  or  Continental  stamp,  whose  value 
was  particularly  dubious.  It  could  not  have  been 
very  precious  when  the  county  court  fixed  the  follow- 
ing rates  for  the  tariff  of  tavern-keeping,  establishing 
a  schedule  of  prices  which  if,  as  in  these  days,  a  dol- 
lar had  signified  the  representative  of  a  "  Spanish 
milled,"  would  far  exceed  even  the  highest  charges 
of  the  most  unconscientious  city  hotel-keeper. 

"Tlie  court  doth  set  the  fullowins:  rates  to  be  ob- 
served  by  ordinary  keepers  in  this  county  :  Whisky, 
fifteen  dollars  the  half  pint  ;  rum,  ten  dollars  the  gal- 
lon ;  a  meal,  twelve  dollars;  stabling  or  pasturage, 
four  dc>llars  the  night." 

Tliis  seems  like  the  record  of  a  California  reckon- 
ing;  but  when  a  hat  was  worth  five  hundred  dollars, 
Genin's  purchase  of  his  Jenny  Lind  ticket  would  have 
been  excusable.  "When  Congress  recommended  to  th« 
States  to  pass  laws  making  ])aper  currency  a  lega/ 


ANECDOTE   OF    WASHINGTON.  301 

tender,  at  its  nominal  value  in  coin,  it  was  coQSiderod 
by  Washington  a  procedure  unjust  in  principle,  and 
iniquitous  in  effect. 

"  When  tiie  army  was  at  Morristo^Ti,  a  man  of  respecta- 
ble standing  lived  in  the  neighborhood,  who  was  assiduous 
in  his  civilities  to  Washington,  which  were  kindly  received 
and  reciprocated.  Unluckily,  this  man  paid  his  debts  in  the 
depreciated  currency.  Sometime  afterwards,  he  called  at 
head-c[uarters,  and  was  introduced  as  usual  to  the  general's 
apartment,  where  he  was  then  conversing  with  some  of  his 
officers.  He  bestowed  very  little  attention  upon  the  visitor. 
The  same  thing  occurred  a  second  time,  when  he  was  more 
reserved  than  before.  This  was  so  difterent  from  his  cus- 
tomary manner,  that  Lafayette,  who  was  present,  on  both 
occasions,  could  not  help  remarking  it,  and  he  said,  after  the 
man  was  gone,  '  General,  this  man  seems  to  be  much  devoted 
to  you,  and  yet  you  have  scarcely  noticed  him.'  Washing- 
ton replied,  smiling,  '  I  know  I  have  not  been  cordial ;  I 
tried  hard  to  be  civil,  and  attempted  to  speak  to  him  two  or 
three  times,  but  that  Continental  money  stopped  my  mouth." 

In  1782,  Yirginia  gave  the  district  of  Kentucky  a 
general  court,  with  all  its  array  of  judges  and  attor- 
ney-generals, which  was  a  very  great  convenience,  aa 
heretofore  the  legal  business  of  the  country  was  trans- 
acted at  Kichmond,  which  made  the  froatier  in  a  prac- 
tical vassalage  ;  for  when  the  decision  of  their  rights 
was  thus  within  the  control  of  others,  it  gave  them 
rery  little  real  freedom.  Especially  was  a  good  homo 
tourt  necessary,  when  the  titles  to  lands  were  so  in 


502  LIFE    OF    DAMKL    BOONE. 

volvt'd.  Indeed,  a  quarrel  about  land  and  ownership 
was  the  very  disjiute  into  which  tiiu  settlers,  the  mo 
ment  the  crack  of  the  Indian  rifle  ceased  to  be  heard 
in  their  neighborhood,  were  most  likely  to  rush 
AVitli  individuals  as  with  nations,  the  disposition  is  to 
Bcize.  The  Indian  sachems  once  asked  Mr.  Gist 
where  their  own  lands  were,  for  the  French  claimed 
all  the  land  on  the  one  side  of  the  Ohio  River,  and 
the  English  on  the  other ;  and  out  of  a  land  quarrel 
the  war  of  1753  began,  in  which  nearly  all  the  Euro- 
pean continent  became  involved,  and  which,  in  ita 
consequences,  gave  rise  to  the  American  Revolution. 
The  first  blow  struck  on  the  Ohio  began  the  series, 
just  as  the  forest  pilgrimage  of  Daniel  Boone  led  to 
the  development  of  the  great  Western  Enii)ire. 

The  court  was  at  first  held  at  Ilarrodsburgh.  It 
was  afterwards  removed  to  a  place  which  obtained 
the  name  of  Daiisville.  Those  who  first  took  upon 
themselves  the  judicial  ermine,  did  not  imagine  that 
in  the  great  State  which  was  to  arise  out  of  this  new 
country,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  of  all 
the  difi'erences  that  ever  agitated  the  peoj)le  of  Iven- 
tucky  was  to  arise  out  of  the  old  and  new  courts  — 
words  interwoven  with  the  record  of  a  bitter  struggle, 
ivhich  soon  found  its  way  into  and  controlled  the  }  cl- 
itics of  the  State. 

Boone  having  now  established  himself  on  a  farm, 
and,  settled  in  a  log  house,  gave  his  family  hope  that  he 


BOONE  A  FARMER.  SOb 

fs  1,  at  last,  ibund  a  quiet  home,  where  the  battle 
shvuld  be  known  only  by  the  stirring  histories  which 
he  might  give  of  the  dread  doings  he  had  witnessed. 
Bl  »ne's  character  develops  itself  in  the  calmness  with 
wb^  ch  he  left  the  bold  business  of  the  soldier,  to  take 
up  Ms  rifle  only  as  a  hunter.  To  the  pursuit  of  hunt- 
ing Boone  jwes  much  of  the  ordinary  reputation  big 
nauxe  bears,  but  he  was  not  one  of  those  to  whom 
burning  was  a  necessity  of  existence.  He  had  a  vast 
pow'ir  in  his  rifle  —  his  knowledge  of  woodcraft — his 
great;  experience  —  and  he  was  eminently  without  a 
supefior,  but  it  was  in  better  enterprises  than  the 
chase,  that  Boone  made  his  record  in  the  page  of 
fame  ;  and  in  the  history  of  a  man  who  proved  him- 
self possessed  of  the  highest  qualities  which  assist  in 
the  formation  of  a  State,  it  is  of  little  importance  to 
narrate  the  incidents  of  the  amusement  or  support  he 
received  from  the  woods.  Notwithstanding  all  the 
fanciful  fictions  which  have  been  drawn  of  Boone's 
desire  for  solitude,  which,  except  at  one  period  of  his 
life,  and  then  only  temporary,  are  unfounded,  he 
probably  supposed  that  he  had  fixed  in  Fayette  coun- 
ty his  permanent  home.  Thus  even  the  grandilo- 
quent language  which  Filson  makes  him  use,  the  idea 
of  rest  after  a  series  of  fierce  contests  vritli  the  sava- 
ges, is  prominent.  "  Peace  comes  to  tlie  sylvan  shade. 
I  now  live  in  peace  and  safety,  enjoying  the  sweets  ot 
liberty,"  he  says,  and  he  pours  out  his  "  thanks  —  ar 


804  LIFE   OF    DANIKL    liOONK. 

dent  and  ceaseless  thanks  —  to  the  all  superintending 
Providence  wliich  has  turned  a  cruel  war  into  peace.'' 
lie  knew  the  cost  at  which  the  white  men  had  gained 
his  beloved  Kentucky.  The  perils,  from  the  hour  he 
looked  out  upon  the  wilderness  alone  and  without 
face  of  human  being  to  cheer  him,  to  the  moment 
when  he  left  his  dead  son  to  the  cruelties  of  the  (ierce 
Indian,  were  before  him.  He  believed  his  destiny  as 
*'  an  instrument  ordained  to  settle  the  wilderness  "  to 
be  accomplished. 

The  establishment  of  peace  between  this  country — 
free  and  sovereign  States  —  and  Great  I>ritiiin,  gave 
strength  to  the  hope  of  the  settler,  and  encouraged 
Boone  to  believe  that  Kentucky  would  rise  to  all  the 
greatness  of  his  fondest  hopes.  With  his  strength  of 
mind  and  its  concentration  —  for  it  is  evident  that  he 
never  attempted  to  tread  out  of  the  range  of  purpose 
for  wliich  he  thou«^lit  himself  most  competent  —  he 
could  not  but  watch  all  the  onward  movements  of 
civilization  with  great  interest.  It  is  quite  likely  that 
what  pleased  him  least,  was  to  see  that  the  reference 
by  one  neighbor  of  his  dispute  to  the  settlement  of  an- 
other, was  forsaken,  for  the  c<»mplicated  practice  of 
the  courts  increased  ;  to  notice  that,  day  by  day,  the 
law  was  assuming  in  its  forms  and  precedents  moio 
and  more  of  authority,  llis  early  li!e  in  Xoith  Car- 
olina had  educated  him  for  such  opinions,  because 
there  the  abuses  and  oppressions  of  those  who  wero 


FIRST   JrDGT:S    OF    KENTUCKY.  30f' 

sheltered  beneath  the  regulations  and  rules  of  law^ 
had  convulsed  society.  His  loss  of  his  land  papers, 
and  the  endless  difficulties  to  which  it  subjected  him, 
all  strengthened  this  feeling ;  but  as  he  had,  as  he 
thought,  a  good  claim,  he  went  on  in  its  improve- 
ment, and  looked  to  the  agriculture  of  the  country — 
^liile  he  never  forgot  the  relation  in  which  he  stood 
to  the  Indians,  but  kept  his  good  rifle  where  his  hand 
could,  in  an  instant,  be  upon  it.  It  had  too  often 
shown  its  value  to  be  neglected. 

Meanwhile,  the  luxuries  of  life  began  to  find  their 
way  to  this  region.  In  1780,  Yirginia  had  passed  a 
law  establishing  the  town  of  Louisville,  at  the  Falls  of 
the  Ohio,  and  though  the  Indian  stood  ready,  if  possi- 
ble, to  track  every  footstep  thither  with  blood,  yet  the 
irresistible  progress  of  civilization  overcame  all  dan- 
gers. In  1783,  Daniel  Brodhead  astonished  the  settlers 
by  offering  for  sale  goods  from  Philadelphia,  having 
succeeded  in  freighting  them  from  thence  to  Pittsburgh 
in  wagons,  and  down  the  river  in  flat-boats.  Even 
upon  those  days  of  simplicity  arose  the  radiance  of 
gaudy  calico  and  overshadowing  wool  hats.  It  was 
a  time  of  serious  innovation. 

John  Floyd  and  Samuel  McDowell  were  the  first 
judges  of  the  Kentucky  district.  Both  these  namoi 
are  of  families  illustrious  in  the  annals  of  Yirginia, 
iven  to  our  own  day. 

The  emigration  in  the  years  1783  and  1784,  is  com 

20 


306  LIKE   OK    DANIKL    BOONE. 

puteil  by  Filson  to  have  amounted  to  not  less  tliac 
twelve  thousand ;  but  this  seems  an  exaggerated 
n  amber.  Tlie  Indians  seemed  to  let  the  settlers  alone 
for  the  time,  and  that  most  eulogistic  historian  of  Ken- 
tucky, Imlay,  declares  that  there  appears  to  be  no- 
thing wanting  to  make  them  the  happiest  j)eople  upon 
earth.  He  says  that  the  order  and  quiet  which  pre- 
vailed in  17S4,  was  sufficient  to  have  induced  a  stran- 
ger to  believe  he  was  living  under  an  old  settled  gov- 
ernment. He  may  have  so  thouglit,  bei'ig  a  surveyor, 
but  the  adjustment  of  the  claims  of  settlement  and 
preemption  rights  soon,  at  least  in  some  cases,  made 
this  happiness  chequered  by  many  proceedings  which 
spread  ruin  to  those  who  had  suffered  and  done  the 
most  to  bring  about  the  settlement  of  the  country. 
The  man  who  knew  and  practised  only  the  broad 
ruics  of  fairness,  and  who,  because  he  knew  that  hia 
own  notions  were  pure,  tliought  equal  justice  would 
be  wrought  to  him,  was  not  the  person  to  cope  with 
the  shrewd  and  cunning  sjjcculator,  who  had  a  touch 
of  Shylock  about  him,  and  was  as  ready  to  insist  upon 
every  nicety  of  legal  enactment,  when  it  would  work 
in  his  favor,  as  Wiis  the  Jew  to  exact  the  fearful  j)en- 
alty  of  his  bond.  Cooper,  in  his  best  story  —  the  Pi 
oneer — illustrates  this,  in  the  case  of  the  Bimi)le- 
hearted  hunter,  who  touiul  it  impossible  to  see  tho 
justice  of  the  procedure  of  the  courts.  It  is  easy  to 
*4»e  that  our  ;/njat   novelist  must  have  drawn   froio 


D Alton's  speech  to  the  Indians.  30'? 

tlie  liistory  of  Boone  irucli  of  the  suggestion  of  his 
hunter  character. 

Boone  was  soon  to  feel  that,  like  the  many  ol 
earth's  benefactors,  when  his  services  ceased  to  be 
vitally  necessary  their  value  was  speedily  forgotten. 

Boone's  own  narrative  seems  to  reach  to  the  year 
1784:.  At  the  time  it  was  written  in  his  dictation,  u 
was  prepared  simultaneously  with  a  description  of 
Kentucky  by  Filson,  and  to  this  history,  Col.  Boone, 
and  Levi  Todd,  and  James  Harrod,  give  their  cordial 
recommendation.  Their  experience  in  the  way  of 
criticism  on  books  was  not  as  extensive  as  their  ac- 
quaintance with  rougher  enterprises.  At  the  close 
of  the  sketch  of  his  life,  Boone  gives,  and  calls  atten- 
tion to  it,  a  curious  document  relating  to  the  Indians. 
It  is  the  speech  to  them  of  a  Mr.  Dalton  —  who  was 
probably  a  government  agent  —  and  their  reply. 
There  are  some  curious  illustrations  of  the  times  in 
its  contents.  It  assigns  their  poverty  as  the  cause  of 
their  alliance  with  the  English.  The  copartnership 
left  them  far  poorer  than  it  found  them.  Their  hopes 
of  driving  the  settler  away  had  all  ceased,  and  the  ftict 
that  even  the  great  king  across  the  water  had  not  been 
able  to  assist  them  to  it,  was  not  longer  to  be  passed 
by.  They  profess  a  claim  of  friendship  with  the  set- 
tiers.  Boone  says,  it  was  their  wretchedness  which 
drove  them  to  it.  Melancholy  it  is  to  notice  the  ear- 
nest pleading  which  these  chiefs  use,  to  procure  the 


508  LIFE    OF    1>ANIKL    Boi)NE. 

fatal  gift  of  rum;  —  to  be  able  to  make  it,  seems  a 
knowledge  and  art  they  greatly  covet.  Some  of  tlieii 
prisoners  astonished  them  by  telling  them  tliat  thej 
possessed  such  rare  skill.  The  gift  they  coveted  thoy 
doubtless  received.  It  was  the  curse  of  the  day,  and 
the  white  man  who  ought  to  have  gone  forth  to  bless 
and  to  civilize,  made  this  passion  of  the  Indian  the 
swift  instrument  of  their  destruction.  To  such  fate 
was  the  poor  Indian  early  doomed,  and  his  own  hor- 
rible cruelty  dismissed  all  sympath}-  for  him  from  the 
frontier.  He  appeared  before  them  only  as  a  being 
using  power  wherever  he  obtained  it,  too  often  under 
circumstances  of  cruelty  in  which,  if  a  white  man  jiar- 
ticipated,  it  was  only  when  he  became  the  most*  abau 
doned  of  his  race.  The  Indian  could  not  but  have 
seen  that  his  destiny  was  to  pass  away.  This  memo- 
rial shows  it. 

"My  Children  :  —  What  I  have  often  told  you  is  now  come 
to  pass.  This  day  I  received  news  from  my  Great  Chiel, 
at  the  Falls  of  Ohio.  Peace  is  made  with  the  enemies  of 
America.  The  white  flesh,  the  Americans,  French,  S'panish, 
Dutch,  and  English,  this  day  smoked  out  of  the  peace-pipe. 
The  tomahawk  is  buried  and  they  are  now  friends.  1  am 
told  the  Shawancse,  Delawares,  Chickasaws,  Cherokces,  and 
all  other  red  flesh,  have  Uxken  the  Long  Knife  by  the  hind 
They  have  given  up  to  them  the  prisoners  that  were  in  their 
nation. 

*•  My  Childkkn  on  Wabash  : — Open  your  ears,  and  let 
what  1  trll  you  sink  into  your  hearts.    You  know  me.    Neai 


REPLY   OF   THE    INDIANS.  308 

twenty  years  I  have  been  among  you.  The  Long  Knife  ia 
my  nation.  I  know  their  hearts ;  peace  they  carry  in  one 
hand,  and  war  in  the  other.  I  leave  you  to  yourselves  to 
judge.  Consider,  and  now  accept  the  one  or  the  other.  We 
never  beg  peace  of  our  enemies.  If  you  love  your  women 
and  children,  receive  the  belt  of  wampum,  I  present  you. 
Return  me  my  flesh  you  have  in  your  villages,  and  the  hor- 
ses you  stole  from  my  people  in  Kentucky.  Your  corn  fields 
were  never  disturbed  by  the  Long  Knife.  Your  women  and 
children,  lived  quiet  in  their  houses,  while  your  warriors 
were  killing  and  robbing  my  people.  All  this  you  know  is 
the  truth.  This  is  the  last  time  I  shall  speak  to  you.  I  have 
waited  six  moons  to  hear  you  speak,  and  to  get  my  people 
from  you.  In  ten  nights  I  shall  leave  the  Wabash  to  see 
my  Great  Chief  at  the  Falls  of  Ohio,  where  he  will  be  glad 
to  hear,  from  your  own  lips,  what  you  have  to  say. 

"Here  is  tobacco  I  give  you;  smoke,  and  consider  what  I 
have  said.  Then  I  delivered  one  belt  of  blue  and  white 
wampum,  and  said,  Piankashaw,  speak,  speak   to  the  Ame- 


Then  the  Piankashaw  chief  answered  : 

"  My  Great  Father,  the  Long  Knife  : — You  have  been 
many  years  among  us.  You  have  sufl^ered  by  us.  We  still 
hope  you  will  have  pity  and  compassion  upon  us,  on  our 
women  and  children  :  the  day  is  clear.  The  sun  shines  on 
us,  and  the  good  news  of  peace  appears  in  our  faces.  This 
day,  my  father,  this  is  the  day  of  joy  to  the  Wabash  Indians. 
With  one  tongue  we  now  speak.  We  accept  your  peace- 
belt.  We  return  God  thanks  ;  you  are  the  man  that  deliv- 
ered  us,  what  we  long  wished  for,  peace  with  the  white  flesh. 
My  father,  we  have  many  times  counseled  before  you  kne\« 
as  :  and  you  know  how  some  of  us  suffered  before.     We  re 


31'"^  LTFK   OF   DANIKL    nrM)XE. 

eoivo(]  tho  tomahawk  from  the  English  :  poverty  foiceJ  u* 
to  it,  we  were  attcn«l«'<l  by  cither  nations  :  we  are  sorry  for 
It :  we  this  day  collect  the  bones  of  our  friends  that  long 
ago  were  scattered  upon  the  earth.  We  bury  them  in  one 
grave.  We  thus  plant  the  tree  of  peace,  that  God  may 
spread  branches,  so  that  we  can  all  be  secured  from  bad 
weather.  They  smoke  as  brothers  out  of  the  peace-pipe  we 
now  present  to  you.  Here,  my  father,  is  the  pipe  that  give^ 
us  joy.  Smoke  out  of  it.  Our  warriors  are  glad  you  are 
the  man  we  present  it  to.  You  see,  father,  we  have  buried 
the  tomahawk,  we  now  make  a  great  chain  of  friendship 
never  to  be  broken ;  and  now,  as  one  people,  smoke  out  of 
jrour  pipe. 

"My  father,  we  know  God  was  angry  with  us  for  stealing 
your  horses,  and  disturbing  your  people.  lie  has  sent  us  so 
much  snow  and  cold  weather,  that  God  himself  killed  all 
your  horses  with  our  own.  We  are  now  a  poor  people. 
God,  we  hope,  will  help  us;  and  our  lather,  the  Long  Knife, 
have  pity  and  compassion  on  our  women  and  children.  Your 
flesh,  my  father,  is  well,  that  is  among  us ;  we  shall  collect 
them  all  together,  when  they  come  in  from  hunting.  Don't 
be  sorry,  my  father,  all  the  prisoners  taken  at  Kentucky  are 
alive  and  well ;  we  love  them,  and  so  do  our  young  women. 
Some  of  your  people  mend  our  guns,  and  others  tell  us  they 
can  make  rum  out  of  corn.  Those  are  now  the  siune  as  we. 
In  one  moon  after  this  we  will  go  with  them  to  their  friends 
In  Kentucky.  Some  of  your  people  will  now  go  with 
Costca,  a  chief  of  our  nation,  to  see  his  gn  at  fatluT,  the 
Long  Knife,  at  the  Falls  ot'  Ohio. 

"My  father,  this  being  the  day  of  joy  to  the  Waltjwsh  bi 
dians,  we  beg  u  little  dn>p  of  your  milk,  to  let  our  warrloi*? 
see  it  came  from  y(»ur  own  bre^ist.  We  were  i)orn  nn^. 
raise  '1  in  the  wo<tds  ;   we  could   never  learn  to  make  mm  — 


EFFECT    ON    THE    INDIANS. 


311 


God  has  made  the  white  flesh  masters  of  the  world ;  the\ 
make  everythicCT  ;  and  we  all  love  rum. 

"  Then  they  delivered  three  strings  of  blue  and  white 
wampum,  and  the  coronet  of  peace. 
•'  Present  in  council, 

"  MujSKiTO,  Antta, 

Capt.  Beaver,  Montour, 

Woods  &  Burxing,  Castia,  • 

Badtripes,  Grand  Court, 

with  many  other  chiefs  and  war  captains,  and  the  principal 
inhabitants  of  the  port  of  St.  Vincents." 

Strange  to  say,  the  effect  of  the  severe  lessons  im- 
printed on  the  minds  of  the  Pinkiashaw  Indians  seemg 
not  to  liave  been  effaced  even  to  this  hour.  The  re- 
port of  the  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs  in  1853, 
states  this  tribe  —  a  small  remnant — as  one  of  those 
who,  yielding  to  the  forthcoming  power  of  the  wliite 
man,  were  willing  to  sell  out  their  possessions  and  re- 
treat still  further  to  the  western  forests. 


>s 


fm.\ 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

tJrpiA?*  nosTILITIKS   RENE\\ED  —  THE  NUMKROUS  OOI«V1E!«TIONS  RtLAnvi  1  .-^ 

TBI  FORMATION  OF  A  8TATE JOHN  MARSHALL KENTUCKT  ADMITTED  !!» 

TUK  UNION  AS  A  STATE  IN  1791  BOONe's  DIFFICULTIES  RELATIVE  TO  TJIi 

TITLE  TO  HIS  LANDS HE  LOSra  HIS    FARM .NARRATIVE   OF    THE  ESCAPI 

OF  DOWNING    AND  TATE9   FROM  THE  INDIANS THE    BRAVE    KEXTUCKLANfl 

E8CAPK    or  MB.   ROWAN    AND    FAMILY BOONE'S    VISIT   TO    BIS    BIBTB 

PLACE UI8  HARDSHIPS  IN  THE  LOSS  OF    HIS  LANDS. 

In  1784,  the  IiuHaii  a<]:ain  made  his  power  to  ha- 
rass the  settler  known.  The  settlers  of  Kentucky  felt 
that  they  were  overlooked  by  Virginia ;  that  the  scat 
of  government  was  too  far  away ;  and  that  while 
peace  came  to  all  the  rest  of  the  Union,  it  had  omit- 
ted its  gentle  reign  over  a  district  where  it  was  un- 
safe to  wander  out  of  sight  of  the  stations  and  forts, 
"without  being  well  armed.  Indeed,  a  rumor  spread 
that  there  was  to  be  a  repetition  of  the  invasions  by 
large  forces,  which  had  so  desolated  the  frontier  in 
the  battle  of  the  Blue  Licks  ;  and  a  concentration  of 
the  settlements  was  suggested,  and  a  meeting  of  ma- 
ny of  tlic'ir  best  men  was  hold  at  Dansville.  They 
looked  over  the  laws  which  governed  their  action,  and 
found  that  if  the  invasion  was  to  take  place,  it  must 
he  roj>olled  by  voluntoor  effort,  as  the  powers  neces 


CONVENTION    AT    DANSVILLE.  313 

sary  to  carry  on  a  war  ceased  with  tlie  declaration  o^ 
peace.  It  was  a  weary  distance  over  to  Eichmond, 
and  rich  as  the  great  State  of  Virginia  was  in  brave 
men  and  good  lawyers,  the  Indian  would  wait  for 
neither  the  arms  of  the  one  or  the  opinions  of  the 
other. 

The  threatened  invasion  did  not  take  place :  the 
Indian  had  his  memories  of  the  destruction  of  his 
towns  too  vivid  to  give  him  much  heart  to  carry  on 
another  campaign.  The  meeting  at  Dansville  argued 
whether  it  were  not  best  —  indeed,  whether  it  were 
not  the  only  true  course  —  to  strike  their  blow  in  ad- 
vance, and  proceed  like  Sullivan  and  Clarke,  to  a  war 
of  extermination.  In  this  condition  of  opinion,  to 
find  themselves  without  legal  power  to  make  this 
movement,  was  most  embarrassing;  and  they  pro- 
ceeded to  do,  what  so  many  public  bodies  do — to 
call  another  convention,  which  should  be  somewhat 
more  formal,  and  possess  a  more  detailed  delegated 
authority. 

Curiously,  the  elections  for  :he  new  convention 
were  held  from  each  militia  company ;  as  if  Kentucky 
was  to  be  carried  forward  at  every  stage  of  her  pro- 
gress by  the  sword.  The  delegates  again  met ;  ^nd 
one  of  the  most  singular  pages  in  the  annals  of  Ken- 
tucky is  the  great  number  of  conventions  that  were 
held  by  a  people  more  familiar  with  the  rifle  than 
with  the  pen,  and  far  more  at  home  iii  the  stirring 
N 


514  LIFE   OF   DANIEL   BOONE. 

shout  of  the  border  fight  or  forest  hunt,  than  in  the 
parliamentary  del)ate.  In  the  lists  of  delegates  we 
do  not  find  the  name  of  Col.  Boone,  and  the  reason 
is  an  obvious  one.  lie  was  one  of  those  men  who, 
possessing  the  power  to  act  well  the  career  he  sliould 
select,  sought  only  that  which  led  him  to  withdraw 
from  the  crowd.  He  led  the  way  in  heroic  and  noble 
achievement  to  lay  the  foundation  of  the  State.  For 
this  he  dared  death  in  every  shape,  and  went  through 
a  series  of  adventures  more  bold  and  impressive  than 
are  found  in  the  life  of  a  vast  number  of  those  on 
whom  the  world  flings  its  laurels ;  but  in  the  contro' 
of  the  community  he  had  formed,  he  took  no  part. 
He  knew  tliat  the  convention  at  Dansville  might  for- 
get him  in  its  papers  and  its  talk  ;  but  he  knew  as 
well,  that  if  the  invasion,  the  fear  of  which  had 
brought  them  together,  should  take  place,  they  would 
turn  to  tlie  Pioneer  to  be  of  those  who  should  lead 
them  to  victory. 

Of  this  second  meeting  at  Dansville,  a  young  man 
was  secretary,  who  prosecuted  his  studies,  to  qualify 
himself  for  his  profession,  by  fire-light — the  hours  of 
the  day  being  occupied  in  the  labors  necessary  for  his 
support.  He  commenced  the  practice  when  his  horse, 
saddle  and  bridle,  and  thirty-seven  and  a  half  cents 
in  money,  were  all  iiis  means;  and  he  died  a  Justice 
of  the  Supremo  Court  of  the  United  States  —  the  as- 
sociate  of  John  Marshall.     He  was  of  those   men. 


MOKE  coxyextio:ns  315 

whose  good  sense  and  integrity  were  so  valnable  to 
Kentucky  in  the  hour  when  its  character  as  a  com- 
monwealth was  forming. 

This  convention  was  very  clear  in  opinion  that  the 
time  had  come  when  the  State  of  Kentucky  should 
be  organized,  and  her  separation  from  the  govern 
ment  of  Virginia  determined.  But,  as  if  it  was  most 
excellent  employment  for  these  hardy  sons  of  the 
frontier  to  meet  in  formal  assemblages,  the  subject 
was  referred  to  another  convention,  which  met  in 
May,  1785,  at  Dansville  —  as  famous  for  its  conven- 
tions as  is,  in  this  day,  the  city  of  Syracuse. 

This  one  met  on  the  twenty- third  of  May.  Profit- 
ing by  the  dignified  example  set  by  the  Transylvania 
Legislature,  which  had  been  the  pioneer  of  all,  ita 
proceedings  were  conducted  with  great  order.  They 
resolved  that  Kentucky  ought  to  be  taken  into  union 
with  the  United  States  of  America,  and  enjoy  equal 
privileges  in  common  with  the  other  States  ;  and  then 
they  referred  the  subject  over  again  to  another  con- 
vention, to  assemble  in  August.  . 

And  this,  also,  met ;  for  the  Kentuckians  followed 
their  political  afifairs  with  all  the  determination  and 
zeal  with  which  they  had  conquered  the  country  from 
the  savages. 

Gen.  Wilkinson  was  a  member  of  tliis  convention, 
and  in  its  name  gave  forth  an  address  which,  in  ita 
power  of  expression,  carried  great  influence.     It  was 


r.M:  LIKK   OK   DANIKL    B<»O.VK. 

^incKrii.-i  liv  the  belief,  fuuinled  en  wliat  riiev  l.c.inl 
from  Vincennes,  that  the  Indians  had  not  merely  n^t 
relinquished  the  idea  of  a  general  war,  but  were  or- 
ganizing for  the  purpose.  They  urged  the  i»eople  every- 
where to  organize  and  prepare  for  defence.  Tliey  ap- 
pointed deputies  to  proceed  to  Virginia,  to  preset  t 
their  address  to  the  authorities,  in  whose  power  its 
fulfillment  existed.  These  bold  pioneers  made  two  law- 
yers (Muter  and  Jarvis)  their  representatives,  and 
awaited  calmly  the  result  of  their  labors.  IIow  strange- 
ly the  services  of  one  of  these — Chief  Justice  Muter — 
were  remunerated,  the  records  of  his  neglect  show. 

The  Legislature  of  Virginia  was  composed  of  men 
too  wise  not  to  see  that  separation  was  inevitable.  Sep- 
arated from  the  parent  State  by  a  distance  and  by 
difficulties  of  communication,  in  those  days  most  for- 
midable, they  saw  that  Kentuckians  would  nut  long 
submit  to  be  ruled  by  those  whose  power  was  s<>  far 
removed  as  to  surround  every  approach  to  it  with 
the  greatest  embarrassment.  It  was,without  its  wrongs, 
and  tyranny,  and  misgovernment,  the  repetition  of 
the  circumstances  of  the  Crown  and  the  Colonies; 
and  with  good  judgment,  and,  as  the  beautiful  lan- 
guage used  by  the  Dansville  convention  expressed  it, 
with  sole  intent  to  bless  its  people,  they  agreed  to  a 
dismemberment  of  its  parts,  to  secure  the  happiness* 
of  the  whole. 

But  the  Kentuckians  were  called  to  another  con 


CHIEF    JUSTICE    MARSHALL.  317 

rention  at  Dansville,  in  September,  ITSO.  To  thia 
the  delegates  were  elected,  but  circumstances  conse- 
quent upon  the  Indian  hostilities,  to  which  reference 
will  be  made,  prevented  the  assemblage  of  a  quorum. 
Those  who  were  in  session,  with  a  good  sense  which 
might  often  felicitously  be  imitated  in  modern  legis- 
latures, did  not  assume  to  act  for  the  whole  body  ; 
but  organizing  as  a  committee,  represented  the  cir- 
cnmstances  to  the  authorities  of  Yirginia. 

Their  communication  was  committed  to  the  care 
and  charge  of  John  Marshall,  that  glorious  chief  pil- 
lar in  the  fabric  of  American  jurisprudence.  He 
gave  to  young  Kentucky  the  advocacy  which  he,  in 
his  quick  and  strong  mind,  saw  she  deserved  ;  and  it 
will  always  be  a  bright  record  in  the  history  of  both 
States,  that  his  great  name  is  linked  with  the  act  that 
made  two  great  commonwealths  of  one. 

But  the  convention  had  to  meet  again  !    and  when 
it  did  meet,  the  determination  for  independent  sove 
reignty  was  unanimous.     Surely,  after  so  many,  wea 
ried  nature  would  seek  for  some  conclusion. 

It  will  be  well,  before  returning  to  where  Boone 
was  quietly  pursuing  his  agricultural  labors,  diversi 
tied  by  the  sound  of  his  rifle  in  the  chase  and  hunt — 
all  the  while  fearing  the  craft  of  the  speculator  and 
the  land-jobber  more  than  he  did  the  fierce  face  of 
the  Indian  —  to  thread  out  this  lonsr  line  of  conven- 
tions      A  belief  that  there  existed  a  disposition  iu 


818  LIFE   OP   DAiaEL   BOONE. 

Congress  to  cede  away  what  was  to  all  these  settler* 
—  and  justly — considered  aii  inestimable  right,  the 
navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  entered  nnw  into  the 
public  mind  to  an  extent  which  seriously  cmbarras.sed 
the  question  of  the  independence  of  the  State. 

The  time  fixed  in  which  the  consent  of  Congresa 
was  to  be  obtained,  was  deemed  too  short,  and  an  ex- 
tension asked  for,  and  tlie  Virginia  Legislature  re- 
vised the  act,  so  as  to  call  another  convention  to  bd 
fifld  at  DansvilU^  in  September,  1787. 

January  1st,  1789,  was  fixed  upon  as  the  period 
when,  if  the  convention  agreed,  the  laws  of  Virginia 
ehould  cease,  and  the  agreement  of  Congress  was  to 
be  had  before  July  4th,  1788.  But  in  the  mean  time, 
the  otiier  convention  had  found  a  quorum,  and  agreed 
to  the  former  conditions.  This  state  of  things  brought 
the  affair,  after  all  its  vexatious  delays,  about  to  itb 
starting  point,  rather  than  to  a  termination. 

Under  a  belief  that  the  navigation  of  the  Missis 
Bip]>i  was  really  about  to  be  diplomatised  away,  a 
spirited  letter  was  issued  to  the  Kentuckians — signed 
among  others  by  Justice  Muter — recommending  a 
conventi«m  at  Dansville  again !  and  that  celebrated 
place  of  convocation  witnessed  another,  whicli,  how 
ever,  dispersed  without  action. 

Then,  in  conformity  witli  tlio  last  act  of  Virginiji, 
another  convention  was  elected  —  which  Dansville 
again  entertained,  and  who  reiterated  that  they,  liko 


FIRST   DELEGATE   TO    CONGKESS.  319 

their  predecessors,  were  unanimously  in  favor  of  be* 
ing  a  sovereign  State,  and  not  a  dependency  even  of 
venerable  Virginia. 

They  sent  their  proceedings  to  the  Yirginia  Legis- 
lature, and  asked  that  they  might  select  a  delegate 
to  Congress,  who  should  urge  that  body  to  agree  to 
the  separation. 

Yirginia  agreed  to  the  choice  of  a  delegate,  anc 
Kentucky,  not  exactly  as  a  separate  organization, 
but  yet  not  entirely  as  included  in  Yirginia,  first 
made  itself  known  in  that  Federal  Legislature,  where, 
in  after  years,  her  voice  was  to  be  heard  —  of  all  oth- 
ers, most  eloquently  —  by  Mr.  John  Brown,  a  lawyer 
of  great  talent,  and  whose  popularity  was  eminently 
deserved.  It  was  now  decreed  that  the  power  of  Yir- 
ginia should  cease  on  the  last  day  of  1788,  and — with 
resistless  destiny  —  the  Kentuckians  were  required  to 
elect  delegates  to  another  convention  !  to  be  held  at 
Dansville,  to  form  a  constitution. 

But,  in  the  mean  time.  Congress  itself  had  inter- 
posed between  it  and  its  powers  and  duties,  the  action 
of  the  great  Constitutional  Convention  of  Philadel- 
phia, over  which  George  Washington  presided,  and 
the  result  of  whose  labors  was  that  instrument  whose 
design  was"to  form  a  more  perfect  union  —  establish 
justice,  ensure  domestic  tranquility,  provide  for  the 
common  defense,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and 
lecure  the  blessings  of  liberty"-and  which  great  worlf 


.^20  T.fFK  OF  DAxrrr.  noovr. 

iho  experiences  of  n  lialf  century  ami  more,  show  ha« 
been  bo  well  performed.  Such  were  the  delays  m 
the  action  of  Congress,  that  the  question  of  the  ad- 
inission  of  Kentucky  was  not  taken  up  till  the  tliirti- 
eth  of  July,  while  the  law  of  Yir<^inia  required  the 
whole  to  be  consi:inmated  by  the  fourth  ! 

It  belongs  to  the  history  of  Kentucky,  and  not  to 
that  of  Boone,  to  trace  out  the  etiect  which  all  this 
delay  produced.  Wliether  that  bold  people  did  not 
seriously,  by  some  of  their  leading  mind?,  debate  the 
question  whether,  as  they  had  so  often  been  foiled  in 
their  attempt  to  become  one  of  the  Union,  they  had 
not  the  strcngtli  and  energy  to  go  on  to  greatness  with- 
out it — is  for  the  historian  of  Kentucky  to  determine, 
by  a  laborious  and  patient  investigation.  The  ques- 
tion is  now  only  one  of  curious  history,  and  the  time 
will  soon  come  wlien  it  will  be,  in  all  its  features, 
presented  to  the  student,  as  illustrating  the  Age. 

Acting  under  the  law  of  Virginia,  a  convention  as 
sembled  to  form  a  constitution  for  Kentucky.  Aa 
Congress  had  passed  a  resolution  for  its  admission  on 
the  fourth  of  July,  1789,  though  it  was  the  postpone- 
ment of  a  year,  yet  there  seemed  a  remarkable  prob- 
ability that  the  end  was  coming.  This  convention, 
however,  was  most  occupieil  in  the  discussion  of  the 
Beparate  independence  question,  which,  fortunately, 
while  it  blazed  up  very  lightly  for  a  time,  hud  no  en 
during  strength 


ADMITTED    A3    A    STATE.  32 i 

Now  Yirginia  took  another  act  in  the  drama,  ana 
passed  a  third  act,  requiring  Kentucky  to  elect  dele 
gates  to  another  convention  in  Dansville  !  in  July 
1789.  and  it  assembled.  By  this  time,  the  habit  o 
assembling  at  this  famous  place  must  ha^e  become 
familiar.  Not  yet  was  the  way  clear.  Yirginia  had 
interposed  certain  conditions  to  her  acquiescence  to 
the  separation,  to  which  the  Kentuckians  declined  to 
accede  ;  and  absolutely  another  convention  was  called 
to  assemble  in  1790.  And  this,  too,  assembled,  and 
as  Yirginia,  by  subsequent  legislation,  had  removed 
the  obnoxious  conditions,  the  formal  act  of  separation 
was,  at  last,  after  all  this  weary  procedure,  establish- 
ed. Another  convention  assembled  and  formed  a 
constitution.  On  the  earnest  recommendation  of 
Gen.  Washington  —  on  the  fourth  of  February,  1791 
—  Kentucky,  by  act  of  Congress,  was  admitted  as  a 
sovereign  State  ;  accomplishing  this  good  purpose  by 
perseverance  under  a  series  of  vexatious  difficulties, 
the  moiety  of  which  would  have  been  resorted  to,  by 
less  patriotic  communities,  as  cause  for  finding  that 
independence  by  the  strong  arm,  which  the  law 
refused. 

Not  Boonesborough,  in  all  its  nine  days'  hard  fight- 
ing, sustained  a  longer  siege  than  did  Dansville  in 
her  most  numerous  conventions.     It   was  great  in- 
gratitude to  her,  after  aL  her  experiences,  to  remov'Q 
N*  21 


3t32  LIFE   OF    DANII-X    IVK>NK. 

the  Beat   ot   government,  as   was   done  in   1792,  t< 
Lexington. 

While  Dansvillo  was  thus  witnessing  bt  cli  a  j  rv> 
cession  of  convention:?,  and  the  pen  and  the  voice 
were  assuming  the  power  which  will  always  vest  in 
them,  after  strength  has  prepare<l  their  way,  the  com- 
mon aifaii-s  of  life  among  the  frontier  inhabitants 
went  on.  They  had  laid  the  foundation  of  their  fu 
tnre  home  in  the  mid.st  of  peril,  of  difficulty,  of  dan 
ger,  of  death.  How  many  of  tliose  who  thus  found 
that  their  possession  of  the  rich  and  good  land  was 
only  accomplished  by  privation  and  suffering,  as  they 
reflected  upon  the  quiet  and  prosperity  of  those 
homes  in  the  Atlantic  States  which  they  had  left,  but 
felt  sometimes  as  if  they  would  say  with  the  Jews  of 
old  —  ''  X<» :  but  we  will  go  into  the  land  of  Egypt, 
where  we  shall  see  no  war,  nor  hear  the  sound  of  the 
trumpet,  nor  have  hunger  of  bread,  and  there  will 
we  dwell." 

"With  more  firmness  than  was  possessed  by  the  peo- 
ple of  the  chosen  land,  the  settlers  adhered  to  their 
homes,  surviving  all  the  horrors  of  Indian  warfare, 
•md  every  hour  becoming  more  sensible  that  in  Ken- 
tucky, in  its  abundant  development  of  all  the  rieliea 
cf  a  luxuriant  land,  they  had  t'uind  an  estate  for 
which  it  was  worth  while  to  endure  the  perils  of  the 
frontier. 

Buouc  saw  all  these  conventions  come  and  go,  and 


BOONE    IN    TROUBLE.  323 

it  is  most  probable,  with  his  simple  and  direcv  idea 
of  what  should  constitute  the  dealing  of  nLan  to  nian^ 
thought  the  country  of  his  settlement  no  gainer  by  so 
much  of  form.  While  so  much  trouble  was  taken  to 
move  on  in  strict  correctness  towards  sovereignty  as  a 
State;  Boone  felt  that  the  individual  did  not  fare  so 
well,  He  found  that  for  the  possession  of  land,  how 
much  soever  different  in  its  acquisition,  the  counsel 
of  a  good  lawyer  was  more  valuable  than  the  accura 
cy  or  skill  of  the  hunter ;  and  the  quiet  of  the  place 
which  he  occupied  near  Boonesborough,  was  disturb- 
ed by  the  efforts  of  certain  persons  to  dispossess  him 
of  it  on  account  of  some  informality  in  its  location. 

Thispart  of  Boone's  history  is  but  imperfectly  known. 
It  is  evident  by  the  language  of  his  memorial  addressed 
to  the  Legislature  of  Kentucky  in  1812,  that  very 
soon  after  the  immediate  troubles  with  the  Indiana 
had  ceased,  and  he  had  begun  to  improve  the  land 
to  which  he  thought  he  had  secured  possession,  legal 
proceedings  were  commenced  against  him.  He  soon 
found  that  his  series  of  troubles  which  had  begun  in 
the  disastrous  loss  of  his  money,  when  he  had  collect- 
ed it,  and  was  on  his  way  to  buy  land,  that  this  series 
of  disaster  had  not  finished.  Boone  felt  that  he  had 
printed  the  way  to  this  noble  inheritance.  He  knew 
that  he  had  defended  it  amidst  a  thousand  perils  — 
that  for  it  he  had  sacrificed  lives  little  less  dear  to 
him  than  his  own,  and  he  could  not  understand  the 


324  LIFK   OF    DANIEL    r.r>ON'F. 

justice  of  making  a  sot  of  coinpHcated  fnnns  8nj>cri<M 
to  an  honest  occiipnncj  of  land,  wliich  lie  had  se- 
lected, as  ho  believed,  when  and  where  it  was  his 
right. 

The  land  title  law  of  Virginia  was  calcuLated  f<»r 
the  benefit  of  the  acute  specuhator.  It  was  not  a  la^** 
for  Boone,  and  Kenton,  and  the  pioneers,  and  they 
melted  away  beneath  it.  They  were  sued,  and  they 
defended  as  best  they  could.  They  resorted  to  coun- 
sel, and  went  to  court,  but  the  whole  affair  was  vex- 
atious. It  was  not  that  they  could  weaken  the  power 
or  authority  of  the  law,  hut  they  could  not  divest 
themselves  of  the  belief  that  the  land  was  theirs  by 
their  settlement  of  it,  maintained  against  the  savage 
BO  long ;  and  when  they  found  that  their  fair  posses- 
sions, by  reason  of  defect  in  the  niaiuiLr  of  location, 
were  vested  in  othei-s,  it  gave  tliem  an  unhappy  feel- 
ing towards  the  law  itself. 

Boone  lost  his  farm.  Coming  to  tlie  country,  and 
living  in  it  when  the  foot  of  no  other  white  man  trod 
it3  leaves  —  daring  all  the  peril  of  Indian  and  hcast — 
hunted  —  captured  —  fighting  and  concpiering — he 
found  himself  in  his  own  beloved  Kentucky,  withcut 
possessions.  There  was  land  for  the  thousands,  but 
no  land  for  him.  In  his  memorial  to  the  Kentucky 
Legislature,  after  relating  tho  loss  of  all  his  money  by 
robbery,  he  mournfully  says,  that  the  few  Ian  Js  he 
4id  locate  were  swallowed  up  by  better  claitns.     It  ii 


A    THEILLING    RECITAL.        -  325 

difficult  for  US  to  understand,  at  this  day,  how  a  com- 
munity could  allow  this  brave  Pioneer  to  be  divested 
of  the  land  his  co\;rage  and  enterprise  had  won. 

Kentucky  was  not  yet  free  from  the  Indians,  and 
the  story  of  the  numerous  adventures  that  befell  her 
80D8,  as  they  have  been  gathered  in  Collins'  excel 
lent  history,  make  a  group  of  recitals,  having  the  in^ 
terest  of  exciting  romance.  One  of  the  most  curious 
of  these  is  related  by  McClung  : 

"  In  the  month  of  August,  1786,  Air.  Francis  Downing, 
then  a  mere  lad,  was  living  in  a  fort,  where  subsequently 
some  iron  works  were  erected  by  Mr.  Jacob  Myers,  which 
are  now  known  by  the  name  of  the  State  Creek  Works,  and 
are  now  the  property  of  Col.  Thomas  Dye  Owings.  About 
the  16th,  a  young  man  belonging  to  the  fort  called  upon 
Downing,  and  requested  his  assistance  in  hunting  for  a  horse 
which  had  strayed  away  on  the  preceding  evening.  Down- 
ing readily  complied,  and  the  two  friends  traversed  the 
woods  in  every  direction,  until  at  length,  towards  evening, 
they  found  themselves  in  a  wild  valley,  at  the  distance  of 
Rix  or  seven  miles  from  the  fort.  Here  Downing  became 
alarmed,  and  repeatedly  assured  his  elder  companion,  (whose 
lame  was  Yates,)  that  he  heard  sticks  cracking  behind  them, 
md  was  confident  that  Indians  were  dogging  them.  Yates 
oeing  an  experienced  hunter,  and  from  habit  grown  indiffer- 
ent to  the  dangers  of  the  woods,  diverted  himself  freely  at 
.he  expense  of  his  young  companion,  often  enquiring  at  what 
price  he  rated  his  scalp,  and  offering  to  insure  it  for  a  six- 
pence. Do\Yning,  however,  was  not  so  easily  satisfied.  Ho 
observed,  that  in  whatever  direction  they  turned  the  sam^ 
•minous  sounds  continued  to  haunt  thf  n,  and  as  Yates  still 


326  LIFE   OF    DANltL    B«  ONE. 

rreatinl  his  fears  w«th  the  most  perfect  indiflereni  e,  he  detei 
oiined  to  take  h  i  measures  upon  his  own  responsibility 
Cirjidually  slatking  his  pace,  he  permitted  Yates  to  advanci 
twenty  or  thirty  steps  in  front  of  him,  and  inmiediately  &(• 
Cerwards  descending  a  gentle  hill,  he  suddenly  sprung  aside, 
end  hid  himself  in  a  thick  cluster  of  A-hurtleberry  hushes. 
Vates,  who  at  that  time  was  performing  some  w'K»dland 
ditty  to  the  full  extent  of  his  lungs,  was  too  much  pleased 
with  his  own  voice  to  attend  to  either  Downing  or  the  In 
dians,  and  was  quickly  out  of  sight. 

"  Scarcely  had  he  disappeared,  when  Downing,  to  his  un- 
speakable terror,  beheld  two  savjiges  put  aside  the  stalks  of 
a  cane-l»rake,  and  look  out  cautiously  in  the  direction  Yates 
had  taken.  Fearful  that  they  had  seen  him  step  aside,  he 
determined  to  fire  upon  them,  and  trust  to  his  heels  for  safe- 
ty, but  so  unsteady  was  his  hand,  that  in  raising  the  gun  to 
his  shoulder,  she  went  off  before  he  had  taken  aim.  He 
lost  no  time  in  following  her  example,  and  after  running  fifty 
yards,  he  met  Yates,  who,  alarmed  at  the  report,  was  hastily 
retnicing  his  stej)s.  It  was  not  necessary  to  enquire  what 
was  the  matter.  The  enemy  were  in  full  view,  pressing  for- 
ward with  great  rapidity.  Yates  would  not  outstrip  Down- 
ing, but  ran  by  his  side,  although  in  so  doing  he  risked  both 
of  their  lives.  The  Indians  were  well  aetmainted  with  the 
country,  and  stxm  took  a  path  that  diverged  from  thi>  one 
the  whites  followed  at  one  point,  and  rejoined  it  at  another, 
bearing  the  munii  relation  to  it  that  the  string  does  to  the 
bow.  The  two  paths  were  at  no  point  distant  from  each 
other  more  than  one  hundred  yards,  sc  that  Yates  and  Down 
.ng  e<»uld  easily  see  the  enemy  gaining  raj)idly  upoi.  them. 
They  reached  the  jK)int  of  re-union  first,  however,  and  (juickly 
came  to  a  deep  gu'Iy,  which  it  was  necessary  to  cross  or  re 
\mcQ  their  st«'ps      Yates  cleared  it  without  difficulty,  bu* 


5LE   ESCAPE.  32^ 

Downing,  being  much  exhausted,  fell  short ;  and  falling  with 
his  breast  against  the  opposite  bank,  rebounded  with  vio- 
lence, and  fell  at  full  length  upon  the  bottom.  The  Indiana 
crossed  the  ditch  a  few  yards  below  him,  and  eager  for  the 
capture  of  Yates,  continued  the  pursuit,  without  appearing 
to  notice  Downing.  The  latter,  who  at  first  had  given  him- 
s>lf  up  for  lost,  quickly  recovered  his  strength,  and  began  to 
5ralk  slowly  around  the  ditch,  fearing  to  leave  it,  lest  the 
enemy  should  see  him.  As  he  advanced,  however,  the  ditch 
became  more  shallow,  until  it  ceased  to  protect  him  at  all. 
Looking  round  cautiously,  he  saw  one  of  the  Indians  return- 
ing, apparently  m  quest  of  him.  Unfortunately  he  had  neg- 
lected to  re-load  his  gun,  while  in  the  ditch,  and  as  the  In 
dian  instantly  advanced  upon  him,  he  had  no  recourse  but 
flight.  Throwing  away  his  gun,  which  was  now  useless,  he 
plied  his  legs  manfully  in  ascending  the  long  ridge  which 
stretched  before  him,  but  the  Indian  gained  on  him  so  rapidly 
he  lost  all  hope  of  escape.  Coming,  at  length,  to  a  large 
poplar,  which  had  been  blown  up  by  the  roots,  he  ran  along 
the  body  of  the  tree  on  one  side,  while  the  Indian  followed 
it  upon  the  other,  doubtless  expecting  to  intercept  him  at 
the  root.  But  here  the  supreme  dominion  of  fortune  was 
manifest.  It  happened  that  a  large  she  bear  was  suckling 
her  cubs  in  a  bed  which  she  had  made  at  the  root  of  the  tree, 
and  as  the  Indian  reached  that  point  first,  she  instantly  sprung 
upon  him,  and  a  prodigious  uproar  took  place.  The  Indian 
yelled,  and  stabbed  with  his  knife  ;  the  bear  growled  and 
saluted  him  with  one  of  her  most  endearing  "Aw^s,"  while 
Dc^-ning  fervently  wishing  her  success,  ran  off  through  the 
woods^  without  waiting  to  see  the  event  of  the  struggle 
Downing  reached  the  fort  in  safety,  and  found  Yates  repo- 
sing afler  a  hot  chase,  ha\'ing  eluded  his  pursuers,  and  gained 
thp  fort  two  hours  before  him.     On  the  next  morning,  thev 


128  LTFK    OF    DANIKL    B^MiNK. 

collected  a  pArty  and  returned  to  the  poplar  tree,  but  n« 
traces  of  either  Indian  or  l)ear  were  to  be  found.  They  both, 
probably,  escaped  with  their  lives,  alth«jjgh  not  without 
Injury." 

Tlie  annals  of  Kentucky  are  those  of  bravery  ana 
chivalry  — so  far  as  those  are  concerned  by  whom  the 
^vcrnment  was  made  that  of  tlie  white,  rather  than 
the  rovinp^  dom'nion  of  the  savage.  No  country 
could  be  settled  by  sucb  a  race  of  men  as  those  wbo 
succeeded  in  ob*:aming  t^  foothold  in  Kentucky,  wi^h 
out  elevating  it  in  trie  bt;aU  of  nations,  as  the  land  of 
men  wbo  could  intelligentl;)  i\nder>tand  and  bravely 
jiaintain  their  rigbts. 

To  be  brave  —  to  meet  --vrtL  coolness  and  energy 
^very  emergency  —  became'ti.  tl.eia  a  second  nature. 
How  forcibly  this  is  illustrated  in  the  life  of  Boone, 
our  record  shows.  AVhen,  after  he  nad  passed  safely 
ihrou^'h  all  his  captivity  —  bad  made  bis  escape  — 
^ad  viuHiui>lied  liis  captors,  first  by  hiS  successful 
jtrategy,  and  then  by  bis  desperate  battk  at  Boones- 
borougb  —  after  all  this,  to  summon  to  /limself  at 
once,  as  he  did  in  that  terrific  moment.^  when  four 
armed  Indians  stood  before  him  —  a  lo..f ,  unarmed 
injiii  —  to  bring  himself  instantly  into  the  possession 
jf  the  calm  courage  by  which  he  could  look  them  in 
the  face,  and  greet  those  who  he  knew  had  risked 
their  own  lives  to  enable  the  tribe  to  glut  tlieir  ven- 
geance on  him  —  to  do  a.l  this,  required  an  heroism 


ESCAPE   OF   ME.    ROWAN.  329 

>f  the  highest  order.  It  was  this  which  here  him 
through  such  scenes,  and  he  found  in  ali  his  experi- 
ences—  so  far  as  the  records  of  him  ha  'o  come  down 
to  ns — no  moment  when  his  courage  or  his  skill  for- 
sook ]]im.  He  wasted  no  hrenth  in  boasting,  but 
rarefnlly  waited  for  the  precise  hour  when  the 
blow  should  fall,  and  ^:hen  gave  it  with  terrible 
energy. 

Men  in  those  days  communicated  their  courage 
eyen  to  gentle  woman.  The  history  is  full  of  the 
deeds  of  female  courage.  The  interest  of  the  follow- 
ing will  be  confessed  by  all : 

"In  the  latter  part  of  April,  1784,  the  father  of  the  late 
Judge  Rowan,  with  his  family  and  five  other  families,  set 
out  from  Louisville  in  two  flat-bottomed  boats,  for  the  Long 
Falls  of  Green  River.  The  intention  was  to  descend  the 
Ohio  River  to  the  mouth  of  Green  River,  and  ascend  that 
river  to  the  place  of  destination.  At  that  time  there  were 
no  settlements  in  Kentucky,  within  one  hundred  miles  of  the 
Long  Tails  of  Green  River,  (afterwards  called  Vienna.) 
The  families  were  in  one  boat,  and  their  cattle  in  another. 
Wheft  the  boats  had  descended  the  Ohio  about  one  hundred 
miles,  and  were  near  the  middle  of  it,  gliding  along  very 
securely,  as  it  was  thought,  about  ten  o'clock  of  the  night,  a 
prodigious  yelling  of  Indians  was  heard  some  two  or  thrr(^ 
n  iles  below,  on  the  northern  shore ;  and  they  had  floated 
nut  a  short  distance  further  down  the  river,  when  a  number 
of  fires  were  seen  on  that  shore.  Tlie  yelling  continued,  and 
it  \^as  concluded  that  they  had  captured  a  boat  which  had 
oassed  these  two  at  mid-daj  ^  and  were  massacreing  their  cap 


330  LITE    OF    DAM!  i      .,    ->r. 

lives  The  two  ])oats  wore  lashed  toj»t>th«r,  and  the  best 
praeticable  arrangements  were  made  for  defending  them. 
The  men  were  distributed  by  Mr.  Kowan  to  the  best  advan 
tage,  in  ea*je  of  an  Httaok.  They  were  seven  in  num])er,  in- 
cluding hiiusflf.  I'he  boats  were  ncared  to  the  Kentueky 
shore,  with  as  little  noise  with  the  oars  as  possible;  but 
avoided  too  close  an  approach  to  that  shore,  lest  there  might 
be  Indians  there  also.  Tlie  fires  of  the  Indians  were  extend. 
ed  along  the  bank  at  intervals,  f  )r  half  a  mile  or  more,  and 
as  the  boats  reached  a  point  about  ♦opposite  the  central  fire, 
they  wen  discovered,  and  ordered  to  come  to. 

"All  on  JMiard  remained  silent,  for  Mr.  lJ<»wan  had  given 
strict  orders  that  n«»  one  should  utter  any  sound  but  that  of 
his  rifle,  and  not  that,  until  the  bidians  should  come  within 
powder  burning  distance.  They  united  in  a  most  terrifio 
yell,  rushed  to  their  canoes  and  gave  pursuit.  The  boats 
floated  on  hi  silence  —  not  an  oar  was  pulled.  The  Indiana 
approach  within  less  than  a  hundred  yards,  with  a  seeming 
determination  to  board.  Just  at  this  moment,  Mrs.  Kowan' 
rose  from  her  seat,  collected  the  axes,  phi'  ed  one  by  the  side 
of  each  man,  where  he  stood  with  his  c^un,  touching  him  on 
the  knee,  with  the  handle  of  the  a.xe  as  she  leaned  it  up  by 
him  against  the  side  of  the  boat,  to  let  him  know  it  waa 
there,  and  retired  to  her  seat,  retaining  a  hatchet  for  herself. 
The  Indiar  a  continued  hovering  in  the  rear,  and  yelling,  for 
nearly  three  miles,  when,  awed  by  the  silence  observed  on 
boanl,  they  n'linjpiished  further  i)nrsuit.  None  but  those 
who  have  a  |)ractical  acquaintance  with  Indian  warfare,  can 
i^'mi  a  just  idea  of  the  terror  which  their  hideous  yelling  ia 
Milculated  to  inspire.  Judge  Kowan,  who  was  then  ten  years 
old,  states  tluit  he  could  never  forget  tlie  sensations  ol  that 
aight,  or  cease  to  admire  the  fortitude  and  composure  dia- 
i^loyed  by  his  mother  on  that  trying  occasion.     There  were 


BOONE  LEAVES  KENTUCKY.  331 

seven  men  and  three  boys  in  the  boat,  with  nine  guns  in  all. 
Mrs.  Rowan,  in  speaking  of  the  incident  afterwards,  in  hei 
calm  way,  said,  '  We  made  a  providential  escape,  for  which 
we  ought  to  feel  grateful.' " 

The  land  law  of  Yirginia  was  drawn  by  one  of  it£ 
most  eminent  statesmen  —  George  Mason  ;  out  it 
Beems  that  the  Legislature  undertook  to  improve  upon 
it.  and  it  was  so  amended,  or  rather  disfigured,  as  to 
make  it  a  chaos  —  and  to  bury  up  the  hope  of  many 
a  hardy  frontier-man  in  its  conflicting  interpretations 
or  doubtful  adjudications.  Contested  claims  were 
brought  up,  and  contingent  fees  realized. 

Boone,  in  1790,  made  a  visit  to  his  birth-place. 
Whether  this  was  just  as  he  was  about  to  leave  Ken- 
tucky, is  not  known.  He  was  kindly  received,  and 
greatly  interested  his  friends  by  the  recital  of  his  for- 
est adventures.  Time  had  not  yet  made  an  old  man 
of  him,  though  he  was  verging  towards  the  years 
when  the  active  changes  to  the  reflective.  He  saw 
in  Pennsylvania  the  progress  of  a  great  State,  and  al- 
though it  was  in  far  greater  prosperity  than  when  he 
left  it  to  seek  his  fortunes  in  the  Carolinas,  the  con- 
trasts were  not  so  great  as  in  the  case  of  his  own 
Kentucky. 

The  hour  had  come  when  Boone  determined  to 
leave  Kentucky.  It  could  not  have  been  to  him  other 
than  a  painful  step,  for  Kentucky  had  been  to  him  a& 
9  child  of  his  own  rearing.     He  remembered  well  the 


332  LFFK   OF   DANIEL    BOOXE. 

honr  when  he  came  back  to  the  settlements  from  nig 
first  long  and  lonely  journcj,  and  the  glowing  ac- 
count he  had  given  of  tlie  land  of  beauty.  He  re- 
membered his  winning,  step  by  step,  tue  company  of 
others.  He  remembered  that  he  had  been  a  captive 
in  the  horrors  of  the  grasp  of  the  savages  —  taken  as 
a  spectacle  of  triumph  to  their  British  allies  —  and 
now  he  felt  that  the  Pioneer,  having  served  his  day, 
was  put  aside  and  neglected.  Of  him  it  might  have 
been  said,  as  it  was  of  Kenton,  "  lie  lost  his  lands 
acre  V)y  acre  —  the  superior  skill  of  the  ppeculr  toi 
prevailing  over  the  simplicity  and  ignorance  of  tliP 
hunter.  His  land  was  left  to  those  who  had  nevei 
struck  a  blow  in  its  defence.  Having  become  too  an 
liquated  for  the  fashion  of  the  times,  he  was  kicked 
aside  like  an  old  shoe." 

Poor  Kenton  was  in  worse  usage  than  Boone  —  for 
he  (Kenton)  was  actually  imprisoned.  "  His  body 
was  taken  for  debt  upon  the  covenants  to  lands  which 
he  had  given  away,  and  for  twelve  months  he  was 
imprisoued  upon  the  very  spot  where  he  had  built  his 
log  cabin  in  1775,  and  where  he  planted  his  first 
corn." 

It  may  bo  that  those  who  took  the  lead  in  the  20 

Vi'rnmcnt  «'>f  Kentucky,  were  too   busy  in   following 

up  the  nuirch  of  endless  conventions  in  their  progr^*y 

to  and  from  Dansville,  to  give  a  careful  thought  to 

he  fate  that  was  overtaking  the  Pioneer.     Certain  it 


EETHRNS  to  VIRGINIA.  338 

is,  that  the  Kentucky  of  this  daj  would  environ  suet 
men  as  Boone  with  the  security  of  a  thousand  arms^ 
and  pour  into  his  lap  the  treasures  of  her  wealth,  ra 
ther  than  allow  him  to  leave  her  soil. 

Re  went  back  to  Virginia.  In  early  life,  the  An- 
cient Dominion  had  called  him  into  honorable  service^ 
and  he  sought  her  protection  again  on  the  banks  of 
thp  Kenhawa.  Oppressed  and  impoverished  in  law- 
suits, it  was  an  easy  task  for  Daniel  Boone  to  remove. 
He  had  accumulated  no  wealth  of  household  goods. 
His  wife  and  his  children  could  readily  be  transport- 
ed, and  it  is  quite  probable  that  they  were  glad  to 
leave,  as  they  could  not  but  be  indignant  at  the  treat- 
ment of  neglect  with  which  the  father  they  always 
loved  had  been  met.  "When  he  left  the  neighborhood 
of  Boonesborough,  if  vision  could  be  given  to  inani- 
mate objects,  the  old  fort  should  have  looked  long  and 
sa^iy  on  his  departing  form.  He  had  reared  its  pro- 
tecting walls  at  a  place  where,  when  the  country  was 
first  explored,  the  buffalo  and  the  deer  resorted  in 
great  numbers.  He  had  driven  them  away.  He  had 
driven  back  the  savages  in  their  efforts  to  repossess 
the  soil ;  and  now  he  himself  was  driven  back  by 
those  acts  of  others  who,  but  for  him,  might  never 
have  seen  a  leaf  of  the  foliage  of  the  glorious  land 
they  had  come  to  capture  by  cunning. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

»OOKK*H  IXrLCKNCTE  OVER   THE  INDIANS — SERVICES    15    PROCmiN*    AH    KX 

CHANGE  OF  PRISONERS HE    REMOVES  lO    VFRGINIA RESUMES    HUTTTIM 

HIS    HABITS HIS    RESIDENCE    IN    VIRGINIA HE    CONTEMPLATE    R«- 

MOVINO  TO  ITITER    LOnSlANA GEN.   WATNE's    VICTORIES    OVER    THE    I»- 

DUNS BOONE  LOOKS  T<»  THE  WEST. 

Before  following  him  to  Virginia,  it  is  of  record 
that  a  few  years  previous,  while  on  the  Ohio  Kiver, 
Col.  Boone  was  one  of  a  party  who  negotiated  an  ex- 
change of  prisoners  with  the  Indians.  The  circum- 
Btances  illustrate  tlie  extraordinary  power  which  he 
displayed  over  the  Indians  in  his  intercourse  with 
them,  so  that  he  seems  to  have  been,  of  all  other  white 
men,  most  distinguished  among  them.  In  the  inter- 
view, Col.  Boone  delighted  the  Indians  by  his  hospi- 
tality, to  such  an  extent  that  they  made  him  and  those 
issembled  a  solemn  promise  that  if  in  their  incursions 
a  citizen  of  that  town  where  they  then  were,  Mays- 
ville,  should  be  captured,  the  utmost  lenity  sliould  be 
Bhown  him  ;  and  this  extraordinary  promise,  to  the 
profound  satisfaction  of  a  citizen  of  Maysv'lle  who 
tested  it  with  faint  hope  of  success,  was  kept. 

In  June,  1774,  Gov.  Dunmore  had  selecteil  Daniel 
Booue  as  the  man,  of  all  others^  most  suitable  to  ex 


EESroEXCE    IN    YIEGIXIA.  336 

ecute  the  bold  duty  of  finding  in  the  great  wilderness 
—  as  was  Kentucky  then  in  the  judgment  of  civiliza- 
tion—  the  surveyors  who  had  been,  as  was  feared, 
lost  in  its  recesses.  After  a  most  memorable  twenty 
years,  in  which  a  vast  change  had  taken  place  —  ele- 
vating the  wilderness  to  a  State  —  Boone  was  sent  out 
by  the  land  of  which  he  had  once  been  —  if  occupan- 
cy creates  possession  —  sole  possessor ;  sent  out  to 
seek  a  home  in  a  State  from  which  it  mio^ht  seem  he 
would  not  be  dissevered,  for  the  date  of  his  change 
of  residence  seems  to  be  about  that  in  which  Ken- 
tucky was,  through  a  myriad  of  conventions,  joining 
herself  to  the  Thirteen.  Yirginia  had  at  that  day  a 
great  company  of  distingi  shed  men  within  her  lim- 
its, but  it  is  doubtful  whjther  she  possessed  many 
who  had  rendered  to  the  cause  of  the  progress  of 
mankind  more  real,  practical  service,  than  he  who, 
with  pack-horse  and  humble  retinue,  felt  himself  in 
her  domain  a  wanderer  from  the  soil  he  believed  he 
had,  of  all  men,  some  right  to  call  his  own. 

Eemoving  to  Yirginia,  he  settled  on  the  Kenhawa 
Eiver,  near  Point  Pleasant.  Who  obtained  his  land 
at  Boonesborou^h,  it  mignt  not  be  easy  to  trace  out, 
in  the  confused  condition  in  which,  for  a  period,  land 
^itles  in  Kentucky  were.  It  has  been  said  thai:  the 
3eat  of  Henry  Cla}^ — Ashland  —  is  part  of  a  property 
that  once  belonged  to  Boone.  If  this  is  so,  never  did 
land  claim  in  its  history  more  eminent  propri^i-ors ; 


336  LIFE   OF    DANIEL    BOONK. 

and  Kentucky  might  well  consider  those  acres  of  iti 
Boil  identified  with  its  highest  honor. 

lie  found  in  his  new  home  many  of  the  incidenla 
of  that  which  he  had  held  in  Kentucky.  He  pursued 
the  chase  with  the  zest  and  delight  that  enabled  him 
at  all  times  to  turn  from  the  world  to  the  woods,  and 
the  celebrity  of  which,  for  a  long  period,  caused  his 
name  to  be  associated  only  with  the  exploits  of  wood- 
craft, unacquainted  as  the  mass  of  those  who  heard 
of  him  were,  that  he  had  been  far  more  memorable 
as  the  founder  of  a  great  empire  —  the  domain  of  civ- 
ilized man  in  the  west  —  than  for  all  his  accuracy  of 
rifle,  or  vigor  of  pursuit,  distinguished  even  as  he  was 
in  both. 

It  is  quite  probable  that  when  he  found  his  hope 
of  a  rich,  and  prosperous,  and  wide-spread  home  in 
lientucky  taken  from  him,  and,  what  was  worse,  al- 
lowed to  be  taken  by  those  who  must,  by  their  in- 
telligence and  circumstances,  have  known  Boone's 
inestimable  services,  he  went  back  to  the  woodcraft 
of  his  early  life  with  a  determination  that  he  would 
concentrate  himself  within  his  family.  While  in 
Kentucky — as  he  had  been  its  first  man  — he  miglit 
have  cherished  the  idea  that  the  gratitude  of  a  peo- 
ple would  always  surround  his  home,  and  give  him 
always  an  honorable  ]>osition.  Tiiis  hope  was  taken 
awav,  and  he  found  in  his  rifle  a  compaTuon,  associate 
with  all  his  stirring  <lays  —  the  days  when  he  was  a 


Boone's  habits.  337 

leader  in  Kentucky,  and  not  as  now  an  exile  from  it. 
Mr.  Peck  thus  sketches  some  of  the  habits  of  the 
hunter  of  those  days  : 

"  I  have  often  seen  him  get  up  early  in  the  morning  at 
this  season,  walk  hastily  out,  and  look  anxiously  to  the 
woods,  and  snuff  the  autumnal  winds  with  the  highest  rap 
ture ;  then  return  into  the  house,  and  cast  a  quick  and  atten- 
tive look  at  the  rifle,  which  was  always  suspended  to  a  joist 
by  a  couple  of  buck  horns,  or  little  forks.  The  hunting  dog, 
understanding  the  intentions  of  his  master,  would  wag  his 
tail,  and  by  every  blandishment  in  his  power,  express  his 
readiness  to  accompany  him  to  the  woods,  A  day  was  soon 
appointed  for  the  march  of  the  cavalcade  to  the  camping 
place.  Two  or  three  horses,  furnished  with  pack-saddles, 
were  loaded  with  flour,  Indian  meal,  blankets,  and  every- 
thing requisite  for  the  use  of  the  hiinter." 

"We  are  accustomed  to  speak  of  Boone  as  the  old 
Hunter.  He  lived,  it  is  pleasant  to  reflect,  to  a  very 
old  age,  but  when  he  left  Kentucky,  he  was  yet  in 
middle  life ;  or,  at  least,  only  on  the  verge  of  what 
men  call  late  in  life.  K  he  left  in  1790,  he  was  fifty- 
five.  His  residence  in  the  Kenhawa  country  has  left 
few  memorials  ;  but  it  appears  that  his  new  home  was 
not  exempt  from  the  perils  of  his  border  life.  It 
would  seem  as  if  he  was  always  to  be  of  those  whose 
days  are  encompassed  with  peril.  A  report  reached 
Philadelphia  in  1793,  that,  by  an  incursion  of  the  In- 
dians into  *he  Kenhawa  country,  Col.  Boone  had  beeD 
O  22 


338  LIFE    OF    DANIkT,    1;«m..nk. 

made  prisoner  or  killed.  Kenbawa  vms  far  awa) 
from  the  best  informed  newspaper,  and  the  colonel 
only  shared  the  fate  which  has  occurred  to  almost 
every  distinguished  person,  of  being  killed  prema- 
turely  by  the  types.  He,  in  all  probability,  taught 
the  Indian  that  he  had  not  forgotten  the  aim  by  which 
he  had  carried  desolation  in  their  ranks,  while  de- 
fending Boonesborough. 

Upon  the  Kenhawa  Gen.  "Washington  had  a  large 
tract  of  land.  Tliat  great  man  had  just  estimate  of 
the  value  of  the  West,  and  of  those  who  formed  the 
settlement  of  man  tliere.  He  had  a  sympathy  with 
the  Hunter,  for  he  was  ever  fond  of  those  pursuits 
which  required  the  development  of  the  man.  He  had 
known  what  were  the  experiences  of  those  who  were 
compelled  to  travel  the  illimitable  forest  —  to  watch 
for  their  life  every  hour  —  to  conquer  the  savage  in 
his  own  domain,  and  to  stand  alone  in  tlie  land,  far 
away  from  the  haunts  of  men.  Such  scenes  formed 
part  of  the  education  of  George  Washington.  He 
and  Boone  knew  what  the  mountains  of  Virginia 
were,  and  had  the  modest  and  unobtrusive  Pioneer 
found  his  way  to  the  Father  of  his  Country,  and  told 
him  that  the  Kentucky  he  had  discovered  had  denied 
him  a  h(»me,  he  would  ha'^e  taught  him  that  he  had 
found  a  friend. 

In  many  things  Virginia  had,  in  her  citizen  of  th« 
Kenhawa,  a  companion  to  her  own  famous  Captain 


BOONE    ANT)    SMITH    COiLt^AEED.  33S 

Johu  Smith.  Like  the  bold  and  adTenturcus  foundei 
of  her  greatness,  Boone  had  been  alone,  a  negotiatoi 
between  the  Lidian  and  the  white  man,  and  had  at- 
tained such  mastery  over  the  mind  of  the  savage,  as 
to  win  him,  when  other  men  would  have  been  sacri- 
ficed at  once.  Like  Boone,  Smith  dared  the  perils 
of  the  wilderness,  relying,  under  Heaven,  on  his 
knowledge  of  the  Lidian  character,  and  his  bold  self- 
possession.  Like  him,  he  at  once  asserted  the  superi- 
ority of  the  military  character  of  the  civilized  man, 
by  placing  around  the  settler  the  protection  of  a  fort. 
Both  of  them  were  men  who  were  eminently  calcula- 
ted to  take  the  leadership  in  the  daring  enterprises 
by  which  the  savage  is  made  to  know  the  existence 
and  power  of  the  white  man.  To  Boone  the  task 
was  more  difficult,  in  some  respects,  than  to  Smith, 
because  the  Indian,  in  the  day  of  the  former,  had 
learned  the  practice,  and  the  very  skillful  practice,  of 
the  weapons  of  the  whites,  while,  in  the  time  of 
Smith,  they  were  unacquainted  with  the  use  of  iron ; 
and  instead  of  the  glittering  tomahawk  hurled  through 
the  air,  or  the  fatal  lead,  the  clumsy  stone  hatchet 
and  the  rude  bow  and  arrow  constituted  the  armory 
of  the  Indian.  If  the  history  be  a  comment  on  the 
ekill  and  wisdom  of  the  direction  given  to  the  begin- 
ning of  the  enterprise,  the  success  of  Boone  would  re- 
flect even  greater  honor  on  his  name,  than  has  been 
«hed  on  that  of  Smith,  for  while  the  colony  of  JoKu 


340  LIFE   OF   DANTEL   BOOWE. 

Smith  in  seventeen  years  was  reduced  from  nine  thou 
Band  to  eighteen  hundred,  in  tliat  time  Boone  found 
tliat  the  woods  in  which  lie  liad  walked  alone  —  the 
one  living  representation  of  civilized  man — had  been 
changed  to  the  thronged  haunts  of  a  busy  and  a  pros 
porous  j)eople. 

Vir^-inia  did  not  lone:  retain  her  illustrious  citizen. 
While  pui*suing  his  ordinary  routine  of  life — the  pio- 
neer and  the  hunter  intermingled — there  came  those 
to  his  home  who  told  him  of  the  glories  of  the  Upper 
Louisiana  —  of  the  country  which  was  held  by  Spain 
—  and  it  seems  to  have  been  the  destiny  of  that  coun- 
try to  grasp  f«»r  a  time  the  richest  treasures  of  the 
New  WnrM,  only  to  see  them  pass  from  her,  just  as 
their  noble  capacity  to  be  the  seat  of  empire  was  in 
development.  Tlio  visitors  to  Boone  described  to 
him  how  Tree  and  abundant  were  all  in  that  land,  that 
could  attract  the  settler  and  the  hunter,  and  he  roused 
to  think  tliat  tlierc  was  yet  an  opportunity  left  for 
him,  at  the  age  of  live  and  fifty,  to  reenact,  in  some 
measure,  the  bold  forest  part  in  which  he  had  so 
stirringly  entered  when  the  page  of  life  opened 
to  him. 

Other  circumstances  tended  to  give  his  mind  a  fa- 
rorable  bias  to  those  who  told  such  glowing  stories 
of  the  new  country  on  the  Missouri.  The  Mississppi 
would  be  between  him  and  the  chicanery  by  which 
lie  had  been  deprived  of  the  home  for  which  he  had 


CONTEMPLATED    REMOVAL    TO    MISSCLRT.  341 

given  his  best  days  in  Kentucky.  Of  his  sons  —  tLe 
bright  and  bold  boy  that  had  accompanied  him  when 
he  first  led  his  neighbors  of  the  Yadkin  across  the 
mountain,  lay  in  his  rude  grave,  where  he  had  so 
strangely  and  so  suddenly  finished  his  career;  the 
next  had  .eft  an  honored  name  to  illustrate  the  roll 
of  the  dead  at  the  fatal  battle  of  the  Blue  Licks  ;  the 
uext  had  already  gone,  in  the  active  destinies  of  life, 
to  seek  a  home  in  the  beyond  Mississippi  lands,  to 
which  these  travelers  now  invited  his  father,  nor  ia 
it  unlikely  that  the  message  to  come  was  from  this 
son.  Boone,  to  whom  erroneous  history  has  given 
the  character  of  the  misanthrope,  was  the  very  man 
to  be  influenced  by  the  pleasant  hope  of  meeting  and 
living  with  those  whose  ties  to  him  were  those  of  near 
and  dear  kindred. 

Boone  was  aware  that  the  country  to  which  they 
invited  him  was  under  the  control  of  a  foreign  power, 
but  he  had  observed  events  closely,  and  he  felt  as- 
sured that  the  time  was  near,  when  the  ineflicient  and 
remote  Spanish  rule  would  be  exchanged  for  that  of 
the  States.  He  says  "it  was  the  country,  not  the 
government,  of  which  he  was  in  pursuit."  The  fron- 
tier-men in  those  days  understood  the  doctrine  of. 
"  manifest  destiny,"  as  thoroughly  as  do  those  of  oui 
own  time.  Indeed,  while  we  think  we  are  discover- 
ing new  &3enes  of  history,  it  does  but  turn  in  a  circle 
aud  with  different  coloring  the  same  grouping  is  pr© 


349  i.rFE  OF  DAyrm.  boonr. 

Routed.     Tlie  interval  of  years  between  the  scenes  if 

BO  irreat,  tliat  the  actors  and  audience  forrret  tlic  ])ast 
and  imagine  theinselv«*>  flu*  only  ones  that  liave  evei 
raised  the  curtain. 

His  visitors  told  .lira  of  th.e  simplicity  of  Spanish 
law.  Tliis  touched  the  Pioneer.  If  there  was  a  conn- 
try  witliin  his  reach  where  the  range  of  land  was  free 
—  or  not  within  the  grasp  of  such  men  as  had,  as  he 
thought,  unjustly  deprived  him  of  his  possessions  — 
he  was  yet  young  enough  to  make  his  abode  there. 
The  hunter  spirit  witliin  him  was  roused  by  the  de- 
scription of  the  buffah>  and  tlie  deer.  It  seemed  as 
if  he  should  see  again  what  he  had  beheld  in  Ken- 
tucky, when  he  fii*st  came  to  its  woods.  lie  had  left 
pucli  trace  in  its  forests  that  the  memory  of  it  is  pre- 
served to  this  day. 

Evidently,  when  Boone  was  settled  in  Kentucky,  he 
had  no  desire  to  go  elsewhere  ;  but  having  been  com- 
pelled to  leave  there,  he  felt  no  such  attachment  to 
the  Kenhawa,  as  to  render  a  sacrilice  necessary  in 
quitting  it.  That  Boone  did  believe  himself  truly  at 
home,  and  Ibr  life,  when  in  Kentucky,  the  words  show 
in  which  he  concludes  his  own  narrative. 

"  I  ii.»\v  live  in  peace  and  safety,  enjoying  the 
iweets  of  lil)erly,  and  the  bounties  of  Providence, 
with  my  ouhq  fcl/<)U)-sufr< nrs,  in  this  delightful  coun- 
try, whicii  1  have  seen  ]Mirch!isLMl  at  a  vast  expense 
of  bl'M»d   and  treasure,  delighting  in  the  prospect  oi 


FILSON'S   ACCOUNT.  34S 

being,  in  a  short  time,  one  of  the  opulent  and  power- 
ful States  on  the  continent  of  Is"orth  America,  wLich 
with  the  love  and  gratitude  of  mj  countrymen,  j 
deem  a  sufficient  reward  for  all  my  toil  and  danger.^' 

That  dream  soon  broke  up.  The  land  speculatoi 
stepped  forward  as  the  representative  of  "  the  love 
and  gratitude  of  his  countrymen,"  and  Boone  was 
again  a  wanderer. 

That  Boone,  in  determining  to  remove  to  the  Span- 
ish territory,  deemed  his  relinquishment  of  American 
citizenship  but  a  temporary  affair,  and  calculated 
clearly  the  issue  of  forthcoming  events,  is  proved  by 
the  language  of  Fiison,  in  his  own  account  of  the 
•^'Discovery,  settlement,  and  present  state  of  Ken- 
tucky," published  as  early  as  ITSi,  and  which  work, 
it  is  expressly  stated,  was  carefully  revised  by  Boone. 
Fiison  says : 

"  New  Orleans  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Spaniards,  who, 
whenever  they  please,  may  make  use  of  that  fort,  and  some 
others  they  have  on  the  Mississippi^  to  prevent  the  naviga- 
tion, and  ruin  the  trade  The  passage  through  Iberville  is 
also  subject  to  the  Spaniards,  and,  besides,  inconvenient ; 
that  stream  continuing  so  short  a  time,  and  in  the  most  dis- 
advantageous seasons. 

"  I  grant  it  will  be  absm'd  to  expect  a  frt^  navigation  of 
the  Mississippi,  whilst  the  Spaniards  are  in  possession  of 
New  Orleans.  To  suppose  it  is  an  idea  calculated  to  impose 
only  upon  the  weak.  They  may  perhaps  trade  with  us  up^^r 
thou*  own  terms  while  tho^  think  it  consistent  with  t> 


3i4  T.TFF.   OF    DANIEL    IkX>XF. 

t<»rost,  hut  no  frion(l<<hip  in  trade  exists  M-hcn  interest  ex 
pires;  thereHire,  whm  the  western  country  becomes  popu 
lous,  and  ripe  for  trade,  sound  policy  tells  us  the  Floridaa 
must  he  ours,  too.  According  to  the  articles  of  the  Defini- 
:ive  Treaty,  we  are  to  have  a  free  and  unmolested  navigation 
of  the  Mississippi ;  but  experience  teaches  mankind  that 
treaties  are  not  always  to  be  depended  upon,  the  most  sol- 
emn being  broken.  Hence,  we  learn  that  no  one  such  put 
milch  faith  in  any  state;  and  the  trade  and  commerce  of  the 
Mississippi  river  cannot  be  so  well  secured  in  any  other  pos- 


Antbony  Wayne  (Mad  Anthony,  a  title  his  bold- 
ness won  for  bim,  from  a  world  whicli  usually"  calls  a 
man  nia<l,  when  be  dares  to  do  more  than  tbe  ind.-*- 
lent  or  cowardly,)  bad,  in  liis  victory  over  tbe  Indiana 
at  the  rapids  of  the  Miami,  ])eaten  them  into  a  peace. 
At  last  the  Indian  was  conqnered,  and  felt,  even  to 
despair,  tbat  it  was  in  vain  to  contend  witb  tbe  civil- 
ized man.  Jay's  treaty  seemed  to  secnre,  by  the  snr- 
render  <»f  tbe  north-western  posts,  all  tbe  advantages 
to  Kentucky  which  could  result  from  tbe  security  of 
property. 

Kentucky,  wearied  by  what  was  fervently  believed 
by  bcr  people  to  be  the  want  of  firmness  in  the 
federal  <^nvernment,  had  no  (piestion  ai^itatini]^  it  more 
deeply  than  whether  it  was  not  her  duty  independ- 
ently to  take  such  measures  as  would  lead  to  the  free 
nuvi^atinii  of  the  Mississippi. 

All  the  sit^ns  pointed  to  the  West,  beyond  the  Ttrcat 


THE    GKEAT    WEST. 


345 


River,  as  the  scene  of  bold  and  stirring  adventure 

and  Boone  may  have  had  re-illuminated  within  him, 

the  thought  in  which  he  had  years  before  found  hii 

iding  influence,  that  he  was  an  instrument  ordained 

settle  the  wilderness.     Kentucky  had  been  settled 

bnt  there  remained  even  a  greater  in  the  broad  land 

beyond  the  mighty  water; 

O* 


CUAPTER   XIX. 

«(.<o?rv  nnoiuTES  wirn  iiis  famii-t  to  misaoiri — nit  jourskv  — ^p»» 

»H  POSSESSION  OK  THE  TERBITOBT INJURTICE  TO  BOONK's  BOCTAL  OBaB 

ACTER BOONE  LS  WELa>MED  TO  MISSOURI  BT    THE   SPANISH  LIEUTENAn 

OOTEKNOU ARRIVAL  AT  ST.   LOUIS  OF    LACLEOE    AND    CUOTEAU BOON! 

RECEIVES    AN    APPOINTMENT    FROM    THE    AUTHORITIES HE  LS   PKE.-ENTED 

Wmj  A  LARGE  TRACT  OK  LAND  BY  THE  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR UK  NKO 

LBCm  TO  GO  TO  NEW  ORLEANS  TO  GET  HIS  GRANT  CXJNFIRMED. 

In  1705,  Daniel  Boone  made  tlie  fourtli  great  re 
move  of  liis  lite.  He  had  sought  homes  in  Carolina, 
Kentucky,  and  Virginia,  and  now  determined  to  es- 
Bay  the  great  land  of  Uj)per  Louisiana.  The  settler 
in  that  day,  found  neither  railway  nor  canal  for  the 
transportation  of  his  goods,  and  therefore  concentra- 
ted his  movcahlcs  into  the  smallest  space  possible. 
His  admirable  wife  acct)mpanied  him.  She  had  done 
so  when  he  left  for  the  wihlerness  of  Kentucky,  and 
there  WiU.no  remove  now  where  slie  w«>uhl  not  be  at 
ills  side.  She  could  not  be  called  to  greater  periU 
than  hui.  encompassed  her  at  Boonesborough. 

It  was  a  long,  long  journey.  It  would  be  a  journey 
of  some  magnitude  in  this  <lay  of  easy  transit.  How 
aiuch  more  in  that  time,  when  almost  all  modern  con- 
7eniencc»*»  were  unknown  ;  f<»r,  :it  the  close  of  the   a.s| 


BOONE   EMIGRATES   TO   MI8S0TJKI.  $4:1 

eentQry,  the  arrangements  for  the  road  had  but  faint 
approach  to  their  present  luxury.  The  railroad  was 
only  doing  duty  in  some  cavernous  coal  mine  in  Eng 
land  ;  and  the  canal  system  was  but  in  the  specula 
tions  of  Alorris,  and  Troup,  and  Watson.  Boone  had 
traveled  Ljng  journeys,  when  every  step  of  the  way 
was  in  immediate  danger  of  the  rifle  of  a  murderous 
savage ;  when  the  day  brought  the  Indian,  and  the 
night  the  wild  beast.  He^therefore  had  no  fear  of  hie 
present  journeying,  but  having  determined  on  making 
this  bold  step  —  this  new  beginning  of  life  —  he  left 
Virginia,  leaving  behind  him  one  son. 

It  does  not  appear  that  during  his  residence  in  Vir- 
ginia he  experienced  any  unkind  treatment  in  relation 
to  the  land  upon  which  he  was  living.  As  has  been  sta- 
ted, the  Indians  would  not  remain  quiet ;  but  to  dwell 
in  the  midst  of  such  alarms,  had  become  to  the  Pio- 
neer as  a  habit  of  Life,  and  it  was  a  danger  for  which 
he  was  prepared.  But  Virginia  was  an  old  State, 
and  in  her  no  new  country  was  to  be  found.  He 
went  to  where  much  broader  scale  of  action  could 
be  his. 

Yoltaire  wrote  a  poem  to  which  he  gave  the  glit- 
tering title  of  the  Temple  of  Glory.  It  was  written 
to  celebrate  the  triumphs  of  the  battle  of  Fontenay, 
and  to  pour  fulsome  adulation  before  the  monarch, 
Louis  XY.  That  temple,  if  it  exhibited  the  achieve- 
ments of  the  luxurious  king,  was  sadly  marred  from 


vU8  '"I      ..I      KAMI  I,    lUHiNF. 

its  fairpr()jMtrii<»iis  by  the  treaty  —  the  family  compact 
of  1TC2,  which  ceded  Louisiana  to  Spain.  In  tliat 
day  tlie  world  had  not  learned  the  great  lesson  tlie 
first  page  of  which  opened  to  their  study,  when  the 
American  Declaration  recognized  the  principle  of  tlie 
government  of  the  people.  Countries  were  yet  the 
playthings  of  kings;  and  although  war  followed  with 
all  its  horror  in  the  consequences,  the  caprice  of  a 
despot  rather  than  the  will  of  a  nation,  swayed  public 
affairs. 

Spain  took  possession  in  the  same  year,  17G9,  in 
which  Boone  left  the  Yadkin,  to  display  the  West  to 
the  domain  of  civilized  man.  The  two  events,  how- 
ever great  the  one  and  humble  the  other,  were  con- 
nected in  their  results.  It  was  the  same  year  in 
which  that  man  was  born,  by  whose  masterly  move- 
ment the  great  land,  of  which  Spain  took  such  feeble 
guardianship,  was  tlirown  into  the  hands  of  the  States 
—  not  from  love  to  them,  but  that  they  might  the 
better  rival  England. 

Charles  III.  became  the  monarch  of  Louisiana,  and 
the  Spanisli  law  was  iiKroduced,  and  the  Spanish  rule 
recognized.  That  monarch  was,  however,  in  those 
days,  too  busy  with  his  great  measure  of  the  e.xpul- 
«ion  of  the  Jesuits,  to  trouble  himself  much  about  a 
country  which,  as  it  sent  him  no  gold,  was  not  likely 
to  be  popular  at  court ;  and  yet  it  cannot  be  but  tiial 
**»*^  explorations  of  the  men  to  whom  he  was  then  ay 


ms    REASONS. 


14^ 


plying  a  measure  of  rigor  that  filled  Europe  with  as- 
tonishment, must  have  taught  him,  that  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  control  of  the  Mississippi  R  ver,  he  held 
a  dominion  of  vast  consequence,  and  one  which  re 
vived  the  glories  of  the  day  of  Columbus. 

Flint  says,  that  on  the  journey,  Boone  was  asked 
Uis  reason  for  leaving  the  country  that  had  become 
settled,  and  proceeding  to  the  wilds  of  Missouri,  and 
that  his  answer  was — "Too  much  crowded  —  too 
crowded  :  I  v^^ant  more  elbow  room."  This  remark 
has  been  often  quoted,  as  an  evidence  that  he  was 
displeased  at  the  society  of  his  fellow-men,  and 
plunged  into  the  forest  to  avoid  them. 

Mr.  Willis,  in  a  poem  published  in  1827,  the  pur- 
port of  which  is  the  delineation  of  the  Pioneer,  as 
an  American  Alexander  Selkirk,  represents  him  a? 
saying  — 

"  I've  hated  men —  I  hate  them  now." 

And  for  many  years  it  was  believed  that  such  was  the 
feeling  of  Daniel  Boone  towards  his  race  !  while  in 
the  midst  of  the  open  hatred  of  the  savage,  and  the 
sharp  cunning  and  oppression  of  the  land-jobber,  the 
Pioneer  moved  on,  kind  and  pleasant,  and  loving  his 
kindred  ;  and,  although  contending  for  his  life  among 
the  savages,  so  truthful  and  wise  in  his  conduct  to- 
wards them,  as  to  exercise  over  them  an  influence 
like  Corlear. 


rioil  LIFE   OF   DANIEL   BOONE. 

1 1  was  for  small  men  and  small  minds  tc  hate  theii 
fellow-beinf^.  Boone,  when  men  injured  him,  step 
ped  (Hit  of  their  way,  and  sought  the  new  friendshipa 
Df  distant  territory.  The  remark  which  Flint  quotes 
may  have  been,  and  it  is  likely  that  it  was,  the  cheer 
fnl  jocularity  of  the  Hunter,  who  chose  thus  to  an- 
swer, rather  than  to  tell  the  inquirer,  that  the  Ken 
tucky  he  had  reared,  had  neglected  and  driven  hiui 
forth.  Such  men  as  was  Boone,  too  well  knew  the 
priceless  value  of  the  kindred  of  humanity,  to  cherish 
liate  or  dread  of  their  fellow-beings. 

The  travel  of  the  Pioneer  led  him  through  a  long 
succession  of  those  lands  which,  by  the  wise  policy 
of  the  government,  are  now  so  filled  up  with  all  that 
gives  a  country  a  prosperous  population.  Boone  saw 
that  when  he  had  called  his  fellow-citizens  to  Ken- 
tucky, he  had  but  welcomed  ihem  to  the  threshold  of 
the  great  domain,  and  with  all  the  vicissitudes  which 
had  fallen  to  his  l<»t,  it  was  bis  glory  to  know  that  ho 
had  oj)ened  the  way,  and  that  while  his  claim  to  a 
home  had  been  set  aside  for  deviation  from  some 
conventional  line,  his  right  of  discovery  actually 
gave  him  a  title  to  all,  such  as,  had  he  been  a 
monarch,  the  worM  would  not  have  disputed.  He 
crossed  the  Mississippi,  and  soon  found  himself  at  the 
house  of  his  sun,  Daniel  ^I.  Boone,  who  had  so  much 
of  Lis  father's  stroug-heai  ted  euterprise,  that  he  Lao 


HIS    AERITAL    IN    MISSOUEI.  35 

placed  himself  in  this  new  country  successlullj,  soma 
time  previous. 

Charles  lY.  probably  never  heard  in  the  midst  of 
the  pleasures  of  his  palace,  or  his  perplexities,  at  ^lad- 
rid,  of  the  accession  to  his  subjects  of  the  great  Pioneei 
of  the  West.  That  there  had  come  to  his  dominions 
the  man,  who,  emulating  on  land  what  Columbus  had 
achieved  at  sea,  had  pushed  his  way  beyond  all  oth- 
ers into  a  wilderness,  more  frightful  in  its  dangers 
than  the  wild  ocean  itself,  did  not  reach  the  king,  and 
it  is  scarcely  probable  that  the  name  of  Boone  had 
ever  been  uttered  within  the  royal  walls. 

And  yet  Time  writes  fair  histories.  In  the  years 
that  have  elapsed,  this  Fourth  Charles  has  a  very  im- 
material grasp  on  the  recollections  of  mankind.  Per- 
haps he  is  oftenest  recollected,  if  at  all,  by  those  who 
spell  out  his  half-effaced  superscription  —  the  legend 
which  surrounds  his  effigy  —  on  the  "  Spanish  quar- 
ter," that  still  circulates  in  the  community,  while  the 
name  of  him  who,  for  a  time,  owed  him  allegiance,  is 
a  household  word  —  the  name  that  rises  quickest  to 
our  lips  when  we  are  to  speak  of  those  whose  courage 
and  enterprise  opened  the  way  to  the  West  —  the 
great  heart  of  the  country. 

If  the  monarch  had  no  thought  of  Boone,  his  fame 
\vas  not  unknown  to  the  representative  of  his  power. 
Don  Charles  I).  Delorne,  the  lieutenant  governor, 
s-elcomed  him  to  the  territory.     He  knew  very  wel 


352  LIFE   OP   DANIKL   IJOoNE. 

who  the  Pioneer  was,  and  lie  knew  tliat  when  it  became 
known  that  this  eminent  man  liad  sought  an  liome  in 
this  territory,  it  would  be  the  means  of  enconragin*: 
others ;  and  the  presence  of  the  American  was  desi 
rable.  It  was  feared  that  the  British  and  Indiaiii^, 
having  made  peace  with  the  United  States,  might  con- 
Bider  it  advisable  to  commence  hostilities  against  the 
Spanish  possessions.  To  such  a  foe,  the  Spaniard 
could  interpose  no  guard  so  powerful  as  that  of  the 
bold  men  who  had  learned  the  art  of  Indiuu  war  in 
the  settlements  of  Kentucky.  The  military  force  of 
the  province  was  mostly  at  Xew  Orleans.  It  was  a 
far,  far  way  to  that  city.  It  was  somewhat  easy  to  go 
down  thither,  for  the  strong  current  of  the  Missis 
eippi  is  not  an  invention  of  modern  times,  but  to  re- 
turn was  almost  the  impossibility,  and  long  before  as- 
sistance against  the  foe  could  be  brought  thence,  the 
Indian,  reeking  with  his  bloody  trophies,  might  have 
accomplished  his  foray  and  roturnud  to  the  shelter  of 
Quebec.  So  Boone,  and  men  of  his  education  in  bor- 
der warfare,  were  the  very  visitors  and  residents  that 
Don  Charles  desired  to  see ;  and  when  Boone  camo 
to  St.  Louis  —  even  then  recognized  as  the  great  key 
of  the  West — the  lieutenant  governor  assured  liim 
of  a  generous  landed  provision  at  once,  foi  hin-iself 
and  family.  The  government  officer  knew  that 
jthers  would  follow  Nshen  Boone  led,  and  that  his 
counsel  and  experience  in  the  case  of  difficulty   wiib 


HE   IS   KINDLY    EECEIYED.  3 53 

rtie  Indians,  would  be  worth  more  than  the  theories 
of  a  legion  of  those  who  might  be  sent  by  the  crowr 
to  try,  in  the  forests  of  Missouri,  the  old-fashioned 
tactics  which  had  been  successful  at  Goret,  and  An- 
daga,  and  Truillas. 

"When,  in  1754,  Laclede  landed  at  the  point  where 
St.  Louis  now  spreads  it  long  array  of  commerce  — 
of  wealth  —  of  architectural  elegance  —  of  long  ave- 
nues, teeming  with  life  and  vigor  —  he  could  net 
have  thought  that  there  was  by  his  side,  one  whose 
age  would  be  extended  to  a  period  when  that  locality, 
passing  alternately  from  France  to  Spain,  and  thence 
to  the  control  of  the  Man  of  Destiny,  and  from  him 
to  the  plain  republican,  Jefferson,  would  take  rank 
among  the  great  cities  of  the  earth.  Pierre  Choteau, 
a  name  honored  to  this  day,  and  in  this  day,  by  the 
close  relation  it  bears  to  the  prosperity  of  the  west, 
came  with  Laclede,  and  survived  to  take  part  in  an 
immense  procession  in  which  the  strength  of  the  pop- 
ulation of  St.  Louis  united.  In  Mr.  Choteau's  remi- 
niscences the  incidents  and  strange  events  which  cha- 
racterized the  history  of  a  country  pascing  peaceably 
through  so  many  masteries,  were  embodied,  and  Mis- 
souri can  never  hold  that  page  in  her  an^a'.s  value- 
.ess,  which  bears  record  of  the  welcome  he:"  cT-v^tho:'- 
ties  gave  to  the  great  Pioneer. 

Col.  Boone  placed  his  residence  in  the  Fe.nme 
Osage  district  where  he  found  hi?  son,  and  lock'^y 

33 


W4  LIFE   OF    DAXIKL    B<>ONE. 

4round  him,  in  his  new  lioine,  felt  that  he  had  com* 
wliere  the  patliway  to  justice  was  less  perplexed  than 
his  experience  had  })ruved  it  to  be  in  the  land  he  unce 
sailed  his  own.  Tlie  quiet  simplicity  of  the  habits 
of  the  })eoplo  soon  attracted  the  notice  of  the  Pio- 
neer, and  they  coincided  with  his  own.  They  were 
ft  "  frank,  open-hearted,  unsuspecting,  joyous  people.' 
Tlie  Spanish  authorities  gave  to  Boone  the  position  of 
commandant  of  the  district.  It  was  an  office  of  civil 
and  military  power.  It  was  sucli  an  one  as  the  lieu- 
tenant governor  knew  was  well  bestowed,  for  the  mili- 
tary knowledge  possessed  by  Boone  was  peculiarly 
that  which  in  the  guardianship  of  such  a  district,  was 
most  desirable;  and  in  the  management  of  land  titles 
the  Pioneer  was  likely  of  all  men  to  be  most  direct 
and  fair. 

His  commission  is  dated  July  11th,  ISOO.  His  du- 
ties did  not,  in  a  country  where  there  were  but  few 
laws,  absorb  all  his  time.  The  old  Syndic  —  for  he 
was  now  sixty-five  years  of  age  —  could  promptly 
settle  such  differences  as  came  before  him.  The  hun- 
ters could  not  apj)eal  from  a  decision  made  by  a  man 
who  had,  in  their  judgment,  a  reputation  equal  to 
that  of  the  proudest  in  the  lan<l  ;  for  he  had  con- 
quered the  savage,  and  Wiis,  j)erhaps,  of  all  the  men 
in  the  country,  the  lirst  hunter  himself.  The  emigra- 
tion had  j)oured  into  the  Upper  Missouri  by  its  thou- 
aands   ant?  th  >-•       ho  '.-a'ne  brought  with  them  those 


APPOINTED    TO    OFFICE.  35S 

recollections  of  the  achievements  of  Boone  w  hich  hy 
this  time  had,  through  the  work  of  ^  Imlaj,  and  the 
intercourse  of  an  augmented  population,  invested  hiin 
with  an  heroic  reputation. 

And  now  it  seemed  as  if,  in  his  advancing  years^ 
eucli  an  estate  would  at  least  be  his,  as  was  somewha; 
commensurate  with  the  value  of  his  services  to  the 
west,  or  at  least  in  recognition  of  them.  Generally 
once  in  life,  what  we  call  good  fortune  api:)roaclies  to 
every  man.  Any  one  who  will  closely  and  accurately 
bring  before  him  the  events  of  his  terra  on  earth,  will 
remember  some  period  when  he  might  have  been  the 
possessor  of  property.  Of  course  he  will,  with  the 
recollection,  have  its  companion  memory  that  his 
folly,  or  his  ignorance,  or  his  negligence,  jjut  aside  the 
opportunity.  Sometimes,  without  his  own  act,  the 
violence,  or  oppression,  or  perfidy  of  another  has 
turned  the  hand  past  the  golden  moment. 

Once  before  Boone  had  been  the  possessor  of  land 
—  land  which  of  all  must  have  been  most  prized  by 
him ;  for  it  was  in  sight  of  the  gem  of  complete  con 
quest  —  the  little  fort,  with  which  his  courage  as  a 
soldier  was  so  intimately  connected,  and  which  was 
in  the  midst  of  Kentucky,  to  whose  development  he 
had  given  his  best  years. 

And  this  he  had  lost  —  lost  bv  the  neglect  of  those 
who  had  built  themselves  up  in  the  foundation  he  had 
made.     A  new  possession  was  now  before  him.     Dor 


356  LIFE  OF   DANIFX   HOONE. 

Charles  marked  out  and  gave  to  him  eight  thiusand 
tive  hiiiulred  acres  of  hmd,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Missouri  Iliver.  If  Flint's  anecdote  is  correct,  that 
he  stated  that  he  desired  elbow  room,  he  had  it  in 
this  noble  tract. 

By  the  simple  law  of  the  province,  the  possessor 
of  land,  to  complete  his  title,  was  to  build  on  some 
part  of  it,  in  a  year  and  a  day,  a  house.  It  was  a 
wise  provision,  for  it  secured  that  the  land  should  be 
put  in  use,  and  tlie  evils  of  a  great  uncultivated  ter- 
ritory were  guarded  against.  But  Don  Charles  did 
not  require  this  of  Boone,  because  Jiis  official  dutv 
might  seem  to  require  his  presence  elsewhere. 

A  further  step  was,  however,  necessary.  At  the 
city  <»f  the  province,  Xew  Orleans,  was  the  authority 
that  inunediately  represented  the  crown,  and  applica- 
tion there  was  necessary  to  make  the  grant  complete. 

Boone  did  not  make  the  journey  necessary  to  pre- 
sent this  application,  and  he  lias  been  blamed  fortius, 
as  an  act  of  negligence.  Even  at  this  date,  with  all 
the  facility  that  Fulton  has  furnished,  a  journey  from 
St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans,  is  something  to  be  consid- 
ered by  an  old  man  ;  or  if  from  the  extraordinary 
fleetness  and  supurb  arrangements  of  the  great  stea- 
murs  now  on  the  route,  the  comparison  can  not  ^a 
made,  in  tlie  beginning  of  this  century  Fulton  anci 
Filch  were  enduring  the  scorn  of  a  wise  world  foi 
even  —  in  words  easy  to  say  —  expressing  their  belie! 


NEGLECTS   TO    SECUHE   HIS    GRANT.  35^* 

of  the  possibility  of  the  future  triumphs  of  steam 
The  Peytona  and  Capt.  Shallcross  were  unknown  at 
St.  Louis. 

The  language  of  the  memorial  subsequently  pre- 
sented by  the  Pioneer  to  the  Legislature  of  Kentucky, 
indicated  that  before  he  left  Yirginia,  the  Spanish  au- 
thorities had  held  out  assurances  that,  if  he  came  to 
dwell  in  their  country,  he  shonld  have  "  ample  por- 
tions of  land  for  himself  and  his  family."  Indeed, 
it  shows  that  Don  Lenon  Trudeau  invited  him  thith- 
er—  knowing,  as  he  did,  what  would  be  his  value  as 
a  citizen. 

He  knew  the  friendly  feeling  of  the  lieutenant  go- 
vernor towards  him,  and  he  may  have  thought  that, 
as  there  had  been  a  readiness  to  overlook  the  techni- 
cality of  a  personal  residence,  his  grant  would  be 
good  in  any  event,  even  though  he  did  not  undertake 
the  formidable  journey.  And  to  him  it  was  such.  It 
was  a  distance  of  thousands  of  miles,  and  into  a  coun- 
try to  which  his  habits  had  not  led  him.  He  thought 
the  friendship  of  Don  Charles  sufficient,  without  un- 
dertaking at  his  age  a  further  mission  to  Governor 
Carondelet.  More  than  this:  he  awaited,  as  a  sure 
result,  the  forthcoming  power  of  the  United  States 
to  be  extended  over  his  new  home,  and  he  could  not 
but  believe  that  his  grant  would  be  undisturbed.  So 
he  did  not  go  to  New  Orleans,  but  remained  dischaj 


358 


LIFE   Cy   DANIEL    lioONI!. 


ging  his  dnties  as  syndic  or  commandant  to  the  last 
moment  of  Spanisli  power. 

The  easy  French  people  around  liim  must  have 
liked  tlie  dynasty  of  the  Pioneer.  Like  themselves, 
plain  and  simple  hearted,  he  had  achieved  "  glory/' 
and  this  would  awaken  their  enthusiasm.  He  was 
contented,  and  found  his  pleasure  in  the  quiet  hori 
eon  wliich  bounded  their  hopes  and  desires  —  and  all 
this  assimilated  to  tliem. 

That  must  have  been  a  quiet  and  an  orderly  peo- 
ple when  in  their  closest  population,  (St  Louis,)  Mr 
Peck  relates  "  but  two  locks  were  necessary  —  the 
one  on  the  calahozo^  (known  to  modern  police  annals 
as  the  calaboose,)  and  the  other  on  the  government 
house." 


CH  iPTEE    XX. 

fSB  yicisrruDEs   cr  boone's  life  —  sale  cf  Louisiana  t)  the  XT?rrm 

iTATES BDONE    REVISITS    KENTUCKY HE    PATS  OFF     HLS  CREDITORS  — 

RETURNS  HOME THE    SOLITARY    HUNTER  —  EXPOSURE    TO  DANGER    AS    A 

TRAPPER  — HIS  HUNTING  EXCURSION    TO  THE  OSAGE  RIVER HE  IS  AGAIN 

DEPRIVED    OF  HIS  LAND  B''  LAND  COMMISSIONERS HIS  EDUCATION Hia 

CHILDREN. 

In  1800,  the  Emperor  ^N^apoleon  obtained  possession 
of  the  province  of  Louisiana.  Boone  thus  added  to 
his  experiences  that,  afte  having  been  a  subject  of 
George  11.  and  George  Iii. —  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  (inchiding  a  citizenship  of  Transylvania,  of 
somewhat  doubtful  nationality,) — an  adopted  son  and 
citizen  of  the  Shawanese  —  a  subject  of  Charles  lY. 
of  Spain  —  he  now  found  himself  one  of  the  many 
who,  in  all  civilization,  augmented  the  "  glory  of  the 
Empire." 

Tlie  hour  had  come  whcii  he  was  to  find  himself 
again  enfolded  in  the  protection  of  the  States,  some 
of  whose  most  desperate  battles  he  had  fought. 

The  sale  of  a  great  country  like  that  of  Louisiana  — 
including  the  noblest  river  that  rolls  beneath  the 
Bun  —  by  the  will  of  one  man,  has  magnificence  about 
it.     It  is  supremacy  and .  sovereignty  in  its  high  es- 


300  LIFE   OF   DAXIEL   BOONE. 

tate.  Napoleon  foresaw  that  his  true  dominion  waj 
on  the  Lintl,  and  that  Euroi)e,  and  such  portion  of 
Asia  as  his  armies  could  readily  reach,  was  to  be  tho 
Beat  of  empire  for  his  acquisition  and  grasp.  The 
prowess  of  the  English  at  sea  he  knew  well,  for  he 
was  not  the  man  to  be  dazzled  or  misled  by  the  pre- 
tensions of  those  who  could  not  perform.  Louisiana 
lay  too  far  off  to  be  protected  by  any  force  except 
Buch  as  should  derive  its  support  from  a  naval  power, 
and  he  appreciated  that  the  commerce  of  the  Missis- 
sippi was  a  prize  which,  in  England's  hands,  would 
be  used  vastly  to  augment  her  wealth  and  power. 
AVhat  he  planned  was  rapidly  done,  and  when  he  had 
delighted  and  astonished  the  American  commissioners 
by  a  sale  of  Louisiana  to  the  United  States,  he  exult- 
ingly  and  prophetically  said,  he  had  given  England  a 
rival ;  and  every  hour  his  prophecy  is  building  up 
into  truth. 

But  f»jr  such  motive,  he  would  not  have  thus  lightly 
sold  a  territory  more  extensive  than  some  of  the  most 
j)owerful  European  kingdoms.  He  truly  gave  to  the 
world  :;  vi''il  to  England.  Tlic  country  he  sold  is 
now  rai»idiy  fullilling  the  duty  he  assigned  to  it,  and 
the  yvars  are  but  few  in  advance,  when  the  great 
wealth  of  the  East  will  traverse  it,  and  England  real- 
ize the  full  consequences  involved  in  the  movement 
of  the  emperor. 

Boone,  in  1804,  found  liiinself  once  more  a  citizen 


SALE   OF   LOUISIANA.  361 

)f  the  Kepublic.  The  lower  province  had  undergone 
a  rapid  change  of  masters  in  1803,  somewhat  after  the 
fashion  of  the  nursery  song  — 

"  Out  of  Spain,  into  France  "  — 

and  in  the  subsequent  year,  the  upper  province  was 
placed  under  the  command  of  Maj.  Stoddard,  of  the 
United  States  army,  and  in  a  short  time  the  laws  of 
iJie  Union  were  in  force. 

It  is  the  attribute  of  true  greatness  to  know,  and  to 
je  in  the  regulation  of,  the  small  affairs  of  his  life,  as 
(veil  as  the  larger  movements  on  which  the  eye  of  so- 
eietj  is  fixed.  There  never  was  a  man  so  attentive  to 
all  his  concerns  —  whether  it  was  the  sharpening  of 
an  axe  on  his  farm,  or  the  execution  of  a  treaty  —  as 
George  Washington. 

Boone  was  reduced  and  impoverished  when  he  left 
Kentucky,  by  being  deprived  of  his  property  —  by 
numberless  expenses  of  litigation — by  feeing  law- 
yers —  by  the  thousand  items  of  expenditure  which 
wait  upon  a  failing  and  falling  house.  He  felt  this 
burthen.  He  was  away  —  so  far  away  from  his  cre- 
ditors that  it  was  very  doubtful  whether  they  would 
ever  mention  his  indebtedness  again  to  him.  The 
merchants  were  not  exactly  of  that  class,  whose  busi- 
ness would  afford  their  absence  on  a  "  collecting 
tour." 

Boone  cared  not  for  their  silence  or  their  disability 
P 


862  LIFE   OF   DAyiEL    BOO  WE. 

to  enforce  their  claims.  Tie  took  his  rifle  —  the  foi 
ests  of  Missouri  were  full  of  f^aine.  lie  hunted  lonj^ 
and  far,  and  at  last  realized  such  a  stock  as  would 
bring  him  the  money  he  needed.  At  this  dav,  the 
hunter  comes  into  St.  Louis  —  looks  about  him  at  the 
busy  and  crowded  streets  —  sees  in  the  city  only  s 
convenience,  and  strikes  oflf  for  his  free  forest  ai^ain. 
Tlie  old  Pioneer  revisited  Kentucky.  It  had  great 
ly  changed  since  he  felled  the  trees  to  erect  Boones 
borough.  Transylvania  was  forgotten  or  only  remem- 
bered as  a  curious  piece  of  history.  Within  a  short 
distance  of  his  old  homo,  in  Lexington,  was  a  young 
man — slow,  delicate,  feeble,  languid  —  and  giving 
but  faint  ]>romise  of  his  possession  of  that  tremendous 
enorgv  by  which,  in  after  years,  he  bore  the  name 
of  Or. \v  ^'>  all  lau'^uagos  where  the  statesman  and 
the  orator  could  be  known.  Other  great  men  had 
made  Kentucky  their  h<^mo.  Her  wars  over,  all  the 
;rlorie8  of  the  land  that  Roono  had  eulotrized  were  in 
rapid  exhibition.  Men  talked  about  banks  and  inter- 
nal I»nprovements.  Luxury  was  pressing  its  velvet 
toot  on  the  wilds  where  it  had  been  unknown.  The 
lawyei  had  settled  the  titles  of  the  land  of  the  Ken 
tons  and  Boones,  and  as  their  claim  liad  been  set 
aside,  that  of  the  more  successful  and  shrewder  opera- 
tor had  all  certainty  accorded  it.  Kenton's  land  thf 
Btate  took  for  taxes  ;  Boone's  was  gone  before  even 
that  later  civilization  reached  it. 


EETUHNS    TO    KEXTFCKY    AXT)    PATS  HIS    Dl.-BTS.       3()'J 

The  Pioneer  moved  about  securely,  and  without 
grasping  his  rifle.  He  slept,  and  no  yell  of  horrc^i 
awoke  him.  Tliey  had  harvested  well  what  he  had 
ploughed.  He  felt  that  Kentucky  had  ceased  to  be  his 
home.  Like  a  true-hearted  man,  he  sought  out  his 
creditors,  and  taking  their  word  for  tlie  statement, 
paid  what  was  demanded,  and  returned.  He  had 
fully  cleared  the  neighborhood  from  any  unkind  mem- 
ories of  the  man  who  had  defended  them,  at  the  risk 
of  all  there  was  in  life. 

Returning  home  —  though  his  journey  and  its  ex- 
penses had  nearly  left  him  without  a  coin  —  he  ex- 
pressed the  utmost  satisfaction  that  he  had  rendered 
it  impossible  for  any  one  to  reproach  his  memory  with 
dishonesty. 

While  residing  in  Missouri,  and  before  age  had  so 
impaired  his  sight  as  to  make  the  chase  impracti- 
cable, he  hunted  with  a  boldness  that  was  kindred  to 
the  day  when  he  dared  to  remain  five  hundred  miles 
away  from  the  abodes  of  white  men,  alone,  and  no 
other  near  him.  Far  away  —  far  off — even  in  that 
wild  Missouri,  which,  itself,  was  deemed  almost  be- 
yond the  reach  of  civilization,  and  which  to  the  At- 
lantic States,  is  even  now  a  remote  region,  Boone, 
now  on  the  verge  of  three  score  years  and  ten,  hunted 
alone.  In  his  solitary  canoe,  he  seemed,  as  he  caused 
it  to  dart  over  the  surface  of  that  great  river  —  the 
Missouri — as  if  t  e  was  the  embodiment  of  the  forth 


864  MFK    OK    PAMKL    n<M»NK. 

coming  power  of  the  wliito  man.  Tlie  Indian  tluit  .-aw 
the  (»!(]  Hunter,  did  not  realize  that  he  was  tlie  nmu 
wluse  name  had  been  a  word  of  the  wigwam,  when 
as  yet  the  Indian  refused  to  believe  that  his  empire 
ovei  tlie  forest  was  at  an  end. 

The  ])eaver  trap  led  him  to  great  exposure.  As  if 
it  was  his  destiny  to  the  very  end  of  his  life  to  feel 
the  power  of  the  savage,  he  was  compelled  to  use  the 
utmost  vigilance  to  prevent  his  camp  from  being  dis- 
covered by  the  Indians  of  the  North-west,  wlio,  had 
tliey  found  liini,  might  either  abruptly  have  finished 
bis  earthly  career,  or  have  taken  him  into  a  captivity 
83  remote  that  the  Pioneer's  strange  disappearance 
from  anion ir  men  would  have  formed  fertile  theme  for 
legend  and  story.  The  Indian  of  the  Xorth-west 
had  a  far,  far  country,  in  which  to  hide  from  the 
eye  of  the  keenest  white,  the  object  of  their  cap- 
tivities. 

He  concealed  his  camp  by  never  kindling  a  lire  in 
the  day,  but  reserving  all  use  of  it  till  night.  The 
man  who  had  studied  the  Indians  and  the  woods  for 
sixty  years,  had  no  lack  of  expedients  and  stratagem. 
In  this  beaver  trapping  he  was  for  a  long  time  en- 
tirely alone.  It  was  renewing  the  scenes  of  thirty 
years  befor3.  When  he  was  disturbed  at  other  times 
by  the  Indian,  he  so  thoroughly  offered  resistance  that 
the  savage  found  that  old  age  had  not  crushed  the 
soldier  of  Boonesborough.     We  quote  Mr.  Peck's  de 


SICK  IN  THE  wildernp:ss.  365 

scription  of  another  scene  in  his  old  age's  hunting 
experiences : 

"  On  another  occasion,  he  took  pack-horses,  and  i7ent  to 
the  country  on  the  Osage  River,  taking  for  a  camp-  keeper  a 
negro  boy,  about  twelve  or  fourteen  years  of  age.  Soon  af 
ter  preparing  his  camp  and  laying  in  his  supplies  for  the 
winter,  he  was  taken  sick  and  lay  a  long  time  in  camp.  The 
horses  were  hobbled  out  on  the  range.  After  a  period  of 
stormy  weather,  there  came  a  pleasant  and  delightful  day,  and 
Boone  felt  able  to  walk  out.  With  his  staff  (for  he  was  quite 
feeble)  he  took  the  boy  to  the  summit  of  a  small  eminence, 
and  marked  out  the  ground  in  shape  and  size  of  a  grave,  and 
then  gave  the  following  directions.  He  instructed  the  boy, 
in  case  of  his  death,  to  wash  and  lay  his  body  straight,  wrap- 
ped up  in  one  of  the  cleanest  blankets.  He  was  then  to  con- 
struct a  kind  of  shovel,  and  with  that  instrument  and  the 
hatchet,  to  dig  a  grave  exactly  as  he  had  marked  it  out.  He 
was  then  to  drag  the  body  to  the  place,  and  put  it  in  the 
grave,  which  he  was  directed  to  cover  up,  putting  posts  at 
the  head  and  foot.  Poles  were  to  be  placed  around  and 
above  the  surface ;  the  trees  to  be  marked,  so  that  it  could 
be  easily  found  by  his  friends  ;  the  horses  were  to  be  caught, 
the  blankets  and  skins  gathered  up ;  with  some  special  in- 
structions about  the  old  rifle,  and  various  messages  to  his 
family.  All  these  directions  were  given,  as  the  boy  after 
terwards  declared,  with  entire  calmness,  and  as  if  He  was 
giving  instructions  about  ordinary  business.  He  soon  re- 
covered, broke  up  his  camp,  and  returned  homeward,  with- 
out the  usual  signs  of  a  winter's  hunt." 

He  was  soon  destined  to  receive  what  to  him  was 
another  confirmation  of  the  great  injustice  of  apply 


566  LIFK    OF    DAJNIEL    BOONE. 

ing  to  every  individual  case  the  severities  of  a  lega 
rule.  Tlie  United  States  directed  an  able  commission 
—  John  B.  C.  Lucas,  Clement  Penrose,  Frederick 
Bates  —  to  investigate  into  the  validity  of  the  claims 
to  land  granted  by  the  action  of  the  Spanish  govern- 
ment. To  many  of  the  settlers,  this  seemed  like  a 
revival  of  the  troubles  they  had  experienced  under 
the  Kentucivy,  or  rather  the  Virginia,  land  laws.  To 
Boone  it  proved  so,  for  his  claim  was  declared  invalid. 
Tlie  commissionei-s  were  bound  to  regulate  their  ac 
tion  by  the  rules  laid  down  in  tlie  law  of  Congress, 
and,  in  those  days.  Congress  held  the  policy  which 
governed  the  framing  of  the  first  pension  laws,  where- 
by a  revolutionary  soldier  had  to  prove  himself  a  most 
decayed  and  bankrupt  pauper,  before  he  became  en- 
titled to  the  bounty  of  his  country.  The  laws  were 
rigid  upon  the  settler ;  while  the  true  policy  would 
have  been  to  have  so  prepared  their  language  that  no 
real  settler  in  the  State,  by  his  acts  showing  that  he 
was  absolutely  a  settler,  desiring  either  for  himself  or 
his  family  to  make  use  of  his  land,  should  be  exclu- 
ied.  The  Congress  that  passed  the  law  ought  to  have 
reflected  that  the  most  w<^rthy  of  the  frontier-men, 
were  just  those  who  would  be  least  likely  to  know  the 
Diceties  of  the  law. 

When  Boone  was  sustaining  the  horrors,  night  and 
day,  of  forest  fight  and  siege,  he  had  no  leisure  to 
itudy  the  nice  provisions  of  the  laws  which  Virginia 


AGAIN    LOSES    HIS    LAND.  36? 

KSLS  preparing  with  whicli  to  turn  him  out  cf  the 
farm,  which  he  could  scarcely  risit  in  peace,  lest  the 
fierce  grasp  of  the  Indian  should  lead  him  off  to  tor- 
ture and  to  death.  As  Boone  had  not  occupied  the 
land,  and  had  not  gone  to  JN'ew  Orleans  to  perfect 
this  noble  donation  which  the  Spanish  government 
had  given  him,  the  United  States  determined  that  hi^ 
claim  was  not  good.  Worn  and  harassed  by  wars 
as  Spain  was,  if  it  had  been  represented  to  the  pow- 
ers that  ruled  the  land  that  sent  Columbus  out  to  dis- 
cover a  new  world,  that  he  who  had  imitated  the 
great  discoverer,  was  compelled  to  relinquish,  for  a 
mere  informality,  the  rich  gift  which  Spanish  liberality 
had  bestowed,  the  treasury  of  Madrid  would  have 
been  as  low  as  that  of  its  revolted  province  of  Mexi- 
co, or  it  would  have  been  decreed  that  the  great  Hun- 
ter and  Pioneer  should  not  forfeit  Spanish  generosity. 

Poor  Boone  !  Seventy-four  years  old,  and  the  sec- 
ond grasp  you  have  made  upon  the  West  has  been 
powerless.  You  have  risked  life,  and  lost  the  life 
next  dearest  to  your  own,  for  the  West.  In  all  its 
fearful  forms,  death  has  looked  you  in  the  face,  and 
you  have  moved  on  to  conquer  the  soil,  which  you 
did  but  conquer  that  it  might  be  denied  to  you. 
You  have  been  the  architect  of  the  j^rosperity  of  oth- 
ers, but  your  own  crumbles  each  time  as  you  are 
*bout  to  occupy. 

IJa  had  defrauded  no  man.     He  had  oppressed  none 


568  LIFE    OF    DANIEL    BOOXE- 

He  had  submitted  to  every  fortune  wliich  had  present- 
ed itself,  and  had  gone  on  rising  al)Ove  every  ill  fate. 
When  his  child  was  killed,  he  waited  patiently  till  a 
Detter  day  should  rise.  When  the  crue'l  Indian  he.d 
him  in  bitter  bondage,  he  checked  every  dispositic:i 
t^  rebel,  and  awaited  his  true  time.  When  he  loet 
his  farm  at  Boonesborough,  he  did  not  linger  around 
in  complainings,  but  went  quietly  away,  returning 
only  to  fulfill  the  obligations  he  had  incurred ;  and 
uow  this  last  decision  came  —  even  at  old  age — to 
leave  Daniel  Boone,  the  Pioneer  of  the  West,  unable 
to  give  a  title  deed  to  a  solitary  acre  1 

Some  time  previous  to  the  date  (December  1st,  1810,) 
of  the  rendering  of  this  decision,  he  had  been  negoti- 
ating in  respect  to  his  land,  and  Mr.  Collins  preserves, 
in  fac  simile,  a  curious  letter.  It  is  very  simple  and 
very  plain,  and  while  it  states  the  meaning  of  what 
he  intends  to  say,  with  sufficient  clearness,  neither  the 
style  nor  the  orthography  are  to  be  considered  as 
coming  within  the  range  of  the  scholar's  acquire- 
ments. A  bright  man  in  public  life  in  the  State  of 
New  York  once  said  —  My  language  may  not  be 
grammatical,  hut  my  facts  are  !  And  in  relation  to 
the  virtue  of  spelling,  it  is  not  very  uncommon,  aa 
must  be  known  to  all  who  honor  this  volume  with  a 
l)erusal,  that  it  is  not  necessary  in  the  character  of  ? 
great  man,  that  he  should  spell  with  entire  correct 
nes8.     If  it   be.   inanv  are  those  who  m  isf  descend 


LETTER   TO    JUDGE    COBURN.  369 

from  greatness.     When  Queen  Marj  was  crowned  iL 
Westminster  Abbey,  a  superb  Bible  was  given  her 
It  is  jet  in  the  library  at  the  Hague,  and  her  majesty 
has  written  this  line  in  the  title  page  —  "This  book. 
was  given  the  king  and  I,  at  our  croronationP 

The  handwriting  of  this  letter  is  vigorous,  and  verj 
intelligible,  for  which  a  little  bad  orthography  at  any 
time  may  be  forgiven. 

It  indicates  that  at  the  time  it  was  written,  this  old 
hunter  was  captive  to  the  physician  and  the  calomel, 
as  he  says  he  is  "  deep  in  markury."  Notwithstand- 
ing all  this  evidence  that  the  regular  faculty  at  that 
time  extended,  either  in  person  or  by  doctrine,  down 
to  that  far  region  of  St.  Charles,  he  still  says  that  he 
is  well  and  in  health.  His  own  constitution  was  not 
to  be  put  down  by  a  drug. 

This  letter  is  addressed  to  Judge  John  Cob  urn,  who 
was  a  warm  friend  of  Col.  Boone,  and  deserves  grate- 
ful record.  He  was  a  thorough  friend,  aud  gave  per- 
Bevering  evidence  of  it.  He  had  migrated  to  Ken- 
tucky in  17S4,  and  had  bc^n  engaged  in  business  at 
Lexington.  He  was  a  writer  of  great  ability,  and 
held  responsible  and  honorable  stations  from  Presi- 
dents Jefierson  and  Madison. 

How  little  they  know  the  real  character  of  Boone 

who  think  he  loved  the  life  v^f  the  woods  because  he 

desired  to  be  alone.     His  pleasant  tliought,  [imidsi 

%11  his  troubles  it  was,  that  his  chiMren  were  all  no^ 

P*  24 


370  LIKE    OF    DANIE  .    UcH^NE. 

near  him,  and  what  hi^tre  it  reflects  on  the  kindly 
old  man,  tliat  his  old  age  was  so  attractive  to  iiis  chil 
dren  that  tliey  all  clustered  around  him  —  bold  and 
adventurous  men  that  they  were.  Major  Nathan 
Boone  came  to  Missouri  in  1800.  He  has  since  held 
commission  in  the  dragoons,  and  is  living  at  the  date 
of  this  memoir,  a  fine  representative  of  his  noble- 
hearted  father — like  him,  fond  of  the  stirring  forest 
life,  and,  in  many  respects,  keenly  allied  in  taste  and 
habit  to  that  which  distinguished  his  sire. 

AVhat  if  all  governments  denied  him  a  possession 
in  land  ;  he  was  in  the  societj^  of  those  who  could 
minister  to  his  wants,  and  by  whose  side  he  felt  that, 
whoever  else  forgot  him,  they  would  not.  But  there 
was  a  duty  which  he  owed  to  them,  for  his  day  of 
enjoyment  of  great  posssessions  was  gone.  No  farm 
that  the  State  could  give  him  would  suffice  for  hia 
range  in  the  chase.  He  must  have  fur  that  the  open 
arid  free  forest  uncircumscribed,  but  for  the  children 
and  children's  chihh'cn  that  were  coming  into  tin 
business  of  life,  another  efibrt  was  to  Ije  made. 


CHAPTEE   XXI. 

rCKSrCKT  AS  A  COMMONWEALTH BOONE's  MEMORIAL  TO  THE  LE-4ISLArUKl 

AS-y  TO  CONGRESS THE  JUST  RESPONSE  OF  KENTUCKY DEATH  OF  MRS. 

B*>ONE BOONe's    TREATMENT    AT   THE    HANBS    OF    CONGRESS GENERA! 

LAFATETTe's  RECEPTION THE    CONTRAST THE    OLD    AGE    OF    BOONE  — 

HIS  CHILDREN BOONE  A  HUNTER  AT  EIGHTY-TWO ANECDOTE HARD- 

ING's  PORTRAIT SICKNESS  OF  BOONE HIS  TEMPORARY    RECOVERY    AND 

DEATH A  RETROSPECT. 

And  what  was  Kentucky  now  ?  From  being  th« 
abode  of  one  white  man,  surrounded  by  hordes  of 
savages,  it  had  grown  to  be  the  happy  residence  of 
more  than  a  half  million  of  civilized  men,  and  the  In- 
dian had  become  a  stranger  and  a  wonder  in  his  old 
accustomed  haunts.  The  war  of  the  Eevolution  had 
passed  into  history,  and  the  powers  that  had  been  in 
war  had  cemented  in  peace,  and  were  jnst  about  to 
break  the  bond  again.  The  voice  of  Henry  Clay  had 
been  heard  in  the  Senate,  teaching  the  States  of  the 
Atlantic,  that  Kentucky  had  come  to  dispute  intel- 
ectual  superiority  with  them.  The  State  that  could 
scarcely  form  herself  into  independency  from  Yirgin- 
ia,  had  assumed  a  position  in  the  National  Councils, 
to  which  the  old  States  paid  marked  deference. 

Boone  did  not,  would  not  believe  that  Kentuckj 
would  entirely  forget  the  mar    that  had  given  such 


572  MFK    <>K    I)AN11:L    L^h-XK. 

vast  impetus  to  her  progress.  He  luul  prci»ared  f(»i 
him  a  memorial  to  the  Legislature  of  Kentiickv.  Il 
recites  in  simple  language—  the  dictation  and  ex- 
pression of  liis  thoughts,  though  it  might  not  have 
been  his  composition — liis  history  in  connection 
with  Kentucky — a  brief  but  earnest  word.  It  came 
to  Kentucky  at  a  period  when  her  people  were  pre- 
paring to  do  battle  against  England,  not  now  as  a  lino 
of  scattered  log  huts  —  of  frontier  forts,  which  might 
have  l)ecn  reduced  by  a  six-pounder  —  but  in  all  the 
Btrength  of  a  great  commonwealth,  rich  in  resources, 
and  rich  indeed,  in  the  strength  and  courage  of  her 
eons.  It  was  the  right  time  for  the  Defender  of 
Boonesborough  to  address  a  word  to  Kentucky.  In 
the  hour  of  war,  the  soldier  is  recognised. 

He  appealed  to  Kentucky.  It  was  the  voice  of  the 
old  man,  standing  in  the  midst  of  the  broad  and  rich 
land,  and  pointing  to  all  he  had  won  fur  those  who 
were  now  in  its  enjoyment.  The  nieuiorial  was  re 
ferred  to  a  committee  of  the  Senate  —  that  being  the 
body  to  which  it  had  been  presented.  This  commit- 
tee consisted  of  Messi-s.  Ewing,  Hopkins,  Caldwell, 
Bullock,  and  Walker.  While  he  appealed  to  Ken- 
tucky, he  meniitrialized  Congress  —  so  that  his  own 
appeal  might  be  seconded  and  sustained  by  the  pow- 
erful voice  of  a  State  which  was  seldom  hf^ard  in 
vain  ;  and  that  State,  in  a  numner  which  showed  that 
the  lapse  of  years  had  wrought  a  great  change  in  tU< 


RESOLUTION  OF  THE  KENTUCKY  LEGISLATLEE.  373 

feeling  of  the  people,  as  to  their  duty  towards  tha 
Pioneer,  by  the  unanimous  vote  of  her  Legislature 
passed  the  following  preamble  and  resolution  : 

"  The  Legislature  of  Kentucky  taking  into  view  the  manj 
eminent  services  rendered  by  Col.  Boone,  in  exploring  and 
settling  the  western  country,  from  which  great  advantages 
have  resulted,  not  only  to  this  State,  but  to  his  countty  ic 
general,  and  that  from  circumstances  ovei  which  he  had  no 
control,  he  is  now  reduced  to  poverty  ;  not  having,  so  far  as 
appears,  an  acre  of  land  out  of  the  vast  territory  he  has  been 
a  great  instrument  in  peopling ;  believing,  also,  that  it  is  as 
unjust  as  it  is  impolitic,  that  useful  enterprise  and  eminent 
services  should  go  unrewarded  by  a  government  where  merit 
confei  i  the  only  distinction ;  and  having  sufficient  reason  tc 
believe  that  a  grant  of  ten  thousand  acres  of  land,  which  ht 
claims  in  Upper  Louisiana,  would  have  been  confirmed  bj 
the  Spanish  government,  had  not  said  territory  passed,  bj 
cession,  into  the  hands  of  the  general  government :  wherefore 

"Eesolved,  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commou 
wealth  of  Kentucky,  That  our  Senators  in  Congress  be  re 
quested  to  make  use  of  their  exertions  to  procure  a  grant  of 
land  in  said  territory,  to  said  Boone,  either  the  ten  thousand 
acres,  to  which  he  appears  to  have  an  equitable  claim,  from 
the  grounds  set  forth  to  this  Legislature,  by  way  of  comfirm 
ation,  or  to  such  quantity  in  such  place  as  shall  be  deemed 
most  advisable,  by  way  of  donation." 

The  language  of  the  preamble  is  just  in  Kentucky. 
It  was  grateful  to  the  old  man.  It  effaced  many  ideas 
of  neglect ;  though  it  does  not  appear  that  in  all  hi8 
life  Col.  Borne  ev3r  complaired  of  his  country.     lie 


u<4  LIFE    OF   DANIEL   BOONE. 

had  tOD  much  native  dignity  of  character  to  fall  intc 
that  error.     Tliis  declaration  by  Kentucky  recites  thai 
not  only  the  State,  but  the  whole  country  in  general, 
had  derived  great  advantages  from  his  acts.     They 
wli.1  were  then  representing  the  people  of  Kentucky 
—  a  great  and  powerful  State — realized  by  the  differ 
ent  scenes  tliat  surrounded  them,  to  those  that  cr 
compassed  the  little  legislature  of  Transylvania,  whei 
it  met  beneath  the  great  tree  at  Boonesborough,  wha 
Boone  had  done  for  them.     "When  such  an  illustrious 
authority  as  Gov.  Morehead — one  who  has  in  the  na- 
tion  borne  the  hii^hest  legislative  honors,  and  in  his 
own  State  the  highest  honor  the  people  of  Kentucky 
could  bestow — when  he  says  that  "  it  is  not  assuming 
to(j  much  to  say,  that  icithout  Jihn^  in  all probahility^ 
the  settlements  could  not  have  heen  vjyheld,,  and  the 
conquest  of  Kentucky  might  have  heen  reserved  for  the 
emigrants  of  the  nineteenth   century'^'*  —  when    such 
tribute  is  uttered,  it  gives  the  clearest  testimony  to 
the  returning  gratitude  of  Kentucky. 

The  action  of  Kentucky  was  prompt  —  Congress 
lingered.  When  did  it  not  linger  ?  While  his  claim 
was  pending,  he  was  called  to  bewail  a  loss  which  to 
him  was  a  most  severe  one.  She  who  had  ftllowod 
him  from  a  father's  home  to  a  scene  of  danger,  of 
which  the  }»arallel  is  not  now  to  be  found  —  who  had 
mourned  him  as  dead  while  the  gloomy  shadows  of  a 
captivity  were  about  him — who  l^ad  been  near  to  him 


DEATH   OF    MRS.    BOONE.  375 

in  all  his  varying  fortunes — who  had  faithfully  and 
lovingly  brought  up  sons  and  daughters  to  cherish 
and  to  love  him — who  had  been  by  his  side  when  the 
murderous  blow  of  the  savage  had  laid  their  first-born 
in  a  bloody  grave — she  who  had  thus  fulfilled  the  af 
fection  and  duty  of  a  faithful  wife,  in  a  good  old  age 
went  to  her  last  home.  She  died  in  the  month  of 
Marcli,  1813,  having  attained  the  age  of  seventy -six 
years.  Far,  very  far,  from  the  home  of  her  own  kin- 
dred, she  was  buried  on  the  summit  of  a  ridge,  on  a 
spot  selected  by  Boone,  and  when  she  filled  the  nar- 
row house,  he  designated  the  place  by  her  side  where 
his  own  remains  were  to  be  laid. 

His  memorial  to  Congress  was  ably  supported  by 
the  exertions  of  Judge  Coburn,  who  greatly  interested 
himself  in  his  behalf,  and  whose  able  pen  told  effect- 
ively on  the  subject ;  and  in  Congress,  by  Joseph 
Yance,  afterwards  governor  of  Ohio,  and  himself  a 
fine  specimen  of  the  old-fashioned  men,  who  blended 
a  knowledge  of  the  trials  and  experiences  of  the  pio- 
neer life  with  educated  statesmanship,  and  by  Judge 
Burnett,  the  persevering  and  efficient  friend  of  Gen. 
Harrison,  These  gentlemen  summoned  the  attention 
of  Congress  to  the  condition  of  the  man  who  had  been 
the  foremost  man  of  the  West  —  a  name  that  even 
then  influenced  Congress,  as  it  soon  will  rule  it. 

Mr.  McKee,  from  the  committee  on  public  lands, 
made  a  report  on  Col.  Boone's  memorial,  on  the  twen 


376  LIFE    OF    DANIEL    IKXJNE. 

ty-fourtb  day  of  December,  1813.  Just  at  that  tini(\ 
the  Canadians  and  Indians  were  renewing  the  inci- 
dents of  Boone's  day  of  action,  by  their  vigorous  at 
tack  on  the  frontier.  The  committee  themselves  re- 
ported in  favor  of  confirming  his  title  to  eight  hun- 
dred and  fifty  acres.  This  was  all  out  of  the  untold 
millions  of  acres  of  the  public  domain,  which  the 
United  States  could  spare  to  Daniel  Be  one  !  It  made 
no  mention  of  the  eight  thousand  five  hundred  which 
the  Spanish  commandant — though  a  stranger  —  fully 
appreciating  the  services  of  Boone,  had  set  apart  to 
him.  Throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  pub- 
lic lands,  there  lived  no  man  whose  claim  should  have 
been  so  eagerly  sustained  as  that  of  Boone.  The  re- 
port states  that  "  the  petitioner  is  in  old  age,  and  had 
in  early  life  rendered  to  his  country  arduous  and  use- 
ful services." 

This  is  about  as  little  as  could  decenuy  be  said. 
Contrast  it  with  the  swords  voted  and  the  thanks  be- 
stowed on  those  who  have  flourished  in  some  brilliant 
engagement,  not  worthy  to  be  named  for  real  endu- 
rance and  danger  with  the  siege  of  Boonesborough, 
when  horrid  tortures  awaited  defeat.  Contnust  thf 
eight  hundred  acres  with  the  tens  of  thousands  lav- 
ished on  some  scheme  of  favorite  partisans  ! 

"By  reason  of  strength,  lie  had  arrived  at  four 
icore,"  and  in  this,  the  very  last  days  of  hks  life.  Con- 
gress, after  less  mention  of  his  name  than  they  w\»uld 


GKAXT   FKOM   CONGRESS.  377 

have  given  to  a  successful  banker,  from  its  wealth  of 
land  —  IT  wealth  so  great  that  the  ingenuity  (and  pa- 
triotism) of  men  is  tasked  to  find  avenues  of  gift— • 
confirms  the  lesser  grant  of  the  Spanish  government  I 
Neve:  mind — they  have  perpetuated  in  marble  in  the 
great  dome  of  the  Capitol,  a  scene  in  his  life  that 
never  existed  1 

"Seven  cities  claim  old  Homer  dead. 
Through  which  the  living  Homer  asked  his  bread." 

Boone  had  never  before  solicited  his  country. 
From  it,  as  from  individuals,  he  had  only  sought  to 
pass  along  through  life,  rendering  service  to  his  day 
and  to  his  people.  Spain  could  not  have  done  less 
for  the  Pioneer,  if  he  had  applied  at  the  court  at  Mad- 
rid for  the  confirmation  of  its  kindness,  and  in  all 
probability  it  would  have  done  more.  When  Lafay- 
ette returned  to  our  shores,  in  1824,  like  a  messengei 
from  the  army  of  the  Eevolution,  the  Congress  has- 
tened (and  it  was  one  of  those  acts,  so  rare  in  its  his- 
tory, to  which  the  whole  Union  proclaimed  a  glad  as- 
sent) to  bestow  ujDon  him  a  quarter  of  a  million  oi 
dollars  and  a  township.  The  noble-hearted  French 
man  had  left  his  home  to  bear  our  standard  in  all  its 
fortunes,  and  so  had  Boone.  He  had  been  exposed 
to  dangers  which  the  cliivalrous  Marquis  never  knew, 
rie  had,  without  the  inspiriting  voice  of  Fame  to 
:jlieer  him  on,  pushed  on  his  column  into  a  count  v 


578  LIFE   OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

wliere  all  around  liiin  was  tlie  w  )rst  of  foes.  lie  Lad 
beet  a  soldier,  on  whose  shield  courage  wrote  its 
brightest  legend.  He  had  been  faithful  in  all  his 
trusts,  and,  as  Gov.  Morehead  witnesses,  ''  upheld  the 
settlements."  And  what  were  those  settlements  t 
They  were  the  advance  guard  of  the  great  march  of 
civilization,  which  by  the  bravery  of  those  who  com 
posed  their  front,  were  enabled  to  win  and  clothe 
with  beauty  one  of  the  greatest  and  fairest  inher- . 
itances  which  ever  gave  man  tlie  field  for  his  mind 
and  his  strength  to  show  their  capacities. 

The  great  lessou  that  Boone  taught  the  country, 
was  that  the  white  man  could  rise  superior  to  the  sav- 
age, even  when  all  nature  seemed  to  be  on  the  side 
of  the  latter.  For  this  he  braved  solitude,  hunger, 
captivity,  torture,  death;  and  in  this  he  set  an  exam 
pie,  whose  consequences,  we  who  feel  the  might  of 
the  West,  realize. 

Since  his  country  waited  till  he  was  seventy-nine 
years  old,  before  she  rewarded  liiiii,  it  miglit,  at  least, 
have  been  as  generous  as  was  the  crown  of  Spain,  to 
whom  he  was  but  the  citizen  of  a  few  days. 

At  last  Uoone  was  awarded  his  eight  hundred  and 
fifty  acres,  anil  he  rejoieed  in  it.  His  country  had 
remembered  iiiiii,  and  he  liad  something  to  leave  to 
those  who  were  his  own. 

The  incidents  of  man's  life,  when  eighty  years  tell 
die  story  of  dec^y,  are  few.     Ho  is  happy  who  doo* 


379 

not  become  a  burden  to  the  kindred  among  wliom  he 
dwells.  Boone  did  not.  When  he  could  no  longer 
hunt,  he  found  in  the  society  of  his  children,  and 
grand-children,  an  affectionate  circle,  who  delighted 
m  his  conversation  and  rejoiced  in  every  little  ser- 
vice of  kindness  they  could  render  him.  Such  is  tho 
testimony  borne  by  Mr.  Peck,  who  was  so  fortunate 
as  to  visit  him  in  December,  1818,  while  he  was  re 
siding  with  his  son-in-law  —  Mr.  Callaway  —  a  name 
which  the  reader  may  recollect,  associated  with  the 
capture  of  the  young  ladies  from  the  fort  at  Boones- 
borough.  His  personal  appearance  was  that  of  a  re 
Bpectable  old  man — plainly  clad  in  fabric  made  in 
the  family  —  his  log  cabin  room  in  order  —  his  coun- 
tenance was  pleasant,  calm  and  fair  —  his  forehead 
high  and  bold,  and  the  soft  silver  of  his  hair  in  uni- 
son with  his  length  of  days.  Such  was  not  the  coarse, 
rough  hunter  which  men  expected  to  find,  replete 
with  savage  stories  of  Indian  murders  or  border  out- 
rages. It  was  the  quiet  evening  of  a  life  that  had 
been  passed  in  as  much  of  stirring  incident  as  is  often 
written  on  the  page  of  existence.  He  could  repair  a 
rifle  or  carve  a  powder  horn,  to  be  treasured  up  as 
relics,  when  the  hunt  and  the  chase  were  no  longer 
for  him  ;  and  yet  he  continued  a  bold  and  darino:  hun- 
ter  to  the  verge  of  his  days  ;  for  in  his  eighty-second 
rear,  he  proceeded  as  far  as  fort  Osage,  near  the  mouth 
of  Kansas  River,  and  was  there  for  two  weeks.    Such 


380  Llf-E    OF    DANIEL    BOONE. 

was  his  desire  to  be  buried  among  his  kindred  —  bj 
the  side  of  the  wife  he  loved  so  many  years  —  tliat 
when  he  went  out  on  his  semi-annual  hunting  expe- 
ditions,  and  age  rendered  a  companion  necessary,  a 
written  agreement  was  made  that,  die  where  he  would, 
his  body  should  be  brought  to  the  mound  that  :  ver- 
looked  the  Missouri  —  that  great  bond  of  the  far  west 
and  the  sea. 

While  he  lived  in  this  remote  settlement,  the  sto- 
ries that  were  told  of  him  by  those  who  described  his 
life  and  character  at  the  east,  were  just  what  imagina- 
tion portrayed.  All  that  occurred  to  the  fancy  of  the 
strange  and  solitary,  was  associated  with  Daniel  Boone. 
He  seldom  heard  of  his  delineators  —  but  on  one  oc- 
casion, when  it  was  told  liim  that  a  paper  had  narra 
ted  his  death  as  occurring  while  watching  the  deer  at 
a  salt  lick,  to  which  all  the  particulars  were  given 
that  the  rifle  was  at  his  shoulder,  and  lie  died  while 
in  the  act  of  taking  sight  —  the  old  Pioneer,  '*  with 
his* customary  pleasant  smile,"  said,  "  I  would  not  be- 
lieve that  tale  if  I  told  it  myself.  My  eyesight  is  too 
far  gone  to  hunt." 

Mr.  Harding,  the  eminent  artist,  visited  him  just 
previous  to  his  death.  His  recollections  of  immediate 
occurrences  were  loose  and  vague.  It  is  the  history  of 
the  mind  of  almost  all  old  men  ;  but  he  could  yet  re- 
hite  the  tales  of  old  Indian  skirmishes.  Those  events 
had  become  fixed  in  memory.     The  people  in  his  vi 


HIS    DEATH.  381 

cinity  were  ignorant  of  him,  but  lie  had  a  kind  family 
around  him,  and,  cooking  his  venison  on  a  ramrod,  a6 
he  was  while  Mr.  Harding  was  at  his  cabin,  the  old 
man,  "  after  life's  fitful  fever,"  rested  easily. 

The  portrait  which  Mr.  Harding  made  is  undoubt- 
edly the  best,  if  it  be  not  the  only  portrait  of  this  ex 
traordinary  man. 

Not  long  after  this  he  was  quite  ill,  but  his  strong 
frame  bowed  to  the  disease  and  recovered.  He  then 
visited  Maj.  Boone,  his  youngest  son,  and  while  athia 
house,  a  little  indiscretion  in  diet  finished  the  work  of 
life. 

He  died  on  the  twenty-sixth  day  of  September, 
1820  —  eighty-six  years  old  —  a  citizen  of  the  State 
of  Missouri  —  having  passed  a  life  extended  far  be- 
yond the  ordinary  days  of  man,  and  leaving  to  his- 
tory-the  fame  of  having  served  his  country  long  and 
faithfully,  by  such  service  as  to  which  the  wealth,  and 
power,  and  prosperity  of  a  great  !N'ation  now  rejoices 
to  bear  testimony. 

Such  incidents  of  life  attach  to  but  few,  very  few, 
among  the  millions,  as  were  those  which  formed  the 
thread  of  Boone's  life.  The  solitudes  and  the  crowds 
of  the  west  were  around  him.  He  moved  along,  sus- 
pecting danger,  and  with  strong  cause,  m  every  sha- 
dow on  his  path ;  and  he  found  the  savage  that  had 
pursued  him  a  stranger  in  that  highway.     The  wing 


382  LIFE    OF    DANir.L    RonM:. 

of  the  bird  that  flew  over  liis  lialt"  hidden  Init  would 
tire  before  it  found  human  being  like  himself;  and 
great  cities  rose  up  in  that  wilderness.  The  toma- 
nawk,the  scalping-knife,  glittered  in  threatening  ovei 
him  ;  tlie  cruelty  of  the  Indian  awaited  him  ;  thf 
wild  men  watched  day  and  night  to  fulfill  their  Ten 
geance  on  him  ;  and  an  assemblage  of  statesmen  ren 
dered  honor  to  his  name,  on  the  track  of  the  savage 
He  went  forth,  as  he  believed,  an  instrument  of  Ilea 
ven  ordained  to  settle  the  wilderness,  and  hesawsove 
reign  States  rise  from  that  forest. 

There  is  a  sublimity  in  the  daring,  the  quiet  dig 
nity  of  bravery,  with  which  this  man  went  forth. 
Tlie  danger  that  had  deten-ed  a  great  company  of 
men,  organized  into  the  frontier  settlements  of  the 
Yadkin,  failed  to  alarm  him.  He  had  seen  how  rich 
and  glorious  a  land  lay  beyond  the  mountain,  and  he 
liad  the  courage  to  tread  its  fastnesses  alone.  For 
months  the  empire  of  the  west  was  concentrated  in 
that  lonely  man — havingneither  fortress  nor  food,  ex- 
cept that  which  he  won  by  his  own  daring.  When 
contending,  brave,  cool,  determined ;  bpt  quiet  in 
victory.  lie  struck  to  conquer,  not  to  revenge.  Hunt- 
ed like  a  wild  l)east,  he  seems  never  to  have  cher- 
ished the  hatred  and  souglit  tlie  vengeance  which  the 
Indian  fighter  pursues :  benevolent,  kind-hearted, 
liberal,  honest  —  so  that  his  old  age  felt  no  quiet  till 
forgotten  obligations  were  extinguished  —  win  li'ig  all 


HIS    CHAEACTEE. 


383 


and  losing  all  —  bold  to  do  —  quiet  in  possession  — 
Daniel  Boone  stands  out  in  the  sculpture  of  history, 
the  Great  Piuneer ; — the  man  whose  wild  life,  out 
of  the  verge  of  law — with  power  absolute  —  with 
the  hate  of  the  Indian  fierce  towards  him  —  is  re- 
membered in  the  kind  memories  of  a  good  and  great 
career,  unstained  bj  crime. 


J-yOy^S^S  -  ^OnJtSnV  U 


OnATTEK   XXII. 

UarttJCKT    THKN    AKI>  NOW WASHINGTON,  LA  FAYETTE,    BOONE  AND  HAE 

BISON THE    LEGISLATURE    CAUSE    TDB    REMAINS    OF   BOONE   TO     BE    RB 

MOVED  TO  FRANKFORT THE    PUBLIC  HONORS JOHN    J.    CRITTENDEN  — 

OONOLUSION. 

"When  for  twenty-five  years  the  remains  of  Boone 
lad  slumbered  in  tlie  grave  wliich  he  had  chosen  — 
vhen  the  Missouri  had  swept  past  for  a  quarter  of  a 

^entury its  waters  hasting  from  the  almost  un 

•^nown  recesses  of  the  western  forests  to  join  the  gre? 
Mississippi  —  that  bond  of  the  Union,  into  whose 
swift  flow  north  and  south  commingle,  so  that  none 
can  separate  —  there  came  those  from  his  own  Ken- 
tucky who  were  charged  with  the  holy  mission  of 
bearing  back  to  tlic  land  lie  had  loved  so  well,  and 
-nstained  so  long,  all  that  was  left  of  the  Great 
Pioneer. 

Kentucky  summons  her  chosen  sons  each  year  to 
Frankfort  to  deliberate  on  the  measures  necessary  to 
the  government  of  a  vigorous  and  enterprising  peo- 
ple. This  capital  has  a  beautiful  position.  There  ib 
much  of  the  romantic  in  the  scenery  that  distinguishes 
the  Kentucky  River.     Upon  it,  almost  sixty  miles 


THE  MEN  KENTUCKY  HONORS.  385 

trom  its  mouth,  the  city  is  built ;  and  it  has  around 
t  the  mingled  beauty  of  a  gentle  river,  a  rich  plain, 
and  a  bold  surrounding  of  picturesque  heights. 

The  State  has  gathered  within  the  walls  of  the  go- 
vernment house  the  portraits  of  four  men  —  each  of 
whom  have  been  identified  with  the  struggle  of  our 
Nation  to  rescue  itself  from  the  dominion  of  the  sa 
vage  and  the  crown  —  and  each  of  whom  were  of 
those  who  drew  the  sword  only  for  their  country, 
and  of  whom  it  will  be  said  in  the  truth  of  history, 
that  they  labored,  and  suffered,  and  conquered,  not 
to  elevate  themselves,  but  to  give  to  the  people  a 
happy  and  a  free  home. 

The  men  to  whom  Kentucky  has  assigned  this  spe- 
cial honor,  are  Washington,  La  Fayette,  Boone,  and 
Harrison.  This  is,  indeed,  a  gallery  to  which  those 
who  seek  to  find  the  semblance  of  those  who  be- 
queathed to  their  country  the  fame  of  a  bravery  with- 
out a  fear,  and  an  integrity  without  a  reproach,  may 
resort,  and  be  grateful  that  it  is  in  the  history  of 
these  States  that  such  names  are  found. 

In  184:5,  the  Legislature  of  Kentucky,  realizing  the 
vast  obligations  which  the  great  people  they  repre- 
sented were  under  to  Daniel  Boone,  who  had  taught 
the  world  the  way  to  their  glorious  land,  resolved  that 
they  would  place  the  remains  of  the  Pioneer  in  the 
public  cemetery,  at  Frankfort ;  so  that  none  could 

visit  those  living  men  to  whom  Kentucky  in  the  suo- 
Q  25 


SSd  LIFE   OF  DAXIEL   BOONE. 

cession  of  jears  bestows  her  confidence,  without  be 
ing  near  the  grave  of  the  man,  of  all  others,  most 
prominent  in  the  foundation  of  the  State.  Mr.  Col- 
lins eloquently  says :  "  There  seemed  to  be  a  peculiar 
propriety  in  this  testimonial  of  the  veneration  borne 
by  the  commonwealth  for  the  memory  of  its  illustrious 
dead  ;  and  it  was  fitting  that  the  soil  of  Kentucky 
Bhould  afi'ord  the  final  resting  place  for  his  remains, 
whose  blood  in  life  had  been  so  often  shed  to  protect 
it  from  the  fury  of  savage  hostility.  It  was  as  the 
beautiful  and  touching  manifestation  of  filial  aflfec 
tion  shown  by  children  to  the  memory  of  a  beloved 
parent,  and  it  was  right  that  the  generation  who  were 
reaping  in  peace  the  fruits  of  his  toils  and  dangers, 
should  desire  to  have  in  their  midst,  and  decorate 
with  the  tokens  of  their  love,  the  sepulchre  of  this 
Primeval  Patriarch,  whose  stout  heart  watched  by 
the  eradle  of  this  now  powerful  commonwealth." 

The  family  having  consented,  proper  persons  were 
appointed  to  superintend  the  removal.  The  grave 
was  opened,  and  the  remains  brought  from  the  Mis- 
souri to  Frankfort. 

On  the  thirteenth  of  September,  1845,  the  ceremo- 
nies of  the  re-interment  took  place.  The  occasion 
aroused  the  deepest  feeling.  Dead  though  he  was,  it 
was  yet  Daniel  Boone  once  more  in  the  midst  of  Ken- 
tucky ;  and  those  whose  childhood  had  been  familial 
with  the  deeda  of  his  streni^th  —  tho^e  who  in  thei/ 


mS    REMAINS   EEMOYED   TO    KENTUCKT.  387 

own  kindred  had  known  his  companions — all  who 
knew  the  *'  dark  and  bloody  "  history  of  Kentucky 
were  stirred  in  emotion.  The  man  who  walked  the 
forest  alone  —  the  only  civilized  man  in  all  the  vast 
area  —  with  every  danger  that  could  appal  the  heart 
from  savage  men  and  savage  beast  around  him,  in  all 
the  thought  that  silence  and  solitude  evoked,  never 
anticipated  the  hour  when  a  proud  and  powerful  State 
would  thus  heap  honors  on  his  dust. 

'  The  pall-bearers  were  of  the  most  distinguished 
of  Kentuckians.  There  was  Col.  Richard  M.  John- 
son, to  whom  a  grateful  country  conferred  the  high 
honor  of  the  Yice-Presidency,  and  who  had  known 
the  fierceness  of  the  struggles  of  the  frontier,  and 
made  his  name  famous  by  his  participation  in  them  ; 
and  there  was  Gen.  James  Taylor,  who,  born  in  that 
memorable  year,  1769,  in  which  so  many  of  the  no- 
blest of  earth  first  saw  the  light,  had  seen  Kentucky 
emerge  from  the  condition  of  savage  life  to  all  its 
greatness,  and  who  knew  well  the  illustrious  career 
of  the  old  man,  by  the  side  of  whose  coflin  he  walked ; 
and  then  came  Capt.  James  Ward,  whose  encounters 
with  and  escapes  from  the  Indians  are  of  the  most  re- 
markable that  the  annals  of  Kentucky,  almost  every 
page  of  which  is  the  recital  of  boldness  and  bravery, 
furnish.  He  was  fittingly  chosen  to  follow  to  hia 
grave  the  defender  of  Eoonesbdrough.  Gen.  Eobert 
B.  McAfee  was  another.     He  was  born  and  grew  u]- 


SS8  LITE   OF   DANIEL   BOONE. 

amidst  the  wild  alarms  of  Indian  warfare,  and  in  th« 
military  and  civil  service  of  the  State  sustained  a  dis- 
tmguislicd  part.  Peter  Jordan,  of  Mercer ;  Walter 
Bullock,  of  Fayette ;  Thomas  Joyce,  of  Loui6\  ille  ; 
Landon  Sneed,  of  Franklin ;  Major  T.  Williams,  of 
Kenton  ;  William  Boone,  of  Shelhy ;  John  Johnston, 
of  Ohio,  also  officiated  as  pall-bearers.  It  was  such 
a  gathering  of  brave  and  valuable  men,  as  indicated 
that  Kentucky  had  endeavored  to  render  all  possible 
honor  to  the  memory  of  her  founder. 

The  pageant  was  most  impressive.  Tlie  gathering 
of  the  people  gave  a  vast  length  to  the  procession, 
and  in  its  midst  the  coffins  (for  Kentucky  did  not  sep- 
arate in  death  those  whom  peril  and  sufi'ering  could  not 
dissever  in  life)  of  Daniel  Boone  and  his  faithful  wife, 
garlanded  in  flowers,  (the  only  phase  of  beauty  ap- 
propriate to  the  tomb,)  were  borne  to  their  last  abi- 
ding place  in  the  capital  of  Kentucky. 

This  great  State  chose  well  the  Orator.  It  has 
written  its  name  beneath  no  other  in  modern  States, 
in  the  volume  of  eloquence.  The  men  of  Kentucky 
have  been  welcomed  wherever  the  grandeur  and  mu- 
sic of  the  human  voice  has  found  admirers.  John  J 
Crittenden  is  the  son  of  an  officer  of  the  Revolution, 
who,  when  he  had  faithfully  served  liis  country  ic 
that  struggle,  followed  in  the  path  of  Daniel  Boone 
and  emigrated  to  Kentucky,  and  reared  up  a  family 
distinguished  for  the  qualities  which  elicited  the  admi 


CONCLUSION.  38£ 

ration  and  the  confidence  of  their  fellow  men,  and 
each  of  whom  were  men  winning  and  deserving 
honor. 

The  name  of  John  J.  Crittenden  is  interwoven  with 
our  history  as  a  nation,  and  the  records  of  statesmen 
and  orators  would  be  incomplete  without  it.  At  the 
date  of  which  this  volume  is  written,  he  has  been  five 
times  elected  to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  The 
highest  honors  of  his  own  State  have  been  bestowed 
upon  him,  and  when  the  conqueror  of  Euena  Yista 
assumed  the  first  office  in  the  country,  he  chose  Mr 
Crittenden  as  his  most  intimate  counselor. 

To  such  a  man'  Kentucky  committed  the  duty  of 
pronouncing  the  funeral  oration  over  the  grave  of 
Daniel  Boone.  A  nation  claimed  the  guardianship 
of  his  dust  —  brave  men  attended  him  to  his  tomb  — 
and  an  illustrious  orator  uttered  his  eulogy. 

Such  was  the  honor  Kentucky  poured  out  upon  the 
memory  of  her  jjioneer.  His  were  the  services  to  the 
value  of  which  the  passing  years  bear  tribute,  and  hig 
the  name  which  will  be  associated  with  her  existence. 

And  thus  Boone  passed  away.  A  quiet  and  an 
honorable  man — his  bold  and  strong^  course  has  made 
his  name  part  of  that  bright  record  to  which  our 
country  appeals,  when  older  lands  ask  for  her  heroes. 
The  West,  in  which  he  stood,  is  growing  with  more 
than  giant  strength  ;  the  visions  of  its  luxuriance  and 
of  its  wealth  that  his  f)rest  dreams  formed,  are  made 


390 


LIFE   OF   DANIEL   BOONE. 


realities ;  there  is  an  empire  where  he  walked  alone 
Famous,  as   the   simple-hearted  hunter   never   ima 
gined,  this  great  Iiei)ublic  knows  him  as  one  of  itt 
Fathers,  while  throughout  the  Old  World  he  is  re- 
garded  (the   great   poet   moulded    the    thought)    ai 


having 


left  behind  a  name- 


Simple,  serene,  the  antipodes  of  shame. 
Which  Hate  or  Envy  could  not  tinge  with  wrong/ 


THE  HUNTERS  OF  KENTUCKY. 


SIMON   KENTON. 

CITE  OF  THE   COiEP ANION'S    OF    BOOXE PLACE    OF   HIS    NATIVITT HIS  BIRTl 

AND   PARENTAGE HE  FALLS  IN    LOVE IS  AN  UNSrCCESSFUL  SUITOR HIg 

RIVAL AN  TNINTITED    OLDEST    AT    THE  "VTEDDING THE    CONFLICT APPA- 
RENTLY   FATAL    RESULT KENTON's  FLIGHT  TO  THE  UNEXPLORED  WEST— 

HIS  ASSUMED  NAME SIMON  GIRTT STRADER  AND    TEAGER BORDER  EX- 
PLOITS— GEN.   Clarke's   expedition — kenton's  daring — captured  by 

THE  INDIANS THEIR  CRUELTIES CONDEMNED  TO  TORTURE IS  SATED  BY 

6IRTY VALUABLE  SERVICES  AS  A  SPY JOY  AT  FINDING  HIS  EARLY  RIVAL 

STILL  LIVING THEIR  SUBSEQUENT  FRIENDSHIP KENTON's    BRAVE  DEEDS 

IN    THE    "  DARK    AND    BLOODY    GROUND  " HIS    MISFORTUNES HIS    LASI 

BATTLE VISITS  FRANKFORT  IN    HIS  OLD  AGE PUBLIC  HONORS  BESTOWED 

UPON  HTM HIS  DEATH. 

Although  to  Boone  a  true  history  must  accord  the 
first  rank  in  the  pioneers  of  Kentucky,  a  place  he  won 
by  the  might  of  good  judgment,  as  much  as  by  the 
strength  of  force,  yet  he  was  not  alone.  He  was  one,  the 
noblest  one,  of  a  company  of  men  wno,  fitted  to  the 
great  task  of  conquering  a  country,  went  forward,  not 
in  the  wild  excitement  of  a  great  army,  where  the  indi- 
vidual arm  is  made  strong  by  the  cheering  companion- 
ehip  of  those  who  are  by  the  side  to  share  and  allevi- 
ate the  sufi*ering — but  in  groups  of  a  number  so  small, 
tlictt  strategy  and  consummate  skill  were  needed  in 
every  hour — sometimes  but  of  a  companion — some 


^02  SIMON    KKXT-'N-. 

times  alone.  Tliese  were  the  bold  men  who  fought; 
endured,  struggled  on ;  won  the  fight,  grasped  the 
prize,  and  found  it  pass  from  their  scarred  hands,  to 
the  smootli  and  oily  clutch  of  tliose  who  had  kept 
back  from  the  battle  to  share  in  the  spoil. 

Simon  Kenton  was  one  of  the  companions  of  Boone, 
and  was  true  to  his  leader,  even  to  the  days  of  trem- 
ulous old  age.  In  a  part  of  Virginia  to  this  day  one 
of  its  important  localities,  not  far  from  that  wild  gorge 
which  has  been  illuminated  to  history  by  the  master 
pen  of  Thomas  Jefferson — the  romantic  Harper's 
Ferry — and  nigher  still  to  that  Mount  Yernon,  which 
is  the  property  of  all  civilization,  Kenton  was  born. 
Fauquier  county  may  not  forget,  in  its  annals,  that  it 
had  the  parentage  of  one  who  revived,  in  modern 
days,  the  endurance  and  the  courage  of  the  fabled 
hero.  Ilis  birth  day  was  the  15th  of  May,  1755,  that 
memorable  year  when  one  of  the  great  cities  of  the 
Old  World  w^as  crushed  beneath  the  earthquake,  and 
made  the  memories  of  Lisbon  interwoven  with  horror. 
Kenton  had  good  parentage.  The  rapidity  of  the  Irish- 
man and  the  iirmness  and  earnestness  of  the  Scotch- 
wonum,  mingled  in  him.  It  is  related  that,  from 
their  poverty,  his  parents  could  afford  him  no  educa 
tion.  Those  wlio  know  how  faithfully  the  sons  and 
daughters  of  Scotland  cherish  learning,  will  readily 
conclude  that,  in  Kenton's  mother,  he  found  one  who " 
did  not  neglect  to  impart  to  her  son  instruction. 


HIS  FIRST  LOVE.  39 

From  1762  to  1775,  was  a  period  in  which  the  col- 
onies  and,  among  them  all,  eminently  Virginia,  was 
preparing  to  enter  on  its  bold  purpose  of  warfare  for 
freedom.  It  was  the  period  of  Kenton's  boyhood 
It  is  the  period  of  life  when  character  is  formed  bj 
imitation,  when  to  all  that  is  about  them  the  young 
are  keenly  alive,  and  of  the  true  right  of  which, the j 
judge  with  wonderful  accuracy.  Kenton,  a  bright 
and  bold  youth,  found  an  early  sorrow,  a  keen  and 
bitter  one,  and  one,  it  cannot  be  doubted,  in  which 
his  heart  quailed  far  more  than  it  did  in  after  years, 
in  the  terrible  circumstances  of  his  lot  as  a  captive. 
He  gave  to  a  young  girl  of  the  vicinage  the  ardor 
of  a  first  love ;  not  a  passing,  sickly  sentimentalism, 
such  as  is,  in  our  day,  born  on  the  sunny  side  of 
Broadway,  but  a  strong,  earnest,  absorbing  passion. 
It  was,  to  him,  to  be  the  beginning  of  a  new  life. 
This  passage  in  Kenton's  life  has  been  often  men- 
tioned in  a  tone  of  trifling,  as  if  it  was  but  of  the 
things  of  merriment.  It  shows  feeble  knowledge  of 
the  human  heart.  Kenton  found,  to  his  young 
thoughts'  intense  bitterness,  that  he  had  a  rival,  and 
that  the  fairest  smile  of  the  girl  he  loved  was  given  to 
another.  Such  grief  has  made  wiser  men  mad.  The 
young  lady  may  have  learned,  even  in  that  far  off  da/, 
and  that  rude  land,  the  lesson  of  coquetry.  It  i? 
most  probable  that  she  encouraged  the  young,  bold^ 
hunter  boy.     He  had  the  mould  of  a  man  about  him, 


394  8IMON    KENTON. 

ani  p]ic  must  have  fimiled  in  pleasure  at  receiving 
his  aliectioii ;  but  her  last  and  longest  liking  was  for 
Veach,  his  rival.  It  is  not  the  first  time  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  world  tliat  woman  has  been  unable  to  dis- 
cern, in  the  boy,  the  future  rank  and  eminence  of  the 
man.     Mary  Chaworth  failed  to  see  the 

"Napoleon  of  the  realms  of  rhyme," 

in  young  Byron ;  the  old  washer-woman  in  Sweden 
lamented  for  many  a  long  year,  that  she  had  refused 
the  soldier  Bernadotte ;  and  there  is  a  greater  mar- 
vel afloat  in  histor}',  that  our  own  Washington  knew 
the  pangs  of  a  rejection.  Kenton  seemed  in  despair. 
He  even  went  unasked  to  the  wedding,  and  found  his 
loved  one  sitting  by  the  side  of  her  accepted.  lie 
boldly  and  rashly  seated  himself  by  her  side — it  is 
Baid,  between  the  lovers.  It  was  the  signal  for  one 
of  those  scenes  of  violence,  so  often  marking  with 
alarm  and  biood  the  path  of  life  in  the  frontier  land. 
It  is  a  tribute  to  the  prowess  of  Kenton,  that  Veach 
called  in  the  assistance  of  his  brothers,  as  they  were  all 
at  the  wedding,  and  with  tlie  might  of  all  of  them,  our 
despairing  k'ver  fuund  injury  added  to  insult.  The 
bride  may  have  relished,  as  did  the  females  of  the 
chivah'ic  day,  this  fierce  tribute  to  her  charms,  and 
tliought  it  a  bright  beginning  to  her  married  life 
The  females  of  that  day  and  locality,  measured  thti 
devotion   of   men    by  a  rude  and    rough   standard 


CX)NFLICT  WITH  HIS   RIVAL.  395 

Kenton  retired,  deserted  in  love  and  beaten  in  bat- 
tie.     It  was  a  dark  day  for  the  boy. 

Some  time  afterward,  he  met  Yeach  engaged  in 
carrying  shingles  near  his  house,  to  which,  with  his 
new  wife,  he  had  retired.  Kenton  immediately 
aroused  into  a  renewal  of  hostilities,  and  proposed  a 
combat.  They  had  the  manliness  to  seek  a  place  dis- 
tant from  the  house,  so  that  the  wife  might  not  wit- 
ness the  scene,  where  now  she  could  have  but  one  in- 
terest. Yeach  knew  that  he  had  conquered  once, 
and  being  of  the  border  men,  and  of  age  superior  to 
Kenton,  he  accepted  the  challenge.  They  reached 
their  battle  ground,  and  a  fight  ensued,  in  which,  at 
first,  Yeach  was  conqueror,  and  used  his  advantage 
with  vast  effect,  damaging  poor  Kenton  terribly,  and 
not  the  less  mentally,  as  he  reminded  him  of  his  con- 
quest over  him  in  love.  But  Kenton  had  abeady 
learned  the  lesson  of  the  word  endurance,  and  concen- 
trating his  purposes,  succeeded  in  forcing  Yeach  near 
a  stump.  Yeach,  in  this  respect,  if  in  no  other,  resem 
bled  the  cavaliers  of  his  gallant  state's  early  history 
and  wore  long  hair.  It  was  a  sore  snare  to  him,  fo. 
Kenton  succeeded  in  winding  it  around  a  branch  of 
the  tree ;  and  holding  Yeach  at  this  disadvantage,  the 
scale  turned,  and  in  a  very  brief  period  Yeach  was 
60  utterly  disabled,  that  "  he  made  no  sign."  The 
thought  rushed  over  Kenton  that  he  had  killed  hia 
neighbor,  and,  in  horror,  he  spoke  to  him— «-spoke  in 


390  SIMON    KENTOK. 

words  of  earnest  sympatliy.  Tlie  bleeling.  wounded 
iiKin  lay  silent  and  still,  and  the  boy  of  sixteen  felt 
the  terrible  chill  that  writes  murderer  on  the  heart, 
lie  had  but  brief  moment  to  deliberate,  and  in  that 
he  saw  the  danger,  ^nd  fled.  There  was  a  cloud  over 
his  heart.  He  had  seen  the  girl  he  loved  with  a  sin- 
gle, impulsive  fervor,  given  into  another's  arms,  aiul 
he  was  a  murderer.  What  had  he  before  him  but 
flight  ?  and  in  despair,  he  left  the  home  of  liis 
boyhood. 

To  wend  eastward  or  to  the  Potomac,  was  to  face 
the  executioner,  and  the  only  road  of  escape  was  to 
the  setting  sun.  The  wild  west  seemed  the  only  land 
that  spoke  of  refuge,  and  with  the  bound  of  a  deer, 
he  fled.  Urged  by  a  vivid  fear,  that  every  man  he 
saw  was  the  messenger  to  bring  him  back  to  justice,  he 
used  for  his  flight  only  the  hours  of  the  night,  anC 
let  the  warm,  bright  sun,  that  shone  so  merrily  and 
gladly  over  gentle  heart  and  unstained  hand,  find  him 
only  in  concealment.  Nor  did  his  caution  cease  till 
he  found  the  abodes  of  man  growing  few,  and  the 
woods  close  in  around  him.  lie  met  one — a  rover 
and  adventurer — in  whom  he  could  trust,  and  hia 
companionship  was  welcome.  lie  arrived  at  Ise'a 
ford,  on  Cheat  river,  one  of  the  little  branches  of  the 
Monongahela.  lie  assumed  the  name  of  Simon 
Butler,  dreading  lest  that  of  Kenton  should  only  bo 
a  passport  t<»  the  hands  of  tlie  law. 


THE  FLIGHT.  397 

And  now  Kenton,  or  Butler,  has  begun  tlie  life 
of  wild  adventure.  His  was  not  a  disposition  easily 
maddened,  and  it  was  only  strong  provocation  that 
aroused  the  revenger.  To  him,  believing  himself 
what  he  feared  the  woods  were  the  most  congenial 
home.  He  met  their  dangers  with  full  conscious- 
ness that  the  wild  beast,  and  the  wilder  man,  would 
be  ever  found  in  his  trail. 

The  absence  of  pursuit  lulled  the  fears  of  Kenton, 
and  he  commenced  to  look  around  him.  With  some 
companions  who  had  pushed  into  that  country,  he  pro- 
ceeded as  far  as  the  site  of  that  now  busy  city — Pitts- 
burgh— far  different,  then,  in  its  forest  scenery.  It 
was  while  he  lingered  at  Fort  Pitt,  that  he  found  out 
Simon  Girty,  a  name  infamous  in  the  annals  of  the 
west,  and  yet,  like  the  Corsair,  "  linked  with  one  vir- 
tue," and,  it  is  sad  to  know,  equally,  with  the  "  thou- 
sand crimes."  To  Kenton,  subsequent  events  made 
this  acquaintance  of  inestimable  value.  Here,  too, 
he  enrolled  among  his  friends,  John  Strader  and 
George  Yeager.  He  talked  with  these  men.  They 
liad  legends  of  wood  craft  and  warfare  to  pour  into 
his  young  heart ;  and  when  they  declared  to  him  that 
the  Indians  had  pointed  out  to  Yeager  the  "  Kain- 
tuck-ee,"  he  became  as  eager  to  know  its  fertility  for 
himself,  as  the  most  adventurous  could  have  desired. 

And,  even  as  of  old,  Arcadia  was  sought,  so  did 
these  rovers  of  the  land  seek  the  cave  land,  but  thev 


98 


SIMON   KENTON. 


Bought  in  vain.  It  seemed  to  have  melted  from  the 
earth  since  Yeager,  who  had  had  an  Indian  educa- 
tion, had  gazed  at  it.  They  persevered  —  hunted  — 
traversed  the  Ohio  wearily — searched  the  land  about 
Big  and  Little  Sandy,  and  Salt  Lick,  and  Guyandotte. 
In  vain  ;  the  "  cave  land,"  so  enthusiastically  por- 
trayed, as  all  and  more  than  all  that  fervid  hunter 
could  wish,  would  not  present  itself.  They  had  failed 
to  find  it  by  confining  their  search  to  the  river  side. 
But  all  tliis  made  Kenton  eminent  as  a  hunter  ;  and 
a  foray  by  the  Indians,  in  which  Yeager  was  killed, 
and  Strader  and  Kenton  escaped  most  narrowly,  ini- 
tiated him  into  the  ferocious  experiences  of  Indian 
war.  Their  escape  was  that  of  the  hunted  deer ; 
wandering,  famished  and  torn,  Kenton  must  have 
believed  that  the  fate  of  Cain  was  his.  In  the  soci- 
ety of  traders  whom  they  encountered,  they  slowly 
forgot  their  perils,  and  for  several  years  afterward, 
in  all  the  romance,  more  real  in  danger  than  fiction 
pictures  ;  in  perilous  service  as  a  spy,  for  which  his 
acuteness  and  rapidity  qualified  him  so  well,  and  in 
which  he  rendered  essential  service  to  that  last  of  the 
colonial  noblesse.  Lord  Dunmore  ;  and  in  a  closer  and 
intense  ac(piaintance  witli  tlie  new  land,  with  whose 
charms  as  a  hunting-ground,  and  a  home,  he  became 
more  enamored,  his  life  passed  on. 

Though  Yeager  was  gone,  the  stories  of  "Kain 
tuck-ee  "  Kenton  could  not  forget ;  and  in  1775,  &a 


FITZPATKICK   Als'D   HENDRICKS.  399 

he  and  one  "Williams  made  a  short  episode  from  theii 
journey  down  the  Ohio,  he  recognized  that  Yeager 
had  told  only  truth.  This  was  the  beautiful  land  • 
and  in  May,  1775,  near  the  present  town  of  Wash 
ington,  in  Warren  county,  they  camped  and  cultiva 
ted  their  corn  ;  and  this  was  the  first  of  the  white 
man's  culture,  north  of  the  Kentucky  river. 

There  wandered  near  them  two  white  men  —  Fitz- 
patrick  and  Hendricks.  They  had  been  voyaging 
down  the  Ohio,  but  by  some  casualty  their  canoe 
failed  them,  and  their  joy  at  meeting  companions 
was  great.  It  was  unhappily  shortened.  Fitzpat- 
rick  did  not  allow  himself  to  test  the  pleasures  of 
Kenton's  pioneer  home.  Like  a  wise,  if  not  a  bold 
man,  he  made  the  best  of  his  way  to  Yirginia,  pre- 
ferring the  quiet  rest  of  the  Old  Dominion,  after  hia 
experiences,  to  all  that  the  beauty  of  the  new  land 
could  furnish. 

Well  would  it  have  been  for  poor  Hendricks  if  he 
too  had  terminated  his  life  of  adventure.  He  went 
to  Kenton's  camp,  while  Kenton  and  Williams  gave 
Fitzpatrick  their  society  to  the  river.  Their  manly 
feeling  soon  convinced  them  that  they  must  hasten 
back  to  protect  Hendricks.  The  rescue  came  too 
late.  They  found  his  bones  in  the  ashesr  The  hor- 
rible savage  had  surprised  him  alone ;  and  it  added 
to  the  anguish  that  Kenton  felt,  that  he  recollected 
having  seen  the  smoke  at  his  camp,  as  they  turned 


400  8IM0N   KENTON. 

aside  in  the  woods,  believing  that  Hendricks  hac 
only  been  made  a  captive.  It  was  in  terror  like  tliis 
tliat  Kentucky  laid  its  foundation.  If  ever  freedom 
should  be  cherished  with  intensity,  it  should  be  by  a 
state  where  the  hymn  of  its  youth  was  the  cry  of  an- 
guish. And  more  years  passed  on.  The  Indians, 
encouraged  by  the  counsel  and  alliance  of  Great 
Britain,  made  the  war  of  the  revolution  as  fearful  on 
the  frontier  as  it  was  gloomy  and  discouraging  on 
the  seaboard.  Kenton,  as  spy  and  ranojer,  was  bold 
and  brave.  Xow  he  was  in  his  young  prime,  and  a 
splendid  man  in  physical  beauty  was  he.  Tall,  even 
beyond  six  feet,  and  of  fine  person,  his  carriage  had 
the  Indian's  straightness.  Powerful,  and  of  a  weight 
just  proportionate  to  his  stature,  his  voice  was  gen- 
tle and  his  disposition  pleasant.  He  had  the  same 
simplicity  of  heart  as  had  Boone,  and  it  is  but  antici 
pating  the  history  to  say,  that  while  he  was  victor  in 
battle,  he  was  no  match  for  the  crafty. 

In  tlie  various  services  of  the  army,  and  in  the 
chase,  his  life  passed  on.  In  another  division  of  this 
volume  is  narrated  the  history  of  his  good  service  to 
Boone,  in  and  around  Boonesborough  and  its  scenes 
of  strife.  When  chosen  spies  were  to  be  appointed, 
fur  whose  payment  Virginia's  faith  was  pledged,  even 
as  Washington  selected  "Harvey  Birch" — the  name 
that  Cooper  has  made  more  famous  than  the  real  one, 
Enoch  Crosby  —  so  did  Boone  select  Kenton*  and 


CLASKe's   EXPEDmON.  401 

when,  in  a  foraj  near  the  gates  of  the  fort,  Kenton, 
with  distinguished  valor,  dashed  through  the  foe,  and 
bore  the  company  safely  in,  the  taciturnity  of  Boone 
did  not  prevent  him  from  quietly  saying,  "  Well,  Si- 
mon, you  have  behaved  yourself  like  a  man  to-day ; 
indeed,  you  are  a  fine  fellow."  Curiously  enough, 
this  is  one  of  the  few  instances  in  which  Kenton  did 
not  take  the  scalp,  so  fatally  had  the  cruel  peculiarity 
of  the  Indian's  bloody  warfare  incorporated  itself 
even  with  the  white  man's  blow. 

When  that  master  mind  of  the  west,  Gen.  George 
Rogers  Clarke,  organized  his  expedition  against  Kas- 
kaskia,  it  seemed  a  campaign  so  dangerous  and  so 
far,  and  there  was  so  earnest  appeal  by  the  females 
at  the  stations,  that  the  brave  settlers  deemed  it  their 
duty  to  remain  by  those  to  whom  it  was,  unquestion 
ably,  their  first  duty  to  give  protection.  But  Kenton 
and  one  other,  whose  name  deserves  record — Haggin 
— in  despite  of  all  the  pleading  voices  of  wife  and  sis- 
ter and  mother,  followed  the  general ;  and  it  is  proof 
that  his  Scotch-born  mother  must  have  imparted  ed 
ncation  to  him,  that  he  sent  to  General  Clarke  a  com 
plete  and  faithful  account  of  Yincennes,  acquired  in 
the  close  observation  of  three  days.  Perhaps  it  was 
llirough  this  information,  that  the  place  was  after 
ward  taken. 

Poor  Kenton  now  found  his  misfortunes  assuming  a 

deeper  shadow.     By  a  daring  utterly  misdirected,  he 

26 


k^J-  BOfOX  KEKTCK. 

nude  a  foraj  wordij  of  the  boldest  days  of  the  bor- 
der tunes,  opon  the  horses  at  Chillicothe,  a  place 
where  old  Blaekfish,  who  had  adopted  Boone,  had 
his  attention  too  follj  alive  to  the  value  of  the  ani- 
mals to  a^low  snch  a  plunder  to  be  unnoticed.     Thej 
eanght  and  haltered  seven.    Seven  was  a  noble  prize, 
and  Kenton^s  name  was  up,  if  the  capture  could  be 
soccessfiDL    Thej  rode  and  thej  ran,  and  the  mad 
Indians  afier  them,  but  Kenton  reached  the  Ohio. 
He  could  crass  that  *'  dark  and  stormy  water,"  as  it 
then  was,  but  his  horses  could  not,  and  he  madly  lost 
time  rather  than  lose  his  horses.   Of  course,  this  intense 
foUj  wrecked  him.    Even  if  he  had  been  contented 
in  making  off  with  one  horse,  he  might  have  escaped , 
but  he  was  in  for  a  desperate  game,  and  not  a  horse 
would  he  rdease.    The  Indian  captured  him  like  a 
eaged  wolf;  and  the  Indian  .took  full  revenge.    The 
aavage  considered  this  attempt  to  take  his  horses  of 
the  first  cias&  of  felony.    Whipped,  beaten,  trampled 
upon  with  all  the  fierceness  that  their  demon-like 
cmelty  could  urge,  they  bound  him  to  the  earth  with 
thongs  and  stakes,  around,  across,  by  leg  and  arm 
and  neck,  in  mann^'  from  which  the  devils  of  the  In- 
quisition could  learn  new  lesBona.    He  was  treated 
%i  Alazeppa  was,  and  at  every  village  the  savage 
neaped  new  insult,  and  inflicted  additional  blows 
Tliat  ^venerable  fiutfaer,"  Gapt.  Bhu^fish,  inq:ured 
H  C^pL  Boone  had  told  him  to  steal  the  horses 


IS  SAVED  BY  GIPwTT.  403 

Kenton,  with   manly  boldness,   declared  lie   did  it 
of  his  own  free  will. 

He  ran  the  gauntlet,  the  knife,  the  club,  the  whip 
all  ready  to  murder,  but  by  wonderful  adroitness  es» 
caped  this,  his  race  for  life,  never  perhaps  equaled 
in  sagacious  avoidance  ;  and  then  the  brutes,  that 
authors  have  delineated  as  the  "  noble  savage,"  held 
grave  council  as  to  the  stake,  and  the  heavy  war-club 
came  violently  to  the  ground,  or  was  passed  in  si- 
lence, as  their  decision  was  to  save  or  destroy.  He 
was  reprieved,  but  only  to  be  tortured  by  the  gaunt- 
let, at  successive  intervals,  till  a  final  council  was 
held,  when  the  decision  was  against  him,  till  the 
same  wretched  Girty,  whose  name  is  yet  so  odious 
for  his  renegade  cruelties,  entering  the  council,  learned 
his  name,  recognized  him  as  having  been  in  service 
with  him  under  Dunmore,  and,  by  the  utmost  effort, 
for  the  time  saved  him  —  saved  him  when  all  hope 
was  gone,  and  when  a  fierce  death  was  before  him. 
One  of  the  strongest  reasons  urged  by  the  chiefs 
against  grant':ng  mercy,  McClung  says,  was  that 
"  many  of  their  people  had  come  from  a  dist-ance, 
solely  to  assist  at  the  torture  of  the  prisoner ;  and 
they  pathetically  painted  the  disappointment  and 
chagrin  with  which  they  would  hear  that  all  their 
trouble  had  been  for  nothing." 

For  the  time,  Girty  prevailed ;   but  the  Indian's 
hate  rose  fierce  again,  and  he  was  condemned  once 


1^04  BTMOTSf  KENTOW. 

more,  and  actually  only  saved  from  death  by  the  im 
timely  cruelty  of  an  Indian,  who  rushed  upon  him  with 
an  ax,  cutting  througli  his  shoulder.  Even  Logan,  tho 
famous  Logan,  whose  eloquence  Jeflerson  has  made 
memorable,  proved  unavailing,  and  it  was  to  an  En- 
glishman, named  Drewyer,  that  he  owed  his  deliver- 
ance. He  was  taken  to  Detroit,  as  Boone  had  been, 
but,  more  fortunate  than  the  Pioneer,  was  allowed  to 
remain.  From  Detroit  he  escaped,  tln-ough  the  kind- 
ness of  Mi*s.  Harvey,  who  balanced  the  account  for 
the  sex  with  Kenton,  his  misfortunes  having  be- 
gun with  them.  The  complete  narration  of  this 
incident  may  be  found  in  the  life  of  Boone,  in  this 
volume. 

Kenton  joyfully  took  part  with  General  Clarke. 
Recognized  as  the  Great  Spy,  he,  in  defiance  of  all 
his  dangers  and  sufferings,  was  with  the  army,  fore- 
most in  the  fight  everywhere.  In  1TS2,  a  tremen- 
dous load  was  lifted  from  his  heart,  for  he  learned 
that  Yeach  lived,  and  that  he  was  not  a  murderer. 
Ilis  joy  was  excessive.  lie  dropped  his  name  of 
Butler,  and  became  again  Simon  Kenton ;  and  it  is 
bright  to  record  here,  that  subsequently,  he  and  the 
man  for  whoso  imagined  death  he  had  done  such  ter- 
rible penance,  and  the  fair  lady  herself,  met,  and  old 
feuds  were  forgotten  and  new  friendships  formed. 

And,  in  a  bold  career,  Kenton  went  through  tho 
war.     He  led  the  attack,  and   wlien  others  quailed, 


HIS  LAST  BATTLE.  405 

he  went  forward.  He  held  his  station  tlL  the  pi 
oneers  so  rallied  around  it  as  to  bid  defiance  to  the 
savage.  And  the  Indian  light  went  out  in  "  the 
Dark  and  Bloody  Ground."  The  chiefs  that  would 
have  restrained  their  countrymen  from  the  deeds  of 
horror,  which  so  accelerated  their  annihilation,  and 
those  who  were  the  first  to  counsel  them,  all  went 
down  "before  the  superior  strategy  and  steel  of  the 
white  man.  Kentucky  rose  to  dignity  as  a  state. 
Mad  Anthony  Wayne  crushed  out  the  last  spasm  of 
Indian  resistance,  and  Kenton  was  of  his  volunteers 
It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  relate  in  his  case,  as  in 
that  of  Boone,  that  when  peace  came,  the  speculator 
robbed  Kenton  of  his  land.  Mr.  Collins  relates  that 
he  was  actually  made  a  prisoner  for  debt,  on  the  spot 
where  he  had  reared  the  first  cabin  in  northern  Ken- 
tucky, and  he  was  obliged  to  move  into  Ohio.  Can 
it  be  possible  that  such  a  page  is  to  be  found  in  the 
annals  of  Kentucky ! 

He  fought  but  once  more.  It  was  at  the  Thames, 
when  Harrison  and  Shelby  wore  the  honors  of  the 
country. 

One  bright  day  dawned  on  him,  when  he  came  to 
Frankfort,  in  1824,  at  seventy  years  of  age --a  poor, 
oJd  wanderer,  and  was  recognized,  and  received  the 
honors  of  a  public  reception.  He  essayed  to  join  in 
the  pledged  gathering,  at  Cincinnatti,  of  the  fifty- 
year  survivors  of  IS'ovember  4,  1782,  but  the  infirmi 


406 


SIMON  KENTON. 


ties  of  age  prevented  his  joining  the  few  wlio  were 
not  deterred  by  the  pestilence  of  1832. 

Poor,  simple-hearted,  the  old  man  died  in  tlie  com 
forts  of  a  religious  hope,  at  the  age  of  eighty-one, 
leaving  a  memory  of  calm  faith,  and  his  quiet  seemed 
the  fulfillment  of  the  mandate,  "  Peace — be  still,"  to 
the  tossing  sea.  He  had  quivered  before  the  stake, 
and  endured  the  gauntlet,  and  suftered  all  the  hor- 
rors of  a  border  desolation  and  captivity,  and  yet 
lived  until  there  was  an  empire  around  him,  and  the 
voice  of  gentle  friendship  his  soothing  farewell  to 
life.  Kentucky  may  place  his  name  high  among  her 
braves,  and  redeem,  by  kindness  to  the  aged  and 
poor  in  her  borders,  the  sad  wrong  which  these  pi- 
oneers bore. 


JO  DAVIESS 

VS  PARENTAGE-  -TIME  AXD  PLACE  OF  HIS  BIRTH  •  -R   "MOVAL  OF  HIS  PARESTB 

TO  KEXTOCKT HIS    EDUCATION — EARLY   PROM.SE DATIESS  VOLUNTEEKI 

UNDER  GEX.   ADAIR BATTLE  AT  FORT    ST.  CLAJB RETREAT  OF  TDE  SET- 
TLERS  CAPTURE  OF  HORSES    BY   THE   SAVAGES DAVIESS    DETERMINES  TO 

EETAKE  HIS  O'WX  STEED DESPERATE  CHARACTER  OF  THE  UNDERTAKING 

HIS    MARVELLOUS    ESCAPE HIS    SUCCESS HE    STUDIES    LAW SUCCESS    IN 

HIS  PROFESSION HIS  MARRIAGE GEN.   HARRISOn's  CAMPAIGN    AGAINST 

THE  INDIANS DAVIESS  A  VOLUNTEER,   WITH  RANK    OF  MAJOR BATTLE  OJ 

TIPPECANOE DAVIESS  IS  SLAIN. 

Such  was  the  familiar  manner  in  which  the  bold 
and  brave  soldier,  the  eloquent  orator,  the  skillful 
advocate,  was  named,  as  the  storj  of  his  courage  and 
the  power  of  his  mind  was  the  theme  of  the  settlers' 
converse.  His  historv  has  not  all  the  wild  thrill  of 
constant  peril  in  predatory  warfare,  in  siege  or  storm, 
but  it  has  such  a  blended  thread  of  the  court  and 
camp  about  it,  the  wand  of  the  advocate,  and  the 
sword  of  the  soldier,  that  it  will  always  constitute  a 
graphic  chapter  in  the  wonderful  history  of  Kentucky. 

Joseph  Hamilton  Daviess,  like  Kenton,  had  in  his 
veins  the  mingled  blood  of  the  Irish  and  Scotch,  and 
the  character  he  produced,  developed  well  his  pa- 
rentage. But  the  characteristics  of  the  old  countries 
had  received  their  impress  of  the  Xew  World,  as,  al- 
though his  parents  were  of  the  lineage  named,  them 
selves  were  born  in  Yirginia. 


408  JO  DAVIEB8. 

In  Bedford  county,  near  the  heart  of  the  Anient 
Dominion,  beneath  tlie  peaks  of  Otter,  Daviess  waa 
born,  on  the  4th  of  March,  1774 —  two  years  before 
the  birth  of  tlie  republic,  of  wliich  he  was  such  an 
ornament.  If  Virginia  should  build,  as  the  Euro- 
pean monarch  has,  upon  tlie  banks  of  one  of  its  riv- 
ei6,  a  temple  for  the  statues  of  its  illustrious  sons,  the 
line  would  be  so  long,  and  the  group  so  great,  that 
other  republics  might  well  envy  her  the  treasure. 

It  was  when  infancy  was  just  melting  into  child- 
hood, at  five  years  of  age,  that  the  parents  of  Daviess 
removed  to  Kentucky,  then  the  wilderness  portion 
of  their  state.  It  was  heroic  to  dare  the  perils  of  the 
forest.  It  was  that  conquering  courage  which  went 
out  to  subdue  the  land,  and  by  wliich,  long  before 
their  natural  growth,  these  forest  communities  be- 
came independent  and  powerful  states.  When  they 
reached  the  end  of  their  long  and  perilous  journey, 
they  fixed  their  home  in  the  vicinity  of  the  battle 
fields  of  Ilarrodsburgh  and  Boonesborough.  It  waa 
in  such  scenes  that  the  gallant  orator  was  to  receive 
his  mould,  and  out  of  such  an  orJeal,  mind  could  not 
pale  away  into  mediocrity. 

The  Caledonian  mother  on  this  journey  evinced 
her  resolution,  and  gave  evidence  that  her  child 
would  inherit  qualities  that  w.Mild  be  cf  energy  in 
winning  way  through  the  crowd  in  mankind's  pur- 
suits.    On  their  wilderness  road,  by  a  fall  from  hei 


HIS  EDUCATION.  409 

horse,  lier  arm  was  broken.  There  was  small  skill 
in  surgery,  there,  and  the  road  was  no  couch  of  ease 
and  rest  to  the  sufferer.  To  the  female  in  this  day 
it  would  be  deemed  scarcely  short  of  barbarity,  to 
press  on  in  such  an  hour  of  suffering.  "  Jean  Da- 
lies "  was  of  no  yielding  class.  Even  with  but  the 
imperfect  bandages  of  the  hour,  she  remounted  her 
horse,  and  clinging  closer  to  her  darling  boy,  urged 
onward,  and  had  kind  word  and  pleasant  smile  to 
cheer  the  party.  The  exertions  of  this  mother  pro- 
cured for  Daviess  an  education.  She  knew  what 
weapon  it  would  be  with  which  to  determine  the 
step  of  fortune.  Her  care  was  well  rewarded.  Even 
at  the  stormy  day  of  the  revolution,  the  settlers  had 
in  some  localities  succeeded  in  inducing  the  presence 
of  scholars,  by  whose  tuition  the  classics  revealed 
their  strength  to  the  wilderness.  Erom  a  Mr.  AYooley, 
and  from  Drs.  Brooks  and  Culbertson,  he  learned 
the  Latin  and  the  Greek.  It  was  the  subject  of  re- 
mark in  his  school,  that  his  declamation  and  public 
speaking  was  that  of  the  young  orator.  Thus  he 
studied  and  improved  till  calamity  checked  his  plans. 
A  sister  and  a  brother  passed  away,  and  he  who  had 
been  devoted  to  his  studies,  found  the  very  practical 
duty  of  the  farm  calling  for  his  attention.  His  was 
not  a  disposition,  however,  to  be  quietly  merged  into 
a  farmer's  life.  The  day  was  favorable  to  bolder  des 
tinies.  r 


410  JO  DAVIESS. 

Gen.  John  Adair  was  early  trained  to  war.  He 
had  learned  in  the  cruelties  of  an  imprisonment  du- 
ring the  revolution,  what  war  really  was.  Migrating 
from  South  Carolina,  lie  joined  the  hold  and  adven- 
turous in  Kentucky,  and  in  tlie  hloody  border  war 
took  active  part.  On  the  6th  of  November,  1792, 
he  organized  a  company  of  volunteers  to  guard  the 
transportation  of  supplies  to  the  forts  north  of  the 
Ohio  river.  Contiguous  to  Fort  St.  Clair  liis  troops 
were  attacked  by  the  Indians  with  terrible  force,  and 
here  young  Daviess,  who  liad  dashed  away  from  the 
plow  to  volunteer  for  the  stirring  strife,  took  his  in- 
itiation into  the  battle  field — a  field  the  terrible  har- 
vest of  which  it  was  his  destiny  afterward  to  reap. 

Tliis  was  a  memorable  battle.  The  Indians  were 
led  by  Little  Turtle,  who  evinced  the  sagacity  of  a 
disciplined  soldier.  Tlie  savages  made  tlie  attack  ^o 
suddenly  that  they  instantly  perceived  that  they  had 
gained  an  advantage,  and  this  was  everything  to  the 
red  man.  If  he  began  well,  he  went  through  the 
fight  with  desperation,  but  a  vigorous  defense  caused 
him  to  quail.  Major  Adair  directed  his  plan  of  bat 
tie  skillfully,  directing  Madison,  afterward  governor 
of  Virginia,  to  attack  the  right,  and  Lieut.  Hall  the 
left ;  but  the  enemy  had  already  killed  Hall,  and  it 
became  necessary  for  Adair  to  lead  the  assault. 
He  did  so  boldly,  and  the  Indians  fell  back  ;  but 
learning  tactics  in  their  flush  of  success,  Little  Turtle 


DESPERATE  ADYENTUEE.  4:1} 

Bont  sixty  of  his  warriors  to  turn  the  right  of  the 
troops.  There  was  but  one  thing  left  for  the  regu 
lars.  It  was  unusual  in  the  annals  of  Kentucky  to 
sound  a  retreat,  but  it  had  to  come,  and  in  the  best 
order  available  ;  the  retreat  was  made,  and  they  fell 
back  on  their  camp.  The  Indians  in  all  their  fury 
rushed  after  them,  knowing  as  their  leader  did,  their 
power  in  one  fierce  charge,  but  Adair  rallied,  and 
drove  them  back. 

Here  an  officer  figured,  to  whose  counsels  and  ex- 
periences, and  many  of  them,  it  may  be,  founded  on 
this  battle,  the  world  owes  one  of  its  greatest  of  mod 
ern  military  commanders.  It  was  the  father  of  "  Old 
Zach  " — Col.  Richard  Taylor,  who  was  prominent  in 
this  struggle.  At  that  time  the  future  hero  of  Buena 
Yista  was  eight  years  of  age,  and  it  is  easy  to  im- 
agine with  what  intense  interest  the  fireside  storiea 
of  his  gallant  father  were  heard  by  the  boy. 

The  Indians  had  taken  good  spoil  of  the  horses  of 
the  troops,  and  among  them  the  horse  of  young  Da- 
viess. He  was  resolved  to  win  this  back.  If  the  In- 
dians could  take  to  their  camp  that  fine  body  of 
horse,  two  hundred  strong,  Jo  was  determined  that 
his  should  not  be  among  the  number.  So  he  dared 
the  dashing  exploit,  and  sprang  onward  for  his  ani- 
mal. The  balls  whistled  past  his  ears  till  he  realized 
that  branch  of  music  to  his  heart's  content.  They 
went  through  coat,  vest,  and  shirt,  but  he  won  his 


412  JU  DA%  lESS. 

prize.  lie  regained  the  fort  in  safety,  his  horse,  the 
only  one  out  of  two  liundred,  rescue  J.  The  balls 
knew  him  then,  as  Desaix  once  said. 

From  this  association  of  brave  men,  and  these 
eventful  passages,  Daviess,  when  his  term  of  service 
was  over,  went  to  the  profession  of  the  law.  It  waa 
the  exchange  of  the  conflict  of  arms  for  that  of  intel- 
lects, lie  chose  one  of  the  best  jurists  in  the  state 
as  his  teacher — George  Nicholas,  a  name  familiar  to 
our  day,  as  of  the  really  illustrious  of  Virginia— and 
there  grouped  in  that  office  a  galaxy  of  the  distin 
guished.  Even  in  these  times,  the  names  of  Felix 
Grundy,  tlie  celebrated  senator  from  Tennessee — of 
Garrard — of  Bledsoe — of  Talbot,  and  John  Pope, 
are  recognized  in  their  eminence.  Such  was  the  as- 
sociation of  Jo  Daviess.  No  wonder  that  his  intel- 
lect, under  snch  rivaling,  sprang  into  life  with  all 
its  powers.  This  soldier  boy,  who  had  already,  when 
but  eighteen,  been  of  the  gallant  band  of  braves  who 
stood  by  Adair,  and  who  had  thus  been  enrolled  in 
the  warrior's  race,  devoted  himself  to  study,  severely. 
He  took  no  rest  until  he  had  achieved  a  fitness  for 
the  exalt«Hl  duties  to  which  he  felt  that  his  destiny 
led  him. 

And  the  effect  of  it  was  apparent.  When  the  set- 
tlors knew  that  the  daring  soldier — the  lad  who  had 
"  3ome  in  "  while  the  country  was  yet  a  wilderness — 
was  ready  to  plead  their  cause,  with  the  erudition  of  a 


HIS  MARRIAGE.  413 

icholar,  and  the  persuasion  of  an  orator,  thej  sought 
him,  and  he  commenced  practice  with  the  finest 
prospects.  In  the  year  1801,  he  appeared  in  the 
federal  capitol,  before  that  tribunal  which,  in  all  the 
vicissitudes  of  party  and  of  opinion,  ha^  remained 
foremost  in  the  confidence  and  honor  of  the  people 
of  the  United  States — their  supreme  court.  He  was 
the  first  advocate  that  had  stood  there  from  "the 
west"  —  that  land  which,  since  then,  has  so  often  il- 
lustrated the  great  name  and  fame  of  that  arena. 
He  vindicated  his  name,  and  jet  he  was  but  eight- 
and-twenty  years  of  age.  Such  an  effort  has  seldom 
been  made  by  one  so  young  in  legal  training.  It  is 
good  proof  of  hii  success  that  he  married,  in  1803, 
Anne  Marshall,  the  sister  of  that  John  ^Marshall,  whose 
career  is  among  our  national  treasures.  The  good 
opinion  gained  before  the  chief-justice  was  easily 
transmuted  into  the  afi'ection  of  the  fair  sister. 

When  that  great  man  —  but  bad  as  great  —  Aaron 
Burr,  dissatisfied  with  the  success  of  the  republic, 
Bought  to  build  up,  in  bold  ambition,  his  scheme  of 
western  conquest,  the  government  determined  to  hold 
him  to  the  charge  of  treason,  and  Daviess  was  se- 
lected as  the  prosecuting  counsel ;  but  the  gloss  of 
other  designs  had  been  too  successfully  thrown  over 
it,  by  this  extraordinary  maneuverer,  and  the  prosecu- 
tion was  not  pursued. 

And  sc  this  pioneer  of  Kentucky  in  the   noblest 


Hi  JO  DAVIESS. 

sense  —  he  who  le<l  the  way  in  the  pursuits  of  Intel 
lectual  vigor  —  who  taught  the  republic  that  some 
thinf'  more  endurinn:  tlian  valor  and  courage  in  the 
ti<'-ht  was  in  that  noble  but  troubled  land — so  he 
moved  on,  in  manner  of  great  dignity  ;  in  oratory 
worthy  the  c<juntry  of  Breckenridge,  and  Menifee, 
and  Morehead,  and  Crittenden,  and  Clay. 

We  know  not,  in  our  day  —  nor  is  it  probable  we 
ever  shall,  as  the  Old  World  seems  to  be  furnishing 
abundant  occupation  for  itself — the  trials  of  our  fa- 
thers in  the  conflict  with  the  Indians,  stirred  up  to 
all  ferocity,  and  stimulated  by  abundant  resources, 
from  the  intrigues  of  a  foreign  power.  These  troub- 
les were  the  prelude  to  the  war  of  1812  ;  and  the  In- 
dian that  had  seemed  crushed  by  the  successive  vic- 
tories of  the  past,  woke  up  into  all  the  ancient  bitter- 
ness. It  was  intensely  true,  that  "  in  their  ashes 
lived  their  wonted  fires."  And  who  can  ever  forget, 
that  has  given  thought  to  the  history  of  his  country, 
that  wonderful  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  so  interwoven 
in  the  record  of  bravery.  When  a  distinguished 
general,  himst-lf  a  father  of  the  west,  approached  the 
hostile  tribes  on  the  Wabash,  he  was  met  by  the 
principal  chiefs.  It  was  near  the  town  of  the 
Prophet,  that  savage  who  was  so  fondly  deemed  to 
have  stretched  his  power  beyond  the  world  of  the 
visible.  There  was  speciousness  in  the  oiler  of  the 
Lidiau  warrioi*s.     Th^y  wanted  their  warrior  brother 


DAVIESS  A  VOLUNTEEK.  415 

to  rest — not  to  press  forward  till  there  was  time  for  a 
conference  —  and  counseled  him  to  an  encampment. 
Such  professions  came  to  an  ear  accustomed  to  the 
wiles  of  the  strategy  of  the  men  of  the  forest.  The 
march  was  stayed,  and  the  encampment  ordered,  but 
Harrison  directed  his  troops  to  sleep  on  their  arms, 
in  order  of  battle. 

Among  those  who  were  with  the  gallant  general 
on  that  eventful  night,  was  the  eloquent  and  brave 
Kentuckian,  who  is  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  It 
would  have  been  strange,  indeed,  if  some  distin- 
guished son  of  Kentucky  had  not  been  there.  Jo 
Daviess,  as  the  trials  of  his  country  gathered  darker, 
saw  with  sagacious  foresight  the  coming  war,  and 
the  soldier  triumphed  over  the  advocate.  He  left 
the  ranks  of  the  bar  and  the  forum,  where  all  eyea 
were  turned  toward  him,  and  men  traveled  weary 
distances  to  hear  his  voice,  to  enter  into  Harrison's 
army  —  a  volunteer — a  representative  of  the  pioneers 
of  Kentucky.  He  received  the  command  of  major, 
and  became  at  once  of  eminent  service  to  General 
Harrison. 

The  morning  proved  that  the  caution  of  the  gen- 
eral had  been  wisely  exercised.  At  the  hour  before 
the  dawn,  was  the  Indian's  favorire  time  of  attack. 
Aurora  was  to  them  the  battle  deity.  The  yell  of  a 
fuiious  charge  was  heard,  and  such  a  bloody  battle 
broke  fort?!,  as  lives  in  the  memory  of  the  western 


*i',  L»A>  IKSfe. 


Btatos  till  tins  hour.  Daviess  rushed  into  the  fight, 
and  his  bold  voice  and  commanding  perse n  <^ave  him 
noble  preeminence.  lie  counseled  and  solicited  to 
snare  in  a  charge  made  soon  after  the  tight  commencod. 
The  bullets  that  had  whistled  harmlessly  by  him  at 
Port  St.  Clair,  had  more  fatal  mission  now,  and  ho 
fell  ;  and  seldom,  if  ever,  has  Indian  blow  fallen 
more  severely  on  the  country.  Kentucky  mourned 
uer  dead  ^n  that  battle  Held,  but  the  brave,  the 
manly,  the  chivalric,  the  elocpent  Daviess  most  of 
all.  It  was  a  loss  the  whole  state  felt ;  it  thrilled 
the  ear  everywhere.  And  deeply  was  he  mourned, 
tind  oven  to  this  hour  the  memory  of  Jo  Daviess  is 
in  Krntucky's  heart.  lie  was  of  her  noblest  and  her 
lira  vest. 

The  great  mineral  city  of  Illinois,  Galena,  makes 
monument  to  his  name,  by  the  designation  of  the 
foniity  in  which  it  is  situate.  It  did  noi  need  this  to 
perpetuate  liis  fame.  He  belonged  to  that  age  of 
Kentucky,  when  the  sword  of  tlie  soldier  stood  bv  rlio 
side  of  the  plow  and  the  pen,  for  hers  was  a  lan.i  of 
conflict 


BLAND  BALLARD. 

aifi  EKMOVAL    TO  KENTUCKY IS    ENGAGED   IN    THE  EARLY    CONFLICTS    -Wrra 

THE     INDIANS THE     DISASTROUS     AFFAIR     AT     CHILLICOTHE BA  LLAR£ 

WOUNDED,   BUT    NOT    DISHEARTENED JOINS  GENERAL  CLARKe's  COMMANE 

HIS  SERVICES    AS  A  SPY IS  SURPRISED  AND    CAPTURED TAKEN  DOWN 

THE  OHIO A  DAY  OF  MERRIMENT  AMONG  THE  RED  MEN THE  HORSE  RACK 

AND  THE  FOOT  RACE EXCITEMENT    AMONG  THE   INDIANS— CARELESSNESS 

OF    THE    GUARD BALLARD    SEIZES    A    NOBLE    STEED,    AND    ESCAPES THB 

EACE    FOR  LIFE THE    INEFFECTUAL    PURSL^T EXPLOIT    ON  THE  OHIO A 

NOVEL    REVTARD A    DREADFUL    TRAGEDY SINGLE    HANDED    COMBATS 

Ballard's  prowess — battle  of  the  river  raisin — is  taken  prisoneb 

—CONFINED    AT  FORT  GEORGE LIVES    TO    SEE    THE    PROSPERITY    OF    HIS 

ADOPTED  STATE. 

Captain  Ballard  was  in  vigorous  boyhood  when 
the  revolution  commenced,  and  thus  had  a  reliable 
and  intelligent  knowledge  of  the  circumstances  attend 
ing  the  coming  of  Kentucky  into  existence,  which, 
it  is  most  gratifying  to  record,  was,  in  an  old  age  ex- 
tending to  these  times,  by  actual  intercourse  with  the 
men  of  "^his  generation,  made  available  to  the  fidelity 
of  history.  He  was  eighteen  years  of  age  when  he 
came  to  Kentucky.  It  was  in  1779 — a  year  in  which 
the  now  flourishing  and  important  city  of  Lexington, 
always  hereafter  classic  from  its  association  with  the 
fiome  of  Kenry  Clay,  was  inaugurated  by  a  solitary 
block  house,  built   by  Robert  Patterson — the  first 

step  of  the  comina:  dominion  of  the  white  man — and 
27  ^  R* 


jtlS  BLAND    HALLARD. 

v/licn  that  nucleus  of  sorrow  to  tlie  pioneers,  the  land 
hiw  of  Kentucky  county !  was  in  such  excess  of  wis- 
dom enacted  by  the  eminent  lej^islature  of  Virginia. 
It  was  also  thn  year  when  an  attempt  was  made  to 
dislodire  the  Ii.dian  furi-e  at  Chillicothe.  So  Ballard 
found  the  times  of  his  coming,  those  when  the 
Btrong  arm  and  the  quick  thought  were  of  value,  a!id 
he  was  soon  in  the  light.  In  those  days,  between 
the  attacks  of  the  British  and  the  Indians,  the  set- 
tlers must  have  led  a  charmed  life  to  have  escaped 
the  battle  field.  The  sound  of  the  rifle  was  in  the 
air,  and  there  could  be  neither  inaction  nor  neutrality 
The  Chillicothe  fight  was  a  sad  disaster.  It  was 
one  of  those  instances  in  which  the  extraordinary 
misconduct  of  a  leader  paralyzes  an  army.  Lo- 
gan fought  bravely ;  but  Bowman,  who  was  in  com- 
mand, seemed  w^ithout  consciousness  of  his  trust, 
and  the  bravest  chapter  in  the  fight,  was  the  gallant 
retreat.  Ballard  was  not  disheartened.  Though  se- 
verely wounded  while  under  the  command  of  Gen- 
eral George  Rogers  Clarke,  whose  name  appears  ev- 
erywhere in  the  annals  of  Kentucky,  he  persevered. 
When  that  crushing  campaign  of  1782  took  place, 
which,  like  that  led  on  by  Sullivan  in  Xew  York, 
became  one  of  devastation  and  annihilation,  Ballard, 
under  his  old  commander,  was  present.  The  Indian 
tow'is  on  the  ^liaini  and  Sc:  >to  were  burnt,  and  the 
last  great  blow   wiis  struck       It  dispersed  and  dc- 


HE  IS  TAKEN  PRISONER.  419 

Btroved  the  power  of  the  savage  over  fields  and  homes 
which  civilization  claimed  as  its  own. 

Like  Kenton,  Ballard  undertook  the  rugged  and 
dangerous  duty  of  a  spy — a  service  requiring  the  ut- 
most sagacity  and  courage,  and  one  which  is  invalua- 
ble tD  the  army,  but  never  appreciated.  He  followed 
General  Clarke  once  more,  but  there  was  a  want  :tf 
cohesion  in  the  material  organized  for  another  expe- 
dition against  the  Wabash.  These  pioneers  seldom 
kept  entirely  clear  of  the  Indian.  It  was  the  lot  of 
almost  every  one  of  them,  once  in  the  course  of  hia 
struggling  life,  either  to  be  made  prisoner,  or  else  to 
come  as  near  to  such  an  unpleasant  condition,  as  to 
give  a  very  ugly  memory  to  the  dreams  of  after  life. 
Ballard  had  his  share  in  such  vicissitudes,  ending, 
however,  more  agreeably  than  the  captivity  of  some  of 
his  associates.  While  he  was  actively  reconnoitering 
and  dodging  around  the  enemy,  in  pursuance  of  his 
duties  as  spy,  he  happened  to  be  near  that  part 
of  the  Ohio  where  the  noble  city  of  Louisville  now 
sends  its  hum  of  industry  into  the  air,  its  tens  of 
thousands  of  prosperous  and  happy  citizens,  as  little 
mindful  of  the  terrible  ordeal  through  which  their 
country  passed,  as  if  their  city  had  an  age  like  that 
of  Kome  He  was  usually  on  the  guard  against  sur- 
prise, as  a  man  in  his  position  must  be.  He  was, 
iow3ver,  set  upon  by  five  Indians.  The  odds  were 
too  many,  and  he  had   but  one  com'se — to  submit 


120  BLAND  BALLARD 

Tlie  effect  of  this  surrender  was  gratifying.     Tlie  In 
dians  took  him  down  the  Ohio,  a  journey  of  twenty- 
five  miles.     To  he  taken  by  these  savages  away  from 
the   settlements,  into  their  own  recesses,  is  not  the 
happiest  pilgrimage  in  the  world ;  but  he  came  into 
capture  at  a  good  time.     Instead  of  a  horrible  gath- 
ering to  delight  themselves  with  the  torture  of  a  pris 
oner,  the  Indians  were  about  to  indulge  in  the  more 
civilized    amusement   of  horse   racing.      Probably, 
never  did  southern  gentleman  regard  the  turf  with 
more  interest  than  did  Ballard  at  this  time.     The  oc 
casion  seemed  to  have  made  his  captors  merciful,  fo 
although   they  did   not  leave   him   without  a  guard, 
they  did  not  add  to  his  security  by  thongs.     He  kept 
the  brightest  possible  look-out  on  all  that  the  Indians 
did,  fearing  very  much  that  they  might  be  disposed 
to   add    him    to   the   attractions   of    their    day   of 
amusement. 

The  Indians  must  have  been  in  a  t^ingularly  frulic- 
8ome  humor,  for  one  of  the  chief  incidents  of  the 
evening  of  the  day  of  all  this  merriment,  was  to  be 
a  race  between  two  very  old  warrioi*s.  lliese  an- 
cients had  not  lost  their  desire  for  sport.  They  had 
lived  in  the  days  when  the  Indians  had  n<>  white  nian'a 
rifle  to  blaze  across  their  path,  but  when  the  "  whole 
boundless  continent  "  was  theira.  Surviving  all  their 
dangers  of  tight  and  chase,  they  were  willing  to 
'ot  the  young  braves  see  that  they  had   vigor  and 


THE  EACE   FOE  LIFE.  421 

miiscie  jet,  for  a  trial  of  speed.  Ballard  had  ver}' 
generous  thoughts  toward  any  such  intention  on  the 
part  of  the  old  men,  since  it  tended  to  keep  the  tribe 
in  good  humor.  The  horse  racing  had  gone  off  well 
Ft  was  the  "  Derby  da}  '  for  the  red  man  ;  and  now 
for  the  tremulous  contest  of  these  sages  of  the  tribe ! 
and  the  young  men  and  the  stout  warriors  were  intent 
on  the  struggle.  Off  they  start;  the  zeal  of  the 
days  when  they  were  first  in  the  hunt,  was  renewed. 
The  old  limbs  are  straining  to  conquer.  It  is  most 
exciting;  now  this  —  now  that  —  which  is  ahead? 
Wigwam  is  deserted,  and  the  Indian  has  forgotten 
his  usual  apathy.  Even  the  guard  placed  over  Bal- 
lard feels  it,  and  he  must  see  the  decision ;  he  leaves 
him  but  a  few  paces,  and  for  the  instant  the  prisoner 
is  but  a  subordinate  affair. 

In  our  own  day,  there  are  fine  horses  on  the  Bear- 
grass  river,  for  the  Kentuckian  justly  boasts  of  the 
finest  stock  in  America.  And  there  were  some 
there  at  the  period  of  our  narrative.  The  Indians 
had  stolen  thence  a  fine  black  horse.  These  pioneers 
thought  quick.  In  an  instant,  while  every  eye  was 
turned  toward  the  two  poor,  old  men,  who  were  quiv- 
ering  their  very  hearts  in  the  desperate  endeavor  to 
get  ahead,  Ballard  sprang  on  this  horse,  and  put  the 
animal  to  all  his  speed.  Here  was  a  race  not  an- 
uounced  in  the  calendar.  The  aged  rivals  found  theijr 
struggle  suddenly  to  have  lost  its  absorbing  interest 


i22  BLAND  BALLARD. 

Chief,  warrior,  young  men  and  old,  leaped  for  the 
prisoner.  It  was  not  him  alone,  but  the  noble  black 
ot  Beargrass,  that  was  vanishing.  "  They  rode  and 
they  ran."  It  was  racing  and  chasing  worthy  of 
ballad  like  Young  Lochinvar.  It  was  decidedly  the 
race  of  that  day  of  sport. 

The  savage,  seldom  forgiving  an  escape,  and  not  at 
all  likely  to  let  the  double  crime  of  an  escape  and 
the  raid  of  a  line  horse  go  without  the  bitterest 
vengeance,  was  after  him.  It  would  have  waked 
stone  into  life.  The  daring  pioneer  was  in  fur  this 
race  for  life  ;  and  it  was  victory  or  death  with  him. 
The  Beargrass  steed  was  urged  to  all  his  power,  and 
suddenly  found  himself  the  head  of  such  a  heat  as 
never  before  wet  the  hair  on  his  glossy  skin.  Behind 
him,  the  yell  rang  through  the  forest.  It  was  the 
hour  for  the  concentration  of  exertion,  and  Ballard 
dashed  on  with  a  speed  that  the  Indian  vainly  sought 
to  emulate.  But  his  racer  had  been  quiet;  theirs 
had  already  strained  their  muscles.  The  fresh  horse 
won.  The  })ursuit  was  hot,  almost  to  the  river;  but 
the  Indian  is  soon  disheartened,  and  when  he  found 
himself  so  far  in  the  rear,  he  turned  back,  to  close  his 
festive  day  with  savage  grief  at  his  double  loss 
Ballard  reached  the  settlement,  safely  ;  but  his  noble 
Uack  sank  with  tlie  severe  struggle,  soon  after  he  had 
borne  his  new  \naster  in  triumph  home.  Ballard 
never  afterward   fell   intc  their  power,  except  at   tha 


A  DEEADFUL  TEAQEDr.  42£ 

River  Eaisin,  where  he  was  a  prisoner  o^  war,  and  re- 
ceived civilized  usage. 

The  pioneers  usually  wore  a  leather  shirt.  Theira 
was  not  an  occupation  or  a  service  where  much  intri 
cacy  in  ruffles  would  have  been  advisable,  but  they 
knew  how  to  prize  the  liner  material  when  it,  by 
Bome  great  good  luck,  fell  to  them.  By  three  suc- 
cessive and  unerring  shots  from  his  rifle,  a  canoo 
coming  down  the  Ohio  was  emptied  of  three  hostile 
Indians.  For  this  guerrilla  exqloit.  General  Clarke, 
probably  from  his  own  wardrobe,  presented  him  with 
a  linen  shirt ;  and  it  was  for  a  long  time  greatly  es- 
teemed, somewhat,  in  those  primitive  days,  for  its 
intrinsic  worth,  and  probably  not  less  so,  as  it  evi- 
denced the  approbation  his  commanding  officer  be- 
stowed upon  his  skill  and  bravery.  Yery  few  of  the 
pioneers,  in  those  days,  attained  to  the  luxury  of 
linen.  It  was  not  an  era  of  elaborate  toilet.  The 
hunters  of  Kentucky  were  compelled  to  be  "  up  and 
dressed  "  in  time  not  adequate  for  any  great  care  oi 
nicety  in  attire. 

Bland  Ballard  saw  fall,  in  one  fatal  massacre,  his 
father,  his  sister,  his  half  sister,  his  step-mj:lier ; 
while  his  youngest  sister,  though  tomahawked,  re- 
covered. These  were  the  tragedies  which  made  the 
words, "  Dark  and  Bloody  Ground,"  as  applied  to  Ken- 
tucky, no  words  of  fancy.  They  wrote  its  history  in 
blood.     The  pioneers,  deprived  by  the  foe  of  all  the 


t24  BLAND  n.M.I.ARD. 

dearest  associations  of  life,  became  desperate,  and 
the  war  between  the  races  soon  took  the  terrible  form 
of  a  struggle  for  extermination.  He  witnessed  these 
Bcencs  when  he  was  twenty-seven  years  of  age 
Men  grow  old  prematurely  under  such  experiences. 

In  single  handed  combat  with  the  Indians,  Ballard 
was  often  engaged.  In  those  desultory  battles,  so 
different  from  the  close  marching  order  of  regular 
troops,  the  occasion  often  came  when  the  man  was 
compelled  to  cope  with  an  antagonist.  The  Indian 
found  Ballard  a  bold  one.  He  had  that  acquaintance 
with  the  rifle  that  made  the  pioneer  of  Kentucky  a 
household  name  among  all  camps  in  civilization. 
The  skill  of  the  hunter  became  tremendous  in  it^ 
power,  when  used  in  the  strife  of  war. 

He,  too,  fought  under  "  old  Tippecanoe."  He  led 
his  detachment  at  the  Hiver  Eaisin,  and  received 
wounds,  the  effects  of  which  never  left  hira.  It  was 
here  that  he  again  knew  the  fate  of  a  prisoner ;  but 
he  fell  into  the  hands  of  soldiery,  who  respected  and 
observed  the  usages  of  warlike  and  honorable  men, 
and  was  taken  to  the  custody  of  Fort  George.  Across 
the  peninsula  of  Canada^  West,  no  luxury  of  car 
awaited  the  order  of  the  soldier.  It  was  before  these 
arts  and  conveniences  of  these  better  days  had  made 
even  war  less  fearful.  It  was  a  painful  march  tc 
which  the  prisoners  were  su]>jected,  and  Ballard  suf 


HTS  GOOD  OLD  AGE. 


425 


fered  by  his  mid-winter  captivity,  in  a  region  where 
the  climate  has  unwonted  severity. 

This  life  of  wild  adventure  was  extended  to  such 
a  "good  old  age,"  that  he  who  had  known  Kentucky 
as  a  wilderness,  a  home  maintained  only  by  desperate 
bravery,  could  see  around  him  all  the  associations  c  f 
a  state,  so  noble  and  so  favored,  that  her  wealth  of 
man  and  of  estate — of  those  who  swayed  the  coun 
cils  of  the  nation,  and  of  possessions  of  untold  value 
— that  these  were  memorable  over  the  earth.  It  was 
reserved  for  this  pioneer,  as  for  Lafayette,  to  live  in 
the  midst  of  posterity. 


JOHN   HARDIN. 

lABDIJi's  FATHER HIS  REMOVAL  TO  TUE  MONONOAHELA HUI  TING  3.  Vtr 

CK8SITY    OF    FRONTIER    LIFE EARLY    TRACTICE  OF    VOUXG  UARDIN HU 

FIRST  MILITARY   COMMAND JOINS  CAPT.   MORGAN's  TROOPS IS  SEVERELT 

WOUNDED THE    WAR  OF  THE   REVOLUTION HARDIN    COMMISSIONED  AS 

LIEUTENANT ATTACHED  TO  GEN.  MORGAn's  RIFLE   CORPS AOCOMPANIEa 

ARNOLD  TO  QUEBEC SERVES  UNDER  GATES  AT  SARATOGA DARING  EX- 
PLOIT,  AND  NARROW  ESCAPE REFUSES  PROMOTION LEAVES  THE  ARMY 

REMOVES  TO  KENTUCKY SERVES    UNDER    GEN.  CLARKE HIS  TROUBLES 

WITH    THE    INDIANS SENT    ON    A    MISSION    OF    PEACE  TO  THEM TIIEIB 

TREACHERY HIS  DEATH. 

On  the  Monongaliela,  that  liquid  name  to  which  the 
European  scholar  delights  to  revert,  when  he  would 
8eek  pleasant  utterances  in  the  languages  of  this  side 
of  the  great  water,  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  came,  in  1765.  Wild  and  exposed,  a  very 
frontier  post,  a  faint  dawning  of  the  coming  civiliza- 
tion, was  this  foothold  of  the  white  man.  Ilis  father 
was  of  that  large  class  of  men  without  whom  society 
would  be  a  painted  shell — the  laborer  ;  and  in  look- 
ing iirniimi  L'aihjuiLr  cuiuitj*-,  hu  tiioiiglit,  even  in  the 
middle  of  the  hir>t  century — now  a  hundred  years 
ago — when  we  were  yet  in  colonial  obscurity,  that 
Virginia  might  not  always  afford  sufficient  verge  and 
room  enough  for  the  farmer — certainly  not  for  the 
hunter.     The  chase  needs  a  lar<'e  area.     It  is  difficult 


HUNTING  A  NECESSITY  OF  FRONTIER  LIFE.  42 1 

to  enumerate  the  leap  of  the  deer  by  the  "rod -pole 
or  perch."  But  while  Martin  Hardin  was  so  bold  as 
to  remove  from  the  place  of  neighborhood  and  the 
protection  of  law,  he  did  not  quite  like  to  go  awaj 
from  Yirginia.  He  did  not  calculate  with  the  accu- 
racy of  a  surveyor.  When  the  boundary  betweeu 
the  states  was  arranged,  he  was  found  within  the  li-Q- 
its  of  that  state,  which  was  so  gently  purchased  from 
Indian  tenure,  by  that  man  who  has  so  pleasant  and 
precious  name  in  American  history,  but  whose  niche 
in  English  record  Macaulay  has  somewhat  damaged 

—  Truth  being  the  great  Iconoclast  of  History.  That 
portion  of  the  ITonongahela  river  bank  where  Martin 
Hardin  fixed  his  cabin,  lay  within  the  line  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

To  hunt  —  to  hunt  well  —  became  the  business  of 
the  settler.  It  was  not  the  sport  of  an  idle  day,  the 
recreation  after  the  winter's  professional  toil ;  it  was 
^■he  art  and  skill  learned  under  the  tuition  of  grim 
necessity.  Its  success  tilled  the  cabin  with  plenty, 
and  kept — in  figure  so  clearly  traceable  to  forest  life 

—  the  wolf  from  the  door.  It  was  in  the  practice  of 
this  art,  that  the  pioneer  became  of  such  deadly 
power  with  the  rifle  ;  so  that  the  Indian  found  his  only 
safety  either  in  peace  or  in  the  cover  of  shelter  ;  for 
the  aim  once  taken,  the  shot  went  home  to  its  mark. 

Martin  had  good  practice  for  his  son.  In  those 
Jays  the  game  was  abundant.     The  factories  of  Pitts- 


4:28  JOHN  HARDIN. 

biircrli,  and  the  shriek  of  the  steam  whistle,  and  the 


'0"J 


tear  of  the  escape  valve,  had  not  made  the  air  a  per 
petiial  fright,  and  there  was  a  constant  reward  to  the 
roving  boy.  And  he  practiced  in  all  days  and  all 
weathers,  till  he  learned  to  fear  the  storm  as  little  as 
did  the  ancient  Highlander,  and  his  unerring  tim 
rang  through  the  forest.  "  The  Hunters  of  Kentucky  " 
has  become  a  synonym  for  skill  of  the  brightest  — 
courage  of  the  boldest ;  and  history  will  yet  bear 
record  how  admirably  the  men,  thus  fitted  for  their 
destiny,  met  the  storm  of  the  revolutionary  struggle 
and  the  border  war. 

John  Hardin  held  a  military  commission  before 
the  revolution,  serving  as  ensign  in  a  company  raised 
for  a  foray  upon  the  Indians.  It  is  of  interest  to 
the  annalist  to  reflect,  that  to  Lord  Dunmore,  who 
had  been  brought  into  contact  with  so  much  of  the 
powerful  in  intellect  and  the  courageous  in  person, 
of  the  men  of  the  court  and  the  camp  in  Virginia,  the 
issues  of  the  revolutionary  contest  must  have  been 
accurately  seen.  He  knew  well,  that  when  such  men 
took  arms,  there  would  be  a  conflict  which,  especially 
when  freedijm  was  the  prize  to  be  gained,  could  not 
be  a  losing  one  to  them.  When  Hardin  was  just  ar- 
rived of  age,  the  fortune  of  war  gave  him  a  remem- 
brance «»f  it,  which  he  bore  through  life.  It  was  the 
type  of  his  destiny  to  him.  He  had  not  waited  the 
mercenary  process  of  enlistment,  but  had  joined  the 


IS  SEVERELY  WOUNDED.  429 

tr(;op  of  Caj^t.  Zack  Morgan.  This  was  a  i^ame  asso- 
dated  in  tlie  revolution  with  the  utmost  skill  and 
efficiency  as  a  partisan  officer,  xlardin  was  in  the 
heat  of  the  fight.  Imitating  the  posture  of  one  of 
the  ranks  of  the  ancient  phalanx,  he  had  in  part  knelt 
that  his  aim  might  be  certain  ;  and  while  in  that  posi- 
tion, the  enemy  fired  a  successful  shot,  which  struck 
him  on  the  side  of  his  thigh,  wounding  it  sadly,  and 
depositing  itself  in  his  groin.  The  leaden  evidence 
of  that  shot  was  never  extracted. 

But  up  and  away,  even  on  crutches,  the  gallant 
hunter  followed  his  army.  It  was  a  noble  sight  to 
witness  the  wounded  young  soldier  in  the  line  of 
march,  with  a  wound,  which,  to  one  less  bold,  would 
have  afforded  ample  excuse  to  have  burthened  the 
troops  with  a  litter. 

On  the  Monongahela,  after  this  campaign  of  1TT4, 
Hardin  renewed  his  hunting  ;  but  over  the  hills  and 
up  the  streams  came  the  stories  of  the  rising  rebellion 
of  the  Boston  boys,  and  a  new  and  greater  enemy, 
it  was  apparent,  was  to  be  taken  into  the  account, 
by  those  whose  life  was  on  the  frontier.  The  troub- 
les with  England,  it  should  always  be  recollected, 
bore  deepest  and  strongest  on  the  commercial  quar- 
ters of  the  colonies  at  first ;  and  the  far  off  settlei 
joined  his  brethren  from  a  feeling  of  common  coun- 
try, and  of  home-born  love  for  a  free  land.  Hardin 
thought  of  Kentucky  ;  for  what  Boone  had  done,  and 


430  JOHN  HARPTN. 

what  had  been  followed  up  by  Kenton  an.l  otiier 
daring  adventurers,  had  aroused  liim.  Yet  it  wai 
not  safe  to  encounter  the  perils  of  an  Indian  wilder- 
ness journey,  if  the  savage  was  to  be  stimulated  by 
the  encouragement  and  treasure  of  Great  Britain. 

But  there  was,  soon,  no  doubt  of  the  struggle. 
The  continental  congress  had  committed  the  "livea 
and  fortunes  and  sacred  honor  "  of  the  nation  to  the 
war,  and  the  camp  welcomed  the  men  of  forest  life 
as  its  best  recruits.  As  second  lieutenant,  Hardin 
took  commission.  Tliese  evidences  of  the  country's 
trust  were  precious.  The  compiler  of  these  sketches 
recollects  well  his  attendance  at  a  social  party  at  the 
house  of  brave  old  Solomon  Yan  Rensselaer,  when, 
what  seemed  to  him  the  ornaments  of  the  room  most 
to  be  prized,  were  the  framed  commissions  of  the  vet- 
eran, the  first  in  the  series  being  that  which  bore  the 
signature  of  Washington. 

Hardin's  keen  rifle  was,  appropriately,  soon  ranked 
in  the  service  of  that  Morgan  whose  famous  rifle  corps 
are  in  grateful  and  honorable  historic  recollection. 
One  may  know  how  well  its  fame  is  deserved,  as  it 
is  known  of  what  superb  material  it  was  composed. 

Those  were  not  the  days  of  the  "  Minnie  "  and  th^ 
revolver.  It  was  necessary  that  the  ball  s^hould 
strike  sure,  the  first  time,  and  that  the  Indian  should 
be  aware  of  that,  as  a  fixed  tact.  The  wag<^ner  — 
for  such  was  Daniel  Morgan  —  was  early  trained  to 


ATT  OFFTCEE  OF  THE  CEOWN.  4:33 

war.  He  was  with  that  army  of  the  cj-own,  which 
has  made  Braddock's  name  memorable  as  associated 
with  his  own  folly,  and  the  skill  and  generalship  of 
the  young  Washington.  He  bore  the  commission  of 
an  ensign  in  the  troops  of  George  the  Third  ;  but  h(3 
found  his  place  soon  in  the  army  of  the  revolution 
When  Arnold  belonged  to  the  race  of  heroes — before 
he  buried  his  memory  in  the  darkness  of  his  treason 
—  when  he,  with  a  daring  that  is  fit  to  rank  with  the 
days  of  modern  Cerro  Gordo  and  Alma,  was  ventur- 
ing the  bravery  of  his  troops  against  the  strong  cita- 
del of  Quebec  —  the  rifles  of  Morgan  were  with  him. 
He  shared  the  glorious  assault,  and  the  fortunes  of 
the  prisoner's  fate.  But  his  is  a  reputation  which 
needs  no  illustration.  Hardin  served  with  such  a 
commander.  On  one  occasion,  wliile  reconoitering — • 
it  was  while  the  army  was  in  the  north,  and  under 
the  command  of  Horatio  Gates,  that  true  soldier  — 
Hardin  so  astonished  a  group  of  the  enemy,  consist- 
ing of  three  soldiers  of  the  British  army  and  one  in 
dian,  that,  without  waiting  to  see  if  he  was  alone 
they  surrendered,  while  he  had  every  reason  to  ex- 
pect that  their  language  would  rather  have  been 
a  volley.  Hardin  was  too  wary — too  much  a  woods- 
man —  to  trust,  entirely,  this  unexpected  su?  mission. 
He  found  their  guns  down,  but  he  deemed  it  wise  to 
call  out  to  his  party,  who  were  in  the  rear.  The  in- 
stant his  eye  ceased  to  be  fixed  on  his  prisoners,  the 


432  JOHN  HARDIN. 

JiKliaii  rapidly  changed  the  grasp  of  his  gun.  Ont 
second  more,  and  the  conqueror  would  have  been 
the  conquered  ;  but  the  light,  as  it  gleamed  on  the 
gun,  showed  Hardin  his  danger.  Up  and  off  went 
both  guns,  but  the  bullet  of  Hardin  was  death's  in- 
stant the  quickest,  and  tlie  Indian  fell,  yet  not  with 
out  having,  by  sending  his  bullet  through  Hardir/a 
hair,  taught  him  the  thread  of  his  escape. 

General  Gates  rewarded  with  his  thanks  the  valoi, 
and  if  the  stories  of  the  battle  reached  that  cabin  of 
the  Monongahela,  where  old  Martin  Hardin  dwelt, 
it  was  a  glorious  thought  for  the  woodman,  that  his 
gallant  son  had  thus  won  the  notice  of  the  command- 
ing officer.  Hardin  had  the  manly  good  sense  to 
know  where  was  his  sphere  of  duty,  and  he  refused 
promotion,  as  its  effect  would  have  been  to  change 
him  to  another  regiment.  He  left  the  army  in  1770, 
and  looked  about  for  a  home.  Travei-sing  Kentucky, 
he  was  not  deterred  by  the  terrible  winter  that  fol- 
lowed, from  making  that  state  his  residence,  and  in 
1786,  he  moved  into  the  center  of  the  state  —  that 
county  which  bears  the  name  of  the  Father  of  hib 
Country. 

He,  too,  like  all  other  1  »rave  Kentuckians — for  now  he 
was  one — followed  the  banner  of  Gen.  George  "Rogers 
Clarke,  and  shared  his  campaigns.  Indeed,  this  gen- 
eral seems  to  have  been  the  .Alarlborough  of  his  day 
—his  name  interwoven  with  all  the  wars  of  the  state 


HIS  DEATH  BY  TREACHER  T.  433 

The  Indians  harassed  Hardin  in  every  way.  They 
skirmished  around  him,  hovered  near  his  farm,  made 
successful  raids  into  his  property,  lifted — as  the  ex- 
pression of  the  Highlander  had  it  —  his  cattle,  ana 
absolutely  left  his  plow  without  a  horse.  But  they 
sent  their  blows  at  a  shield  that  was  sure  to  press 
forward.  Wherever  Kentucky  called  for  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  savages,  there  was  the  rifle  of  Hardin. 

And,  at  last,  the  warrior,  the  forest-trained,  daring 
warrior,  was  sent  on  a  mission  of  peace  ;  and  it  is 
pleasant  here  to  remember,  that,  years  before,  he  had 
enrolled  his  name  among  those  who  worshiped  in 
that  pioneer  church  —  so  faithful  even  in  the  wilder- 
ness—  the  Methodist.  Wilkinson  selected  him  to 
propose  a  peace  to  the  Indian  tribes,  and  he  obeyed, 
though  he  knew  the  Indian  so  well  as  to  be  self- 
warned  of  the  danger.  The  Indian's  treachery  was 
proverbial.  He  arrived  at  an  Indian  camp,  near 
Fort  Defiance,  and  rested  beneath  their  roof.  They 
were  false  to  their  guest,  and  in  the  morning  shot  him 
to  death  ;  thus  meeting,  in  the  very  zenith  of  his  life, 
a  violent  death,  in  the  discharge  of  the  most  grateful 
duty  a  true-hearted  soldier  knows — an  offer  for  peace. 
And  60  this  gentle-hearted  but  firm  pioneer  passed 
away,  and  Kentucky  preserves  his  memory  as  of 
those  dear  to  her,  by  his  devotion  to  her  cause. 


BENJAMIN  LOGAN. 

•  18  B-RTIl-PLACB VIRGINIA  AS  A  OOLOXY HER  GREAT  1IE\ DEATH  Of  l- 

OAN's    FATHER — NOBLE   CONDUCT    OF   THE    SON SERVES    AS    A  S0LDIE4r- 

REM0VE8  TO  KENTUCKY— CHOOSES  A  HOME   AND   BUILDS  A  FORT ITS    Uf 

CATION REMOV^ES  HIS    FAMILY  TO    HARRODSBURGH DANGER  FROM  THl 

INDIAN'S REMOVAL  OF  HIS  FAMILY  TO  HIS  OWN  FORT ATTACKED  BY  THI 

INDIANS — Logan's  bravery  —  he  rescues  one  of  his  companions — a 

PROTRACTED    SIEGE WANT   OF   AMMUNITION LOGAN    GOES  TO    HARRODS- 
BURGH FOR   A  SLTPLY PERILS  OF  THE  JOURNEY HIS  SUCCESS  AND  SAKE 

BK  njRN-^-OBSTINACY    OF  THE   SIEGE    AND   THE    DEFENSE COL.    BOWMAN 

GOMES  TO  THE  RESCUE ^FLIGHT  OF  THE   SAVAGES HIS    OTHER  MILITAET 

SERVICES LOGAN  AS  A  CTVILIAN HIS  INDIAN  NAMESAKE. 

This  was  one  of  the  most  distinoruisliecl  of  the  Pi- 
oneers  of  Kentucky,  deserving  of  the  high  place  he 
has  in  the  histories  of  that  state,  and  yet,  such  is  th? 
wayward  course  of  popuhir  remembrance,  it  is  ques- 
tionable whether  the  name  of  Lofjan  is  not,  in  tlii 
mind  of  most  our  people,  associate  with  the  eloquent 
Indian  chief,  whose  pathetic  address  over  his  slaugh 
tered  family,  was  made  prominent  to  the  notice  of 
mankind,  by  the  attention  given  it  by  Thomas  Jef 
ferson. 

TTis  parents  were  foreign  born.  Tliey  fixed  their 
abode  in  this  country,  at  first,  in  Pennsylvania,  but 
afterward  transferred  their  residence  to  Augusta 
•ounty,  in  Virginia.     Tliere,  where  the  bold  scenerj 


VIRGINIA  AS  A  COLONY.  435 

of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  the  more  thau  magic  wondei 
of  the  great  cave  of  Weyer,  will  always  make  memo- 
rable their  localities,  Logan  was  born.  These  were 
the  days  of  Yirginia  as  a  colony,  and  it  is  questiona- 
ble whether  England,  in  sending  Lord  Botetourt  and 
the  Earl  of  Dunmore  to  preside  over  its  affairs,  could 
have  found  in  all  her  colonial  dependencies,  situations 
of  higher  honor.  The  men  who  were  gathered  in 
Yirginia  then,  were  such  as  may  have  been  present 
to  the  mind  of  Sir  William  Jones,  when  he  depicted 

"What  constitutes  a  state  ?  — 
Not  high  raised  battlement  and  labored  mound. 
Thick  wall  or  moated  gate  ; 
Not  cities  proud.     *         *         «         * 
Men,  high-minded  Men,     «         ♦         * 
Men,  who  their  duties  know, 

But  know  their  rights,  and,  knowing,  dare  maintain— 
Prevent  the  long  aimed  blow, 

And  crush  the  tyrant  while  they  rend  the  chain — 
These  constitute  the  State." 

It  is  well  for  us  to  go  back  to  those  days.  They 
do  not  belong  to  Yirginia  alone,  but  to  all,  and  no 
incident  of  time's  progress  can  rend  them  from  us. 
How  noble  was  the  collection  of  the  great  and  the 
gifted,  when  that  colony  could  send,  as  its  delegation 
to  the  provincial  congress,  such  an  assemblage  aa 
G-eorge  Washington,  Peyton  Randolph,  Richard 
Ifenry  Lee,  Edmund  Pendleton,  Richard  Bland,  ben- 
jamin Harrison,  Patrick  Henry,  and  these  did  nol 


430  BENJAMIN  LOGAN. 

exhautit  her  honored  and  honorable.  It  was  m  snch 
a  colony,  in  its  center,  that  Logan  was  born.  If  ex- 
ample, if  stirring  incident,  if  the  events  that  mould 
men,  can  form  character,  that  of  the  Virginian  in 
that  time  must  have  possessed  lineaments  of  strength 
awd  patriotism. 

Virginia  followed  England  in  her  laws,  and  the 
right  of  primogeniture  gave  the  first-born  the  best  of 
the  estate.     It  was  to  build  up  one,  and  make  de 
pendents  of  the  many.     It  is  not  an  institution  for 
our  day,  nor  is  it  one  to  which  the  republican  heart 
beats  responsive.     When  the  father  of  Logan  died, 
which  event,  always  of  the  saddest  that  comes  across 
the  page  of  life,  took  jjlace  in  Logan's  fourteenth 
year,  his  birthright  gave  him  the  lands  which  hia 
father  had  held.     When  Wade  Hampton,  of  South 
Carolina,  opened  the  will  of  his  father's  princely  es- 
tate, lie  found  that  it  was  all  left  to  him,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  his  brothers  and  sisters.     Its  provisions  made 
him  vastly  wealthy.     He  called  the  other  children 
together,  read  out  the  contents  of  the  will  to  them, 
and  threw  the  document,  all  signed  and  sealed  and 
verified,  into  the  fire.     And  of  such  noble  conduct 
was  the  act  of  Logan.     lie  took  care  of  all  left  arc  und 
him,  and  not  till  he  had   seen   mother  and  kindred 
provided  with  a  home,  did  he  look  out  for  his  own. 
He  chose  his  residence  on   Ilolston  river.     It  wa* 
aear«r   the   Cumberland   mountains  —  nearer    thos^i 


SERVES  AS  A  SOLDIER.  43't 

scenes  of  glowing  life,  of  rich  land,  and  boundless  do- 
main^ at  the  sight  of  which  Findlej,  and  Boone,  and 
Stewart  went  forth.  And  so  he  left  the  Blue  Eidge, 
and  made  his  southward  way. 

The  soldier  was  soon  discernible  in  Logan.  He 
was  one  of  those  men  to  whom  the  bold  was  the 
beautiful.  He  was  of  the  troops  of  Col.  Beauquette, 
where,  although  his  rank  was  not  very  exalted,  being 
that  of  a  sergeant,  he  did  good  service.  He  followed 
the  standard  of  Dunmore  when  that  nobleman  led  an 
expedition  to  the  northwest  of  Ohio. 

He  was  now  near  ^,he  Cumberland  mountains,  and 
beyond  them  lay  Kentucky.  K  our  readers  will  rec- 
ollect the  animated  interest  which  pervaded  that 
section  of  country  when  Boone  returned  from  his  ex- 
pedition— the  manner  in  which  he  confirmed  the  sto- 
ries of  Findley  —  the  earnestness  in  which  that  truth- 
ful man  depicted  the  advantages  which  would  result 
from  a  brave  march  thither,  and  occupation  —  they 
will  understand  how  readily  Logan  was  induced  to 
turn  his  look  toward  Kentucky.  The  famous  Hen- 
derson— ^that  man  who  achieved  the  possession  of  a 
state,  which,  however  ephemeral,  incorporated  Tran- 
sylvania into  history  —  was  one  whom  Logan  met. 
He  traveled  also  with  Boone  himself — a  meeting  of 
the  brave  to  which  one  would  have  gone  weary  pil- 
grimage to  have  been  witness.  Li  reference  to  the 
proper  plan  o^ settlement,  he  judged  for  himself;  he 


^88  BENJAMIN  LOO  AN. 

left  liis  companions,  and  made  his  li(>me  in  what  ia 
now  the  county  of  Lincoln,  near  the  center  of  the 
state.  Here,  like  a  soldier,  he  was  not  content  with 
an  ordinary  log  house.  He  knew  what  the  times 
were,  and  what  was  all  around  him,  and  he  built  a 
fort.  These  pioneers,  ii^  this,  acted,  only  on  a  ruder 
scale,  just  as  did  the  nobles  of  the  Rhine,  formerly, 
when  they  built  fortress  and  stronghold  on  all  such 
places  —  however  extraordinary  seems  to  us  the  loca- 
tion—  as  promised  security  from  the  foe.  This  was 
about  a  mile  west  of  the  present  town  of  Stanford. 
Between  this  fort  and  his  residence,  on  the  Holston 
river,  he  made  repeated  journeys,  fearless  of  all  the 
dangers  that  were  in  every  form  of  savage  or  wild 
beast.  These  were  in  themselves  such  trials  of  cour- 
age as  are  now  heard  lightly,  but  in  their  hour  were 
of  the  boldest.  He  traversed  a  country  as  a  soldier, 
keenly  alive  to  the  necessity  of  the  strictest  guard 
against  surprise,  where  now  these  pages  may  be  read 
in  all  the  ease  of  the  traveler  who  knows  no  danger, 
9xcept  from  peril  to  a  locomotive. 

When  1776  came  with  its  decisive  movement  for  in- 
dependence, Logan  removed  his  family,  and  became 
one  of  the  pioneers  of  Kentucky.  There  is  a  trait  of 
character  developed  here,  which  at  once  makes  the 
man  a  favorite  with  all  who  respect  the  brave.  The 
Indian  was  intensely  excited  that  year.  Under  the 
'ead  of  Btone,  the  settler  had    begun  to  rear  hia 


EEMOVES    HIS   FAMILY  TO   KEirTUCKY.  4.Si\ 

nouse  where  their  wigwam  had  been  supreme ;  the 
white  man's  rifle  brought  down  their  game,  and  by 
its  power  disputed  sway  over  their  hunting  ground. 
The  signs  of  decay  were  on  them,  and  they  made  ev- 
ery demonstration  of  ferocity  to  avert  their  fate. 
They  thought  it  was  their  very  life  to  crush  out  the 
Bettler,  and  he  who  came  into  that  land  at  that  day, 
must  work  as  did  the  nobles  who  gathered  around 
Kehemiahj  in  the  rebuilding  of  the  chosen  city 'a 
walls — the  sword  in  one  hand.  At  this  time,  Har- 
rodsburgh  oflfered  a  greater  security  from  the  concen- 
tration of  a  larger  number  of  settlers,  who  formed  a 
company  that  the  Indian  hesitated  to  attack.  To 
this  safety  Logan  removed  his  wife  and  family.  He 
went  back  to  his  fort  and  farm,  turning  aside  from 
no  peril.  There  he  passed  that  memorable  year  with 
the  men  whom  he  had  brought  out  with  him  ;  and 
though  danger  was  in  every  day,  they  were  not  mo- 
lested. The  Providence  that  directs  the  nations 
watched  over  over  these  beginnings  of  a  great  people. 
There  were  brave  women,  as  well  as  daring  men, 
m  those  days.  Mrs.  Boone  had  followed  her  hus- 
band, amidst  a  wilderness  that  seemed  more  likely  to 
afi'ord  a  grave  than  a  shelter ;  Mi's.  Logan  left  Har- 
rodsbugh  and  ventured  the  dangers  of  the  fort. 
Where  her  husband  was,  was  home,  and  it  was  wise 
to  risk  peril  for  that  good.  Logan  knew  the  addi- 
tional responsibilitv  which  this  imposed.     It  was  ai> 


f40  BENJAMIN  LOGAN. 

palling  enough  to  hear  the  Indian's  jell  in  the  night, 
when  men  were  around  him;  but  when  he  knew 
the  fearful  sound  reached  the  ear  of  her  who  had 
come  to  that  wild  place,  to  follow  with  devoted  heart 
his  fortunes,  it  acquired  a  terror  that  reached  the  in 
ner  heart.  But  he  gathered  around  him  a  welcome 
reinforcement  of  men,  who  had  found  the  fort,  and 
prepared  for  whatever  chance  of  peace  or  war  might 
be  his  to  experience. 

The  trial  soon  came.  In  all  their  furj,  an  hundred 
Indians  trampled  on  through  the  forest,  determined 
to  destroy  the  fort,  and  their  number  seemed  adequate 
\o  the  purpose.  Their  attack  found  a  portion  of  the 
force  outside  the  logs,  and  when  the  Indians  fired, 
there  was  a  bitter  loss.  One  of  the  wounded,  named 
Harrison,  fell,  and  failed  to  reach  tlie  fort.  To  res- 
cue him  was  to  draw  the  fire  of  the  Indians,  who, 
encouraged  by  their  success,  were  ready  to  seize  ev- 
ery advantage,  and  to  follow  it  up.  The  assault  had  re- 
duced the  garrison  from  fifteen  to  twelve.  To  venture 
on  another  fire,  seemed  madness ;  but  there  lay  the 
mounded  man,  and  Logan  would  not  leave  him  there. 
"  Who  will  go  with  me  and  bring  him  in?"  said  he — 
and  there  was  no  response.  It  is  ditficult  to  call  this 
refusal  cowardice,  for  the  voice  of  good  judgment 
would  have  told  the  stern  decision,  tliat  it  was  duty 
to  i»reserve  what  remained,  and  that,  sad  as  it  was 
\o  leave  the  woundjMl,  tliere  was  a  higher  obligation 


WANT    J¥   AMMUNITION  44\ 

to  the  living.  One  man — John  Martin — could  not 
resist  Logan's  appeals,  and  with  him  Logan  i  ushed 
forward.  The  threatened  fire  blazed  as  thej  left  the 
gate,  and  Martin  retreated,  but  Logan  dashed  on. 
The  balls  cut  the  air  all  around  him.  He  threw  poor 
Harrison  on  his  shoulders,  and  though  a  hundred 
rifles  flashed,  he  sprang  back  into  the  fort,  unharmed. 
This  exasperated  the  Indians,  and  thej  pushed  for- 
ward with  all  their  strength  ;  but  the  garrison  had 
their  leader  with  them,  and  won  to  greater  determi- 
nation by  the  act  of  bravery  which  they  had  just 
witnessed  in  their  leader,  they  fought  nobly.  The 
Indians  seemed  resolved  to  conquer,  and  the  indica- 
tions of  a  prolonged  siege  soon  became  apparent. 
The  garrison  fired  a  fatal  rifie  whenever  the  foe  ap- 
peared within  its  range,  its  owner  cheered  by  the 
heroism  of  the  women  in  the  fort,  who  moulded  the 
bullets.  They  did  not  fear  the  savage  while  they 
had  powder  and  ball  as  their  allies;  but  their  ammu- 
nition was  not  abundant,  and  if  that  was  exhausted, 
the  fort  would  be  a  speedy  prey,  and  worse  than 
death  awaited  the  captured.  More  supplies  must  be 
had.  \Yho  was  brave  enough  to  find  his  way  through 
the  woods  to  the  settlements,  with  such  a  foe  in  all 
their  might?  and  who  would  be  found,  if  Logan  went 
this  journey  of  peril,  to  lead  the  garrison — to  con- 
duct the  defense — most  of  all,  to  protect  the  wrmen. 


442  BENJAMIN  LOGAN. 

whose  everj    hope    under  heaven  was  in  the  cour 
age  of  the  besieged? 

Logan  dared  tlie  jouraey.  He  gave  his  garrisoc 
tlie  word  of  a  brave  man,  that  his  return  would  be  a 
speedy  one,  if  life  remained.  It  did  not  need  this 
Efesurance.  It  was  enough  for  him,  that  the  wife  that 
had  braved  all  tliese  perils  for  his  love,  remained. 
lie  looked  around  among  his  men,  to  see  who  would 
be  courageous  enough  to  take  the  journey  with  him, 
and  finding  two  that  he  could  thus  trust,  in  the  night, 
when  least  of  all  did  the  Indians  think  that  any  one 
would  leave  the  fort,  believing,  as  they  did,  that  it 
was  to  the  strength  of  the  fort  the  white  man  owed 
all  liis  protection,  they  started  on  their  perilous  jour- 
aey. It  is  gratifying  for  the  annalist  to  mark  how  su- 
perior, even  in  his  own  forest  strategy,  the  white  man, 
by  the  power  of  his  knowledge,  became.  That  was 
a  breathless  moment,  when,  tearing  himself  away 
from  his  faithful  wife  —  wlio  could  not  but  have 
thought  it  most  probable  that  his  farewell  was  a  tinai 
one — he  stepped  out  into  tlie  open  ground  beyond 
the  fort.  The  Indian  had  his  lines  about,  but  they 
who  souijht  to  thread  them  had  all  the  Indian's  sasra- 
city,  with  a  deeper  skill  superadded.  They  moved  aa 
silently  as  the  tread  of  tlie  bird,  and,  watching  as 
keenly  as  the  friendly  darkness  would  allow,  they 
Bucceeded  in  passing  through  the  enemy's  forces.  L(> 
^an  wa>;  ♦■>'»  uai-y  t<>  takf  an  ordinary  road.     TrM^tini? 


OBSTINACT  01  THE  SIEGE  AND  THE  DEFENSE.         4A.6 

to  his  knowledge  of  sun  and  star  and  woodcraft,  lie 
pushed  for  the  wild  mountain,  and  soon  left  an  inter- 
val between  him  and  the  fort,  though  it  seemed  to 
him  as  if  he  was  parting  from  life,  to  leave  the  place 
where  he  had  left  what  was  dearer  to  him  than  life. 
Over  mountain — throuo^h  fastness — here  avoidino-  a 
convenient  path,  lest  his  Indian  foe  might  have 
straggling  adherent  there,  who  would  communicate 
to  the  besiegers  that  so  important  part  of  the  defense 
as  the  commander  had  gone — his  bold  heart  braved 
all  peril,  night  and  day ;  and  he  came  to  the  Holston 
river,  procured  his  supplies,  and  made  every  ar- 
rangement to  have  them  brought  on.  Then  hasten- 
ing back,  he  faced  the  dangers  of  the  journey  again, 
and  this  time  alone.  Like  Boone,  he  had  small  fear 
of  solitude,  whatever  of  darkness  might  overshadow, 
or  peril  seem  to  threaten.  Men  of  the  woods  and 
border  wars  soon  leai*ned  to  discern  the  vast  dif- 
ference between  fancied  dangers  and  real  ones. 

Meanwhile,  the  siege  continued ;  and  the  defen- 
ders, economizing  their  powder  and  lead,  fired  so 
surely  that  no  successful  eiTort  was  made  to  carry  the 
fort  by  assault.  Nevertheless,  the  ten  days  in  which 
Logan  was  absent,  were  of  the  longest. 

But  they  passed;  and  trium^jhing,  as  before,  bj 
tiie  utmost  sagacity,  over  all  the  journey — its  dan- 
gers increasing  at  fearful  augmentation  as  he  neared 
his  destination — he  succeeded  in  reaching  the  gate  of 


444  BENJAMIN  LOOAir. 

the  fort ;  and  never  did  its  rude  hinges  move  more 
gratefully,  than  when  the  word  was  given  that  Logan 
had  returned.  In  our  qalm  day  we  can  faintly  real- 
ize the  emotions  of  joy  with  whicli  wife  and  friends 
welcomed  the  brave  Logan.  Now  they  fought  with 
renewed  courage.  If  tlie  powder  was  measured  out 
closely,  and  every  bullet  seemed  more  than  golden  in 
Talue,  they  knew  that  there  was  good  hope  of  more, 
and  they  fought  on.  The  Indians  were  troubled  at 
the  tenacity  of  the  defense,  but  still  blazed  away, 
and  expected  to  weary  the  garrison  out.  Suddenly 
they  found  their  attention  called  to  their  own  safety. 
Tlie  fjuick  eye  of  the  savage  told  him  the  signs  of  a 
force  approaching,  and  he  "found  himself,  most  unex- 
pectedly and  unwillingly,  between  the  besieged  and 
an  advancing  rescue.  The  news  of  the  attack  on  tlie 
fort  had  found  its  way  to  Colonel  Bowman,  and  he 
pushed  on  to  its  relief  The  assistance  came  oppor- 
tunely, and  when  the  Indians  fled,  the  garrison  felt 
that  never  was  rescue  more  desirable.  Of  this  siege, 
as  of  that  of  Boonesborough,  our  military  annala 
have  too  long  been  silent.  Less  valorous  defenset 
have  immortalized  men  ;  and  it  is  time  that  these  sol- 
diers of  the  Ilevoliition,  Boone,  and  Logan,  and 
Clarke,  should  be  raised  to  the  proper  rank  of  theii 
fame  in  our  history. 

That  very  year  (1777)  he  was  again  so  near  tlie  In 
dians,  in   one  of  his  forays,  that    they  seized   H;     ' 


HIS  bravhery  at  ohillicothe.  445 

of  kis  horse.  This  was  on  a  hunting  expedition. 
Two  years  afterward,  he  was  second  in  command  un 
der  Colonel  Bowman  in  the  disastrous  expedition 
against  Ohillicothe — disastrous,  because  Logan  was 
not  the  superior  officer.  Broken  up  and  dishear- 
tened as  it  was  bj  the  extraordinary  inertness  of  the 
chief  officer,  it  was  not  till  after  Logan  had  made 
Monterey  fight,  from  cabin  to  cabin,  and  under  a 
breastwork  of  the  plank  floors  which  he  tore  up — 
astonishing  the  Indian  by  the  skill  of  his  attack  and 
the  movable  nature  of  his  defenses — that  Logan  re- 
luctantly obeyed  the  order  to  retreat.  The  records 
of  this  fight  exonerate  Logan  from  the  untoward  fate 
of  the  day,  and  the  Indians  who  gloried  greatly  in 
having  won  the  battle,  remembered  severely  the  bold 
part  taken  by  Logan,  and  did  not  attribute  their  vic- 
tory to  his  failure. 

If  Logan  could  only  have  been  present  at  the  bat- 
tle of  the  Blue  Licks,  whither  he  was  hastening  with 
a  powerful  force — if  Boone's  counsels  to  await  his 
coming,  could  have  prevailed — the  fate  of  that  sad  day 
would  have  been  difi'erent.  Kentucky  lost  brave 
sons  that  day,  and  mourned,  for  many  a  long  year, 
the  rashness  that  precipitated  the  fight  against  the 
advice  of  the  old  soldier. 

Then  Logan  went  back  to  the  pursuits  of  the  far- 
mer, and  thus  contributed  his  share  to  the  early  agri- 
cultural prosperity  of  his  rich  state.     He  shouldered 


146  BENJAMIN    LOGAN. 

his  rifle  once  more  against  the  marauding  Indians 
in  1788. 

In  civil  life,  Colonel  Logan  contributed  his  share 
to  the  formation  of  the  republic,  and  the  maturing 
of  the  state.  Seldom  has  a  state  been  enabled  to 
call  into  its  counsels,  so  many  from  among  the  ranks 
of  those  who  had  been  conspicuous  in  battle,  who 
could  wisely  determine  the  best  policy  to  be  pursued 
in  the  calmer  walks  of  life.  But  the  soldiers  of  Ken- 
ti'.cky  were  not  a  hired  or  mercenary  army.  They 
were  the  pioneers — the  settlers — the  men  who  con- 
quered the  laud  on  which  they  sought  to  live,  and 
who  only  awaited  the  close  of  hostilities,  to  be  indus- 
trious in  all  the  arts  of  peace.  In  many  respects, 
George  Washington  was  of  the  school  of  the  Ken- 
tucky pioneer.  lie  had  the  same  fondness  for  the 
sports  and  craft  of  the  forest — the  same  steadfast, 
single  purpose  to  rescue  the  country  to  civilization — 
the  same  familiarity  with  danger — the  same  desire  to 
abide  by  his  rural  home. 

There  was  an  ludiau  who  took  the  name  uf  the 
subject  of  uur  sketch,  by  uhum  he  was  uiice  made 
prisoner,  who  was  of  memorable  lineage,  since  of 
near  kindred  to  him  were  Tecumseh  and  the  Tropiiet 
— those  strange,  great  men,  to  whom  after  ages  will 
look  back  with  majestic  interest.  Ke  led  a  brave 
life,  made  hiniSL'lf  nifmurable  by  acts  of  valor,  and 
perished,   at  last,  in  a   combat  of  the  most  daring 


HT8  INDIAN  NAMESAKE. 


U 


boldness.  The  Kentucky  pioneer  is  remembered  in 
his  state  with  the  honor  due  a  life  of  faithful  ser- 
vice ;  but  for  the  Indian — "  Who  is  there  to  mou/m 
for  Logan? ^^ 

e9 


'VILLIAM  RUSSEIl. 

■U    BIRTH     AND    RESIDENCE     IN    VIRGINIA DANGER    ATTENDING    Tilt    WWOM 

T«R    SETTLEMENTS RUSSELL    SERVES  UNDER    BO  iNE HIS  EARLT    CHAl 

ACTER — Bullitt's   lick — the  manufacture  of  halt  there — dangkm 

ATTENDING  IT NECESSITY     FOR     CONSTANT    GUARD    AGAINST    BURTRISE— 

BTEALTIIINESS    OF  THE    SAVAGES RUSSELL    AN  ACTOR    IN  SUCH  SCENES-^ 

HI    VISITS     KENTUCKY THE     HARD  WINTER VISITS  THE    INFANT  fiETTLB- 

MENT  AT  NASHVILLE ASSISTS    IN     ITS  DEFENSE TILL    BATTLE    OF    KING's 

MOUNTAIN THE     VIRGINIA      MOUNTED     REGIMENT RUSSELL      SECOND     Dl 

COMMAND HIS    BRAVERY HE    REMOVES    TO  KENTUCKY 8ERVIS  CNDEB 

WAYNE  AND  HARBISON. 

VreoiNTA  was  a  province  when  tlie  pioneer  whose 
career  is  the  subject  of  this  narrative  was  born.  It 
was  in  1758,  near  the  period  of  that  contest,  the  last 
our  fathers  fought  for  England,  and  the  last  in  which 
the  crown  found  the  men  of  Yir^^inia  strufjijlinf:  to 
secure  the  dominion  of  royalty  over  this  fiiir  country. 
It  was  in  tlie  »hiy8  of  the  old  French  war — a  period 
of  struggle,  the  narration  of  which  would  exhibit 
heroism  and  incident  of  such  interest,  as  would  arouse 
the  grateful  recollection  of  our  people  that  such  ao 
ancestry  was  ours.  It  is  a  memorable  fact  in  the  an 
nals  of  the  Pioneers  of  Kentucky,  that  to  many  of 
tbem  it  was  given  to  pass  the  forming  years  of  their 
life  through  such  a  series  of  the  boldest  and  moat 
eventful   scenes,  as   originated   from   the   war  witij 


JOUEXEY  TXTO  THE  WILDERNESS.  449 

France,  the  revolution,  and  the  long  endurance  of 
the  border  Indian  fights.  Thej  were  inured  to  war 
'\n  all  its  forms.  The  discipline  of  the  European 
troops,  and  the  vigor  and  expedients  of  the  hunter, 
were  combined  in  them. 

At  an  early  age,  the  father  of  Eussell  left  his  home 
in  Culpepper  county,  and  sought  the  far  off  south  ■ 
western  region,  near  where  the  Cumberland  range 
lifts  its  heights ;  a  wild  region  then,  and  even  now 
replete  with  all  the  features  of  the  gorge,  the  crag, 
the  fastness.  It  was  a  journey  demanding  courage 
and  enterprise.  Culpepper  was  in  that  portion  of 
the  state  to  which  the  alarms  of  Indian  warfare  came 
unheeded.  In  going  to  the  frontier,  all  the  defenses 
of  concentrated  life  were  left  behind.  The  soldier 
was  near  the  Potomac,  and  there  the  sound  of  artil- 
lery could  be  summoned  to  the  rescue ;  but  he  who 
went  to  the  Cumberland,  traveled  with  his  rifle  as  hia 
friend.  He  must  know  the  wood  camp  as  his  protec- 
tion, and  the  watch-fire  as  his  guard.  'No  man  else  could 
go  to  those  counties — not  counties  then,  but  remote 
lands — to  which  Dunmore  and  the  other  roval  gov- 
ernors gave  small  heed  ;  rather  leaving  them  to  such 
defence  as  the  scattered  pioneers  could  gather  to- 
gether, than  affording  them  aid  from  any  of  the  co- 
lonial forces.  The  pioneer  counted  on  all  these  difii- 
culties,  and  rather  wooed  danger  than  avoided  it. 

Virginia  has  had  the  good  taste  and  justice  to  fu 


4:50  WILLI.\Jtf  RUSSELL. 

on  lier  map,  the  name  of  Iliissell  to  one  ol'  her  south 
western  counties ;  thus  giving  to  the  future  the  grate- 
ful memory  of  the  services  he  liad  rendered.  It  is 
one  of  a  group  of  counties,  each  of  them  bearing 
names  associate  with  those  who  have  been  distin 
guished  in  the  times  of  earnest  action  for  freedom 
In  such  names  as  Washington,  and  Scott,  and  Lee, 
and  Russell,  the  historian  recalls  the  good  and  the 
brave. 

Eussell  had  the  forest  education.  Excepting  in 
the  case  of  Jo  Daviess,  the  career  of  the  pioneers 
received  little  aid  from  the  learning  of  the  college, 
[t  was  in  this  frontier  school,  where  there  never  was 
security  for  life,  and  where  the  day  most  prosperous 
or  agreeable  might  terminate  in  the  wildest  assault, 
that  Eussell  learned  self-reliance — to  be  collected  in 
purpose  and  concentrate  in  action. 

He  soon  took  upon  himself  the  duties  and  perils  of 
maturer  life,  though  in  age  but  a  boy.  lie  was  but 
fifteen  when  he  formed  part  of  a  company  which, 
under  the  leadership  of  Daniel  Boone,  went  out  to 
repel  the  incursions  of  the  Indians.  It  was  a  mem- 
ory w^orth  cherishing,  to  have  served  in  the  troop  of 
the  great  pioneer  ;  for  from  him  could  be  learned  the 
superior  wood-craft  of  the  unequaled  hunter,  and  the 
tactics  of  the  soldier.  Ardent,  and  determined  to 
do  all  his  duty,  ho  emulated  the  labors  of  the  older 
men   around    him,   and   bore    fatigues   beyond    hii 


mS  EARLY  OHAEACTES.  451 

Btrengtli.  It  is  a  curious  trait  of  the  times,  that  sc 
many  very  young  men  became  prominent ;  taking 
'ipon  themselves  the  privations,  and  enduring  the 
hardships,  which,  in  our  own  more  luxurious  day, 
are  seldom  assumed  until  the  frame  is  thoroughly 
knit  together  by  the  growth  of  maturer  years.  Wa 
read  of  the  pioneers — of  their  hard  life — their  long 
marches — their  courageous  encounters — their  skill  in 
foray  and  siege — and  forget  that  those  who  have 
left  such  record  were  young  men,  scarcely  arrived  at 
the  age  of  manhood,  forced  into  toils  and  sufierings 
to  which  this  quiet  age  is  utter  stranger,  and  render- 
ing it  a  marvel  that  so  many  of  these  storm-tossed 
young  men  reached  such  hearty  old  age  as,  it  is  glad 
to  think,  was  their  lot. 

It  was  said  of  Zachary  Taylor,  that  he  "  grew  up  to 
manhood  with  the  yell  of  the  savage  and  the  crack 
of  the  rifle  almost  constantly  ringing  in  his  ears." 
It  was  equally  true  of  Russell.  A  man  who,  at  fif- 
teen, when  he  could  not  really  carry  his  rifle  tlirough 
a  long  march,  and  who  was  compelled  to  keep  guard 
over  the  very  door  of  his  father's  house,  had  a  youth 
that  left  no  trace  of  mediocrity.  He  took  life  by  ita 
boldest  grasp,  at  once. 

From  the  time  that  he  followed  Boone  in  repelling 
the  attacks  of  the  southern  Indians,  who  had  made 
tMs  attack  on  the  infant  settlements,  to  the  yeai 
.   79,  the   south-western   part   of  Virginia  was  one 


4-52  WILLIAM  KCSSELL. 

Bcene  of  harassing  alarms.     It  is  well  for  us  to  real 
ize  of  what  these  alarms  were.     In  our  day,  to  al\ 
tlie  closer  portions  of  our  country,  the  sound  of  an 
mvasion  or  an  incursion  is  utterly  unknown.     We 
read  of  the  bloody  days  of  the  border  wars,  and  read 
them  with  interest,  but  not  with  any  feeling  of  assc- 
ciation.     They  might  be  the  truth,  or  they  might  be 
the  fiction  of  the  Arabian  story-teller.     Tliey  awake 
the  thrill  of  those  who  hear,  but  not  the  sympathy  of 
the   fellow  actor.     It  is   one  thing   to  know  no  war 
greater  than  that  of  street  skirmish,  wliich  may,  in 
a  score  of  years,  be  witnessed  in  a  metropolis — the 
invaders,  the  police,  and  the  mob,  the  invaded — but 
of  the  midnight   rattle  of  the  rifle,  the  sharp  sound 
cracking   amid  the  demoniac   yell    of   the   savage, 
heard  wdien  the  sleeping  hour  is  sweetest — for  that 
darkest  hour  before  the  dawn  was  the  favorite  time 
f  )r  attack — of  all  this  we  know  nothing.     It  is  in  his- 
tory such  scenes  live;  and  none  can  appreciate  the 
storm  in  which  such  states  as  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
were  cradled,  without  attentive  perusal  of  such  an- 
nals.     The  worst    chapters   in  such  history — those 
which  give  us  strongest  impressions  of  the  realities 
of  tlie  dangers,  are  found  not  so  much  in  the  accounts 
of  tlie  leading  battles  of  that  period,  but  in  the  per- 
fioiud  adventures  of  the  pioneers. 

Threading   their  early   lives,  there    were   escapes 
which  seemed  to  realize  all  of  danger  that  couid  ap 


BULLITT  S  LICK.  453 

pal  the  heart,  and  yet  from  out  which  the  pionocj 
was  brought  safely,  under  circumstances,  frequently 
«rhere  the  man  must  have  been  indurated  in  infi- 
delity, if  he  could  not  recognize  the  merciful  in 
terposition. 

It  is  more  than  seventy  years  since  salt  was  made 
at   Bullitt's  Lick.     The   Indians  resorted  there,  and 
combined   their  hunting   expedition  with  a  pursuit 
which,  however  useful,  was  not  at  all  to  their  liking 
— distinguished  as  they  were  for  their  aversion  to  be 
classed  among  the  producing  classes — the  manufac- 
ture of  salt.     There  were  guides  to  these  salt  licks, 
who  told   even  the   Indian  where   they  were  to  be 
found — the   bufialo  and  the  deer.     There  was  vast 
difficulty,  of  course,  in   procuring   the  salt  from  the 
eastward,  and   the  settlers  soon  congregated  around 
the  Lick  ;  for  all  were  not  so  self-denying  as  the  bold 
old  hunter^  Boone,  who  could  pass  his  months  with- 
out either  salt  or  sugar.     There  were  scenes  in  thos^ 
salt  works  to  which  Syracuse  and  Cracow  are  stran- 
gers.    The  hunters  divided — part  of  them  worked  at 
the  boiling,  and  part  hunted  to  suj)ply  the  forest  ta- 
ble ;  and — a  characteristic  of  the  insecurity  of  their 
position — the  remainder  served  as  an  advance  guard. 
The  crystals  cost  the  settlers  such  price  as  made  the 
salt  more  precious  than  gold.     The  Indian  hated  to 
see  the  white  man   thus  engaged — not  but  that  he 
liked  well   to  see   the  heavy  hand  of  labor  on  tha 


4M  wii.riAM  ifrs^ETX. 

wliites ;  but  it  seeined  like  an  invasirm  of  the  righte 
of  the  owner  of  the  soil,  and  the  very  industry  of  tlie 
settler  was  a  perpetual  reproach.  It  was  part  of  tlie 
arts  which  he  used,  and  before  the  exercise  of  which 
the  Indian  felt  himself  fading  away.  So,  when  the 
work  was  busy — when  the  furnaces  glowed,  and  the 
tramp  of  the  laboring  man  was  all  around — when  tlie 
manufacturer,  and  the  hunter,  and  the  guard  were 
all  on  the  alert — the  Indian  crept  behind  the  trees, 
and  thirsted  for  the  opportunity  to  send  the  shots  of 
of  his  warriors'  rifles  among  the  groups  below ;  and 
they  would  have  been  hurled  there,  but  for  the  fact 
he  knew  so  well,  that  the  vengeance  of  the  hunter 
would  be  rapid  and  certain. 

There  is  a  knot  there  which  bears  the  name  of  Ca- 
bre's  Knot,  and  it  is  associated  with  a  thrilling  inci- 
dent. There  was  all  the  glare  and  bustle  of  a  busy 
working  time.  The  light  of  the  furnaces  shone 
through  the  forest.  The  Indian  saw,  and  was  en- 
raged at,  the  spectacle.  Cabre  was  bound  in  a 
chestnut  oak,  the  Lulians  intending  to  burn  him 
in  sight  of  the  Lick  itself — it  might  be  so  tiiat  the 
sacrifice  ov/{dd  in  reality  be  seen,  and  yet  not  its  na- 
ture detectc<l  till  assistance  was  toe  late.  The  In- 
dians had  collected  their  fagots  from  the  pitch  pine; 
and  while  every  ])rej)aration  fi>r  the  horror  was  ma- 
king, some  oxen,  Lcrazing  on  the  hill,  jioved  through 
the  thicket.   Th*.'  Iinlians  mistook  the  sound  for  that 


c'Abee's  narrow  escape.  455 

of  an  approacli  of  a  rescue  party  of  the  whites 
They  hastened  to  hide  themselves  in  the  opposite 
thicket,  and  Cabre  slipping  off  the  cords  that  bound 
him,  darted  through  the  darkness  and  escaped. 
There  was  new  life  among  those  salt  boilers  when  that 
panting  fugitive  arrived  among  them,  and  the  ladle 
was  exchanged  for  the  rifle,  instantly.  They  who 
had  met  to  destroy,  became  the  object  of  pursuit, 
and  the  trail  was  struck  and  followed  until  they 
reached  the  Ohio  river. 

This  episode  in  our  sketch  has  been  made  onlj 
to  instance  what  perils  attended  every  movement  of 
the  pioneer.  Russell  was  in  the  midst  of  such  histo- 
ries, and  worked  out  his  manhood  under  such  cir- 
p.umstances  of  alarm  and  constant  warfare,  that  when 
a  home  was  once  gained,  it  seemed  intensely  more 
valuable  than  if  gained  by  ordinary  means.  And 
this  entered  so  deeply  in  the  sorrows  of  the  pioneers 
like  Boone  and  Kenton,  that  after  they  had  fought 
inch  bj  inch  for  the  land — after  they  liad  known 
what  it  was  almost  literally  to  track  out  its  lines  with 
their  blood,  to  have  it  speculated  and  intrigued  away 
from  them,  seemed  doubly  hard.  They  hnew  they 
had  fought  for  it,  and  they  did  not  comprehend  how 
any  title  could  be  better  or  greater  than  that  of 
which  they  were  so  conscious. 

In  1780  he  visited  Kentucky.     It  was  the  memora- 
ble hard  winter — the  time  so  well  remembered  everi 
T 


456  WILLIAM   BC88ELL. 

now  by  our  very  old  men,  and  fearful,  indeed,  in  the 
new  countries— where  it  shut  the  door  of  the  log 
cabin  against  all  departures,  and  drove  the  game  if 
the  very  verge  of  the  settlements,  in  vain  effort  to 
find  subsistence.  Nashville,  in  Tennessee,  was  then 
but  the  beginning — the  faint  and  feeble  beginning — 
of  its  present  condition.  Russell  visited  and  helped 
its  founders  defend  their  home. 

Nor  did  he  alone  signalize  himself  in  his  encoun- 
ters with  tlie  Indians.  The  same  courajre  which  made 
him  a  volunteer  under  Boone,  impelled  him  to  the 
bravest  service  in  tlie  cause  of  the  country,  in  one  of 
its  most  severe  revolutionary  battles.  At  King's 
Mountain  he  was  conspicuous  for  his  daring.  That 
was  a  bold  fight,  ajid  one  in  wliich  these  daring  pio- 
neers took  noble  part.  The  causes  which  encouraged 
the  over-mountain  emigration  of  Boone,  were  closely 
connected  with  this  battle.  Kindred  loyalists,  whose 
conduct  drove  off  the  humble  frontier  settler,  rallied 
willingly  around  the  standard  which  Colonel  Fergu- 
son, acting  under  the  orders  f  Cornwallis,  had  raised 
in  the  Carolinas.  Tlie  English  otHccr  mistook  the 
character  of  those  in  whose  country  was  his  warfare. 
The  very  abuse  of  his  power  drove  the  militia— tlia 
citizen  soldiery  of  those  states  —  to  desperation. 
Tliey  sent  far  and  wide  to  their  brethren  for  aid 
Among  others,  came  young  Russell,  second  in  com 
mand  of  the  Virginia  uKMinted  regiment.      Circum 


SERVES  UNDER  WATXE  AND  HARRISON.  457 

stances  soon  placed  him  in  full  command,  and  It  is 
his  distinguished  record,  that  it  is  believed  that  he 
was  the  first  to  reach  the  summit  of  the  mountain, 
and  to  him  the  first  surrender  of  a  sword  was  made. 
He  followed  up  the  gallant  service  bj  a  series  of 
bold  passages  as  a  soldier,  in  successive  engagements. 
And  when  this  long  and  weary  war  was  over,  Rus- 
sell removed  to  Kentucky,  and  became  one  of  its  pi- 
oneers. He  found,  in  Fayette  county,  no  easy  home. 
The  fierce  Indian  assailed  the  inhabitants  in  all  forma 
of  attack,  and  the  soldier  found  his  life  a  succession 
of  warfare.  Thus  educated  to  bravery,  it  is  but  in 
the  regular  line  of  courage  tliat  he  afterward  served 
successfully  under  Anthony  Wayne  and  William 
Henry  Harrison.  Tliey  were  appropriate  leaders  for 
brave  men  to  follow.  T<»  him  Harrison  assigned  the 
defense  of  the  frontiers  of  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Mis- 
souri. And  so  passed  the  life  of  the  pioneer,  even 
to  its  almost  three-score  and  ten,  in  noble  hearted 
p-^rvice  to  his  country. 


SILAS  HARLAN. 

fttiAKACTXR  OrtKir  HARLAN  BT  GEN.  CLABKE PLACE  OF  HIS  BIKTH HIS  KARL 

RRMOVAL  TO  KENTUCKY DANGERS    INCIDENT   TO    THE  KRCNTIEE    8ETTL»- 

MENTS STRUGGLES  WITH  THE  SAVAGES BORDER  ENCOUNTERS CASSIDET 

THE    IRISHMAN HIS  CAPTURE  BT    THE    INDIANS HIS    ESCAPE HARLAN'I 

LIFK   PASSED    AMID   SUCH     PERIL HE    BLHLDS    A     FORT THE    DISASTBOUi 

■ATTLSATTBE  BLUE   LICKS HARLAN  IS    SLAIN. 

When  General  George  Eogers  Clarke  could  say 
of  a  pionftor,  that  "he  was  one  of  the  bravest  and 
most  accomplished  soldiers  that  ever  fought  bj  his 
side/'  siicli  a  man,  though  his  career  was  a  brief  one 
— tlio'iuli  lie  did  not  come  down  to  our  day,  or  to  the 
later  an^l  more  prosperous  times  of  the  state,  for 
whicli  as  a  fnMiticr  colony  and  county  he  fought — 
audi  a  man  cannot  be  spared  from  the  list  of  memora- 
ble men. 

It  is  not  in  a  brief  notice  that  the  life  of  tlie  great 
leader,  wlio  spoke  thus  kindly  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  should  be  portrayed.  Charke  deserves  the 
volume.  The  biography  of  such  a  man  should  bo 
no  imperfect  review,  but  a  carefully  prepared,  an 
I'laborate  record  of  the  service  of  him  who  seems  to 
liave  organized  the  pioneers  into  order;  who  led  the 
battle,  arranged  the  council,  followed  with  the  tread 
of  the  soldier  the  footsteps  of  Boone  ;  who  seems  to 


PLACE  OF  HIS  BIRTH.  459 

have  been  by  the  side  of  every  pioneer,  and  whoso 
name  and  fame  Kentucky  ought  to  cherish,  as  of  her 
very  dearest. 

There  are  few  incidents  in  Harlan's  life,  but  those 
which  are  recorded  of  him,  prove  his  bravery.  He 
was  born  in  Berkley  county  in  Virginia;  for  that  no- 
ble old  state  seemed  never  weary  of  sending  forth 
her  sons  to  dare  the  dangers  of  the  wilderness  and 
the  savage.  And  never  did  dominion,  ancient  or 
modern,  hold  nobler  province  than  was  this  county 
of  Kentucky.  It  is  significant  evidence  of  the  great- 
ness of  Yirginia,  that  all  that  superb  land  over  whose 
riches  and  fertility — capacity  to  be  the  home  of  mil- 
lions— Findley  and  Boone  so  luxm'iated,  was  once 
held  but  as  a  county. 

Harlan  came  very  early  into  Kentucky — as  early 
as  1774.  He  came  to  find  his  lot  at  once  cast  amidst 
the  wildest  tumults  —  the  most  vivid  alarms  —  the 
ceaseless  attacks  of  the  Indians,  who  just  then  began 
to  realize  the  fate  that  was  coming  over  him.  He 
saw  that  unless  he  tore  out  of  the  land  every  vestige 
of  the  white  man,  there  was  an  end  to  all  that  the 
hunting  ground  and  the  undisturbed  lodge  could 
furnish  The  Indian  exhibited,  in  his  vain  efforts  to 
retain  possession  of  his  old  inheritance,  sometimes 
the  ferocity  of  a  demon — shutting  himself  out  of  aU 
the  ordinary  sympathies  of  mankind — and  sometimes 
a  bravery  which  would  have  rendered  a  Roman  im- 


400  8ILA6  hai:lan'. 

mortal  in  fame.  There  was  terrific  resolution,  winch 
euabled  them  to  set  at  defiance  all  that  could  make 
the  heart  of  the  boldest  quiver,  and  there  was  an 
alienation  from  the  very  ties  of  human  nature. 

The  annals  of  the  settlers  are  one  series  of  inci- 
dents illustrating  the  Indian  in  his  ludicrous,  and, 
far  mi>re  frequently,  in  his  terrible,  phases  of 
character. 

In  1790,  there  was  a  man  by  the  name  of  Zadock 
Milhaus  working  in  a  tobacco  field.  It  was  near  a 
station  called  Stockters.  While  he  was  pursuing  his 
work — probably  not  dreaming  of  the  presence  of  a 
foe — a  shot  from  an  Indian,  who  had  crept,  unob- 
served, within  gun  shot,  brought  him  down.  Tlie 
settler  could  not  pursue  an  ordinary  duty  without 
this  risk.  The  Indian  was  not  alone  ;  others,  as  fero 
cious,  were  with  him;  and  they  were  pr(.)ceeding  tc 
conijjlete  their  work  of  cruelty,  when  an  old  negro 
woman  at  the  fort  seized  a  tin  horn,  and  such  wiv» 
the  h()rril)le  nature  of  her  blasts  thereon,  that  the 
Indians  lied  in  dismay.  The  savage  could  not  stay 
for  further  victories  that  da/. 

There  was,  in  the  locality  which  is  now  Clai*ko 
county,  a  very  active  Irishman,  by  the  name  of  Oas- 
bidey.  He  was  very  small,  but  very  strong  and  ac- 
tive, and  in  all  affrays  with  the  Indians  Wiis  as  deter- 
mined as  tlie  most  gigantic  of  the  settlers.  On  one 
jccHsioii  he  was  out   on  a  camp,  with  two  friends. 


CASSJDEY,  THE  IRISHMAN.  461 

and  by  a  sudden  movement,  for  wliicli  the  encamp- 
ment was  unprepared,  the  Indians  succeeded  in  kill 
mg  Cassidey's  companions  ;  and  as  they  "were  now 
three  to  one,  Cassidey  was  overpowered,  and  the  In 
dians,  acting  out  the  very  worst  traits  of  their  char 
acter,  proceeded  to  exercise  their  power  over  him. 

As  Cassidey  was  a  small  man,  and  the  Indians  did 
not  expect  it  would  be  much  trouble  to  settle  him, 
they  determined  that  he  should  be  given  to  the  small- 
est and  youngest  of  their  number,  and  that  he  should 
proceed  to  carve  him  ujp.  And  this  horrible  purpose 
they  proceeded  to  put  into  execution.  Stationing 
themselves  at  a  short  distance,  they  diverted  them- 
selves by  seeing  their  junior  graj^ple  the  prisoner. 
But  Cassidey  belonged  to  that  class  of  men  who  re- 
sist to  the  last,  and  as  the  Indian  approached  with  a 
large  butcher  knife,  he  seized  him  and  flung  him  se- 
verely to  the  ground.  Up  rose  the  Indian,  and  at 
him  again,  and  again  Cassidey  flung  him  over.  The 
other  Indians  laughed  heartily,  and  considered  it  rare 
sport,  since  they  thought  their  comrade's  ill  success 
was  but  temporary.  But  when  they  saw  that  Cas- 
sidey overpowered  their  executioner,  they,  with  the 
intense  cowardice  that  is  always  the  characteristic 
of  the  savage  and  the  vulgar,  (as  well  in  our  own 
times  when  it  assurries  the  name  of  "  rowdy,"  as 
when  it  bore  the  appellation  of  "  Indian,")  rushed  on 
to  poor  Cassidey,  and  struck  him  to  the  eanh    with 


4f)2  SILAS  HABLAN. 

their  war  clubs.  As  he  fell,  Cassidey  seized  thtj 
great  knife  which  had  fallen  from  the  savage,  and, 
half  stunned  and  bruised  as  he  was,  he  sprang  up 
and  flashed  the  knife  before  the  Indians,  who, 
for  the  instant,  hesitated  ;  and  in  that  instant,  Cas- 
Bidej  leaped  out  of  their  grasp,  and  made  for  the 
woods.  It  was  a  terrible  race.  Through  the  forest, 
they — pursuers  and  pursued — rushed,  but  the  white 
man  was  too  adroit.  lie  succeeded  in  plunging 
into  a  deep  pond,  and  dark  as  it  was,  he  caught  hold 
of  a  tree  branch  which  overhung  the  water,  as  if 
in  mere  curve  of  beauty — and  yet  what  mortal  pur- 
poses was  in  that  bending? — and  here  he  clung. 
Meanwhile,  tJie  Indians  came  up  to  the  pond.  They 
lit  up  torches,  and  with  wild  movement  gleamed 
their  red  rays  over  the  scene.  Still  as  tlie  grave, 
Cassidey  hung.  The  shadows,  deeper  by  the  torches, 
held  him  in  their  obscurity,  and  the  Indians,  wea- 
ried at  last,  gave  up  the  search.  And  this,  terrible 
adventure  as  it  was,  was  but  one  of  thirty  difterent 
Indian  fights  in  which  he  was  engaged,  and  in  this 
respect  only  sharing  the  fate  of  those  who  founded 
Kentucky. 

Such  incidents  Ilarlan  lived  amidst.  A  man  who 
took  upon  himself — not  contented  witli  the  ordinary 
hazards  of  his  lot — tlie  dreadful  perils  (if  the  post 
of  a  spy,  had  danger  for  his  nearest  companion. 
Sometimes  in  small  incidents  character  will  develop 


HE  IS  SLAIN.  463 

itself.  It  wiL  be  remembered  ho^  important  was 
Harrodsburgh — how  many  were  its  escapes — how  of- 
ten the  march  of  the  savage  was  directed  thither 
It  might  be  thought  that  in  that  wild  and  desperate 
time,  those  who  had  resort  in  that  country,  would  only 
be  too  content  to  share  and  make  stronger  the  force  at 
Harrodsburgh ;  but  Harlan  erected  another  station, 
seven  miles  distant.  It  was  a  stockade  fort — -the^^- 
6>7i6^7'of  those  superb  fortresses  which,  like  the  castel 
lated  fort  and  tne  white  bluffs  of  St.  Peter's  river,  in 
later  days,  have  kept  at  bay  the  slowly  retreating 
tribes  of  the  north-west. 

Harlan  was  all  his  life  a  soldier  pioneer.  [N'or 
was  it  reserved  for  him  to  see  the  Kentucky,  for 
which  he  had  fought  so  bravely,  enter  the  confeder 
acy — a  great  and  powerful  state.  He  did  not  wit- 
ness the  development  of  the  empire  whose  founda- 
tion he  was  laying.  At  that  bloody  battle  of  the  Blue 
Licks,  where  so  many  of  the  pioneers  went  down  be- 
neath the  fatal  rifle  of  the  Indian — where  the  homes 
of  Kentucky  had  such  fatal  sorrows  written  in  their 
annals — Harlan  fell ;  fell  at  the  head  of  his  detach- 
ment, of  which,  as  major,  he  was  in  command. 

In  these  sketches,  the  effort  has  been  to  group 
Bome  of  the  incidents  which  characterized  the  lives 
of  those  pioneers  who  followed  the  bold  and  glorious 
movements  of  Daniel  Boone.  He  was  first  of  a  no- 
ble  company.     He  led  the  way,  and   bravely  did 


404 


SIL.'U^  n.XRLAN. 


hrave  men  follow — follow  where  every  step  was — as 
the  old  Indian  chief  declared  to  Boone — tracked  in 
blood. 

And  of  such  was  the  founding  of  Kentucky,  In 
the  histories  of  mankind,  of  courage — of  endurance 
— of  terrific  peril — of  persevering  eifort — of  undying 
and  unswerving  love  for  freedom — of  a  land  con- 
quered by  the  strong  arm,  and  kept  by  the  free  pria 
ciple — Kentucky  stands,  among  states,  preeminent. 


